ORCID Profile
0000-0002-9607-202X
Current Organisations
University of South Australia
,
Deakin University
,
British Journal of Nutrition
,
Dietitians Association of Australia
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-04-2009
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2009.19
Abstract: Most dietary interventions have metabolic effects in the short term, but long-term effects may require dietary fat changes to influence body composition and insulin action. This study assessed the effect of sustained high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake through walnut consumption on metabolic outcomes in type II diabetes. Fifty overweight adults with non-insulin-treated diabetes (mean age 54+/-8.7 years) were randomized to receive low-fat dietary advice +/-30 g per day walnuts targeting weight maintenance (around 2000 kcal, 30% fat) for 1 year. Differences between groups were assessed by changes in anthropometric values (body weight, body fat, visceral adipose tissue) and clinical indicators of diabetes over treatment time using the general linear model. The walnut group consumed significantly more PUFA than the control (P=0.035), an outcome attributed to walnut consumption (contributing 67% dietary PUFA at 12 months). Most of the effects were seen in the first 3 months. Despite being on weight maintenance diets, both groups sustained a 1-2 kg weight loss, with no difference between groups (P=0.680). Both groups showed improvements in all clinical parameters with significant time effects (P<0.004), bar triacylglycerol levels, but these were just above normal to begin with. The walnut group produced significantly greater reductions in fasting insulin levels (P=0.046), an effect seen largely in the first 3 months. Dietary fat can be manipulated with whole foods such as walnuts, producing reductions in fasting insulin levels. Long-term effects are also apparent but subject to fluctuations in dietary intake if not of the disease process.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-05-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S12877-021-02239-1
Abstract: Nuts are nutrient-rich and reported to provide some cognitive and cardiometabolic health benefits, but limited studies have focused on older adults. This study investigated the cross-sectional relationship between habitual nut intake, dietary pattern and quality, cognition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in older adults. Older adults (≥ 60 years) from the NHANES 2011-12 and 2013-14 cohorts, who had complete data on cognitive function (as CERAD total, delayed recall, animal fluency and digit-symbol substitution test) and variables to calculate the Fatty Liver Index (FLI), an indicator of NAFLD, were included ( n = 1848). Nut intake and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2015) were determined using two 24-hour diet recalls. Participants were categorised into one of four groups based on their habitual nut intake: non-consumers (0 g/d), low intake (0.1–15.0 g/d), moderate intake (15.1–30.0 g/d) or met recommendation ( 30 g/d), with all outcomes compared between these nut intake groups. Cognitive scores of older adults were the lowest in non-consumers and significantly highest in the moderate intake group, with no further increase in those who consumed nuts more than 30 g/d ( p 0.007). FLI was the lowest among older adults with moderate nut intake but the associations disappeared after adjusting for covariates ( p = 0.329). Moderate nut intake was also associated with better immediate and delayed memory in older adults with high risk of NAFLD (FLI ≥ 60) (B = 1.84 and 1.11, p 0.05 respectively). Higher nutrient intake and better diet quality ( p 0.001) were seen with higher nut intake but did not influence energy from saturated fat intake. Factor analysis revealed ‘Nuts and oils’ as one of the four major dietary patterns associated with better cognition and lower FLI scores. Moderate nut intake (15.1–30.0 g/d) may be sufficient for better cognitive performance, but not NAFLD risk of older adults in the US.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1039/C6FO01274D
Abstract: We examine the difference in how coconut oil in a liquid or oleogel form affects blood triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and appetite when co-ingested with a carbohydrate-rich meal.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-01-2019
DOI: 10.3390/NU11010094
Abstract: Taste is frequently cited as an important factor in food choice, and while a number of studies have attempted to identify relationships between taste function and dietary intake, a systematic review of these studies has been lacking. This review identified studies that examined associations between taste function or taste perception and dietary intake. The purpose was to determine which taste measure was most closely associated with dietary intake in healthy adults. Studies that measured some component of dietary intake, either acutely or longer-term, were eligible for inclusion. Studies were grouped into three categories: those that measured sensitivity (thresholds), intensity, or hedonic responses to sweet stimuli. Sensitivity and intensity studies demonstrated little association with dietary intake measures. Hedonic measurements were more likely to be associated with dietary intake, especially if sweet likers were analyzed separately from sweet dislikers, but the degree of heterogeneity among stimulus concentrations and dietary measures as well as small s le sizes likely obscured more consistent relationships between hedonic evaluation and dietary intake. Due to the potential for within-day and between-day variability in both taste function and dietary intake, future work should explore obtaining more than one taste measurement before comparing results to longer-term dietary assessments and attempts to standardize methods.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2014
Abstract: With physical inactivity inextricably linked to the increasing prevalence of obesity, there is a need for validated methods that measure free-living energy expenditure (EE) within sedentary environments. While accelerometers enable these measurements, few studies have compared device accuracy in such settings. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative validity of the Actigraph, RT3 and SenseWear Armband (SWA). Twenty-three (11 male, 12 female) participants (age: 25.3 ± 6.3 yr BMI: 22.6 ± 2.7) wore 3 accelerometers at designated sites during a 4-hour stay in the Whole Room Calorimeter (WRC). Participants performed 2 10-minute bouts of light-intensity exercise (stepping and stationary cycling) and engaged in unstructured sedentary activities. EE estimated by accelerometers was compared with WRC EE derived from measurements of gaseous exchange. The Actigraph and SWA both accurately estimated EE during the stepping exercise. EE estimated by the RT3 during stepping was significantly lower than the WRC value (31.2% ± 15.6%, P .001). All accelerometers underestimated cycling and unstructured activity EE over the trial period ( P .001). The Actigraph and SWA are both valid tools for quantifying EE during light-intensity stepping. These results provide further valuable information on how accelerometer devices may be appropriately used.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-01-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12877-021-02721-W
Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is represented as the most common liver disease worldwide. NAFLD is associated with metabolic risk factors underpinned by insulin resistance, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, leading to extrahepatic changes in central nervous diseases such as cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. The aim of the review is to explore the association between NAFLD and cognitive function. Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic electronic literature search was conducted in four databases: MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Embase and CINAHL from inception until March 2021. Neuropsychological tests utilised within each study were grouped into relevant cognitive domains including ‘general cognition’, ‘reasoning’, ‘mental speed, attention and psychomotor speed’, ‘memory and learning’, ‘language’, ‘visuospatial perception’ and ‘ideas, abstraction, figural creations and mental flexibility’. Eleven observational studies that involved 7978 participants with a mean age of 51 years were included. Those with NAFLD had poor cognitive performance in three cognitive domains, including ‘general cognition’, ‘mental speed, attention and psychomotor speed’, and ‘ideas, abstraction, figural creations and mental flexibility’. The observed results from the 11 included studies showed that NAFLD was associated with lower cognitive performance across several domains. However, studies conducted to date are limited to observational designs and are heterogeneous with varying diagnostic tools used to assess cognitive function. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42020161640 .
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-07-2016
Abstract: Obesity is on the rise and participation in exercise has declined. Domestic household activities may help meet the recommended daily physical activity levels. This study aimed to measure the energy costs of household activities among Asian males. This was a randomised cross-over study conducted in a whole-body calorimeter. The energy costs of 14 domestic household activities, ided into two studies, were measured in 10 healthy Asian males. Participants' weight, height, body composition and basal metabolic rate were measured on the first test visit. A standard breakfast was served and participants rested for an hour before the measurement of energy costs of domestic household activities. During the measurements, each activity was performed for 20 min, and participants rested for 30 min between activities. The mean energy costs of domestic household activities ranged from 5.92 to 11.97 kJ/min, which were significantly different between activities (repeated measures analysis of variance, P<0.001). When expressed as metabolic equivalents (METS), all domestic household activities were classified as low-intensity physical activities. Actual METS (METS The energy costs of a range of domestic household activities reported in this study may assist in the planning of physical activities among Asians to meet national physical activity guidelines.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-09-2018
DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS201809.0467.V1
Abstract: The proportion of adults aged over 60 years in the world is expected to reach 20% by the year 2050. Ageing is associated with several physiological changes that increase the risk of malnutrition among this population. Malnutrition is characterized by deficiencies or insufficiencies of macro- and micronutrients. Malnutrition has detrimental effects on the health, wellbeing and quality of life of older adults. Nuts are rich in energy, unsaturated fats, protein, as well as other nutrients that provide a range of health benefits. While the effects of nuts on overnutrition have been studied extensively, very few studies have been specifically designed to understand the role of nuts in mitigating undernutrition in the elderly. Therefore, this review explores the potential role of nuts in improving the nutritional status of older adults who are at risk of undernutrition. Several properties of whole nuts, some of which appear important for addressing overnutrition, (e.g. hardness, lower-than-expected nutrient availability, satiety-enhancing effects) may limit their effectiveness as a food to combat undernutrition. However, we propose that modifications such as transforming the physical form of nuts, addressing the timing of nut ingestion, and introducing variety may overcome these barriers. This review also discusses the feasibility of using nuts to prevent and reverse undernutrition among older adults. We conclude with a recommendation to conduct clinical studies in the future to test this conceptual framework.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 04-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9040347
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 15-05-2018
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114518000703
Abstract: A low-glycaemic-index (GI) breakfast has been shown to lower blood glucose levels throughout the day. A wide variety of breakfast foods are consumed, but their GI values are largely unknown, hence limiting consumers’ ability to select healthier options. This study investigated the GI values of ten common breakfast (five Asian and five Western) foods in this region using a randomised, cross-over study design. Participants arrived after an overnight fast, and fasting blood s le was taken before participants consumed test foods. Next, blood s les were taken at fixed intervals for 180 min. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to test foods were calculated as incremental AUC over 120 min, which were subsequently reported as glycaemic and insulinaemic indices. In all, nineteen healthy men (nine Chinese and ten Indians) aged 24·7 ( sem 0·4) years with a BMI of 21·7 ( sem 0·4) kg/m 2 completed the study. Asian breakfast foods were of medium (white bun filled with red bean paste=58 ( sem 4) Chinese steamed white bun=58 ( sem 3)) to high GI (rice idli=85 ( sem 4) rice dosa=76 ( sem 5) upma=71 ( sem 6)), whereas Western breakfast foods were all of low GI (whole-grain biscuit=54 ( sem 5) whole-grain biscuit filled with peanut butter=44 ( sem 3) whole-grain oat muesli=55 ( sem 4) whole-grain oat protein granola=51 ( sem 4) whole-grain protein cereal=49 ( sem 3)). The GI of test foods negatively correlated with protein ( r s −0·366), fat ( r s −0·268) and dietary fibre ( r s −0·422) (all P ·001). GI values from this study contribute to the worldwide GI database, and may assist healthcare professionals in recommending low-GI breakfast to assist in lower daily glycaemia among Asians who are susceptible to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
Abstract: The health benefits of nuts reported throughout the literature are extensive and well established for reducing the risk of, and managing several chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cognition. Despite their comparable nutrient profile to nuts, seeds are often not assessed in clinical and epidemiological studies. Interestingly, dietary guidelines and recommendations often refer to "nuts and seeds" collectively, even though they are not consistently examined together in nutrition research when determining associated health benefits. The purpose of this review is to call for future nutrition research to consider combining nuts and seeds. This review provides justification for this proposal by summarizing current definitions for nuts and seeds and highlighting the similarities or dissimilarities in their nutrient compositions. Following this, we summarize current evidence on the health benefits of nuts and seeds, research gaps that should be addressed, and considerations for future research using both epidemiological and interventional study designs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1159/000290061
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1159/000333433
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-11-2015
DOI: 10.1002/OBY.21342
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-02-2023
Abstract: (1) Background: Sleep may be a factor that influences the taste–dietary intake relationship. The effect of sleep on salt taste measures has not been adequately studied, and no standardized methodology has been developed for measuring salt taste preference. (2) Methods: A sweet taste forced-choice paired-comparison test was adapted and validated to determine salt taste preference. In a randomized cross-over trial, participants slept a curtailed night (33% reduction in sleep duration) and a habitual night, confirmed by a single-channel electroencephalograph. Salt taste tests were conducted the day after each sleep condition using five aqueous NaCl solutions. One 24-h dietary recall was obtained after each taste test. (3) Results: The adapted forced-choice paired-comparison tracking test reliably determined salt taste preference. No changes in salt taste function (intensity slopes: p = 0.844) or hedonic measures (liking slopes: p = 0.074 preferred NaCl concentrations: p = 0.092) were observed after the curtailed sleep condition compared to habitual sleep. However, sleep curtailment disrupted the association between liking slope and energy-corrected Na intake (p 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The present study serves as the first step toward more standardized taste assessments to facilitate comparison between studies and suggests accounting for sleep when exploring taste–diet relationships.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-09-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-017-1547-3
Abstract: Liquids have higher ingestion and gastric-emptying rates, resulting in rapid glycemic response. They are also less satiating than solid foods. This study examined if the addition of plant proteins alter postprandial glucose, insulin, triglycerides, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glycogen-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and appetitive responses to a sugar-sweetened beverage. This was a randomized, crossover acute feeding study consisting of four treatments: chocolate beverage alone (50 g carbohydrate), or added with 24 g oat, pea or rice proteins. Twenty Chinese males (mean ± SD age 26 ± 5 years body mass index 21.5 ± 1.7 kg/m Significant interaction effects were found in postprandial glucose excursions (time × protein effects, p = 0.003). Glucose iAUC was lower in pea and rice proteins, although not significantly (p > 0.385). Insulin iAUC was significantly higher in the oat (p = 0.035) and pea (p = 0.036) protein beverages. GIP and GLP-1 release in a sub-s le (n = 10) followed a comparable order as insulin release (p = 0.397 and 0.454, respectively). Significant interaction effects were found in fullness ratings (p = 0.024), and a trend of greater suppression of hunger and desire-to-eat was also documented (p = 0.088 and 0.080, respectively). Plant proteins altered the glycemic and appetitive responses of Asian males to a sugar-sweetened beverage. Food-based interventions are useful in promoting glycemic control. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02933424.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1017/JNS.2017.62
Abstract: Vegetarian diets have been associated with health benefits, but paradoxically are low in EPA and DHA which are important for development, particularly of the central nervous system, and for health. Humans have limited capacity for synthesis of EPA and DHA from α-linolenic acid, although this is greater in women than men. Oily fish and, to a lesser extent, dairy foods and meat are the primary sources of EPA and DHA in the diet. Exclusion of these foods from the diet by vegetarians is associated consistently with lower EPA and DHA status in vegetarian women compared with omnivores. The purpose of the present review was to assess the impact of low EPA and DHA status in vegetarian pregnancies on the development and health of children. EPA and DHA status was lower in breast milk and in infants of vegetarian mothers than those born to omnivore mothers, which suggests that in the absence of pre-formed dietary EPA and DHA, synthesis from α-linolenic acid is an important process in determining maternal EPA and DHA status in pregnancy. However, there have been no studies that have investigated the effect of low maternal DHA status in vegetarians on cognitive function in children. It is important to address this gap in knowledge in order to be confident that vegetarian and vegan diets during pregnancy are safe in the context of child development.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1039/C7FO01194F
Abstract: Ethylcellulose (EC) forms a complex oleogel network that entraps lipids.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2010.02.005
Abstract: Studies examining diet-induced thermogenesis and substrate oxidation in a whole room calorimeter (WRC) benefit from a state of energy balance in the measurement period. We found reports on four approaches to assessing energy needs in this context, and they vary considerably. This study assessed the utility of three simple alternatives for predicting energy requirements for calorimeter studies. Energy expenditure (EE) data on 37 males and 104 females was obtained from the baseline measurements of three weight-loss trials. The EE data was from 3-d RT3 accelerometer measurements in a free-living environment, and 24-h WRC measurements. A linear regression model was developed from Study 1 and Study 2 (N = 97), using mean 3-d EE as the independent variable. Twenty-four hours WRC EE (N = 29) was compared with three prediction methods: (a) Schofield equation, (b) regression model, and (c) free-living EE × 85%. Energy expenditure measured by accelerometers was 2454.1 ± 491.9 kcal/d in the free-living condition and 2022.7 ± 295.8 kcal/d during the 24-h calorimeter stay (83.8% ± 10.6% of free-living). Energy requirements in the whole room calorimeter was estimated as 0.405 × mean [3-d RT3 energy expenditure] + 1009.6 kcal/d (N = 97, R(2) = 0.479, P < 0.001). Predicted energy requirements were not significantly different from the WRC EE but the Schofield method produced the lowest mean bias and standard deviation. Schofield equations are an inexpensive and convenient alternative for predicting energy requirements in WRC studies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-10-2022
Abstract: In iduals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience physiological changes that likely impair salt taste function and perception. Sodium restriction is a cornerstone of CKD management but dietary sodium plays an important role in food enjoyment and may interfere with compliance to this intervention. Therefore, confirming that taste deficits are present in CKD will improve our understanding of how taste deficits can affect intake, and inform dietary counselling in the future. A systematic review was conducted. Studies that included adults with CKD and healthy controls, and assessed salt taste sensitivity, perceived intensity, and/or hedonic ratings were included. Study quality was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library Quality Criteria Checklist: Primary Research. Of the 16 studies, the majority reported decreased salt taste sensitivity, but no consistent differences in intensity or hedonic ratings were observed. Higher recognition thresholds in CKD patients were associated with higher sodium intake, but results should be interpreted with caution as the measures used were subject to error in this population. In conclusion, salt taste sensitivity is decreased in CKD, but intensity and hedonic evaluations appear to be more robust. Given that hedonic assessments are better predictors of intake, and that salt taste preferences can be changed over time, dietary counselling for low-sodium intake is likely to be effective for this population.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-09-2022
DOI: 10.3390/BIOMEDICINES10092241
Abstract: Background: Students in the United States gain weight significantly during their first year of university, however limited data are available for Australian students. Methods: This 12-month observational study was conducted to monitor monthly body weight and composition, as well as quarterly eating behaviours, dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behaviours, and basal metabolic rate changes amongst first-year Australian university students. Participants were first-year university students over 18 years. Results: Twenty-two first-year university students (5 males and 17 females) completed the study. Female students gained weight significantly at two, three, and four-months (+0.9 kg +1.5 kg +1.1 kg, p 0.05). Female waist circumference (2.5 cm increase at three-months, p = 0.012), and body fat also increased (+0.9%, p = 0.026 at three-months). Intakes of sugar, saturated fat (both % of total energy), and sodium exceeded recommended levels ( mg) at 12-months. Greater sedentary behaviours were observed amongst male students throughout the study (p .05). Conclusions: Female students are at risk of unfavourable changes in body composition during the first year of university, while males are at risk of increased sedentary behaviours. High intakes of saturated fat, sugars, and sodium warrant future interventions in such a vulnerable group.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-11-2016
Abstract: The inclusion of almonds in an energy-restricted diet has been reported both to enhance or to have no effect on weight loss. Their effects specifically on visceral body fat stores during energy restriction have not been widely examined. In addition, almond consumption has been associated with reduced blood pressure (BP), but whether this is linked to or independent of changes in body composition has to our knowledge not been examined. We evaluated the effects of consuming almonds as part of an energy-restricted diet on body composition, specifically visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and BP, compared to a nut-free energy-restricted diet. A randomized controlled 12-wk clinical trial of 86 healthy adults [body mass index (in kg/m Body weight, truncal and total fat percentage, VAT, and systolic BP decreased after 12 wk of energy restriction in both the ITT and complier analyses (P < 0.05). The complier analysis (but not the ITT analysis) indicated a greater mean ± SEM reduction in truncal fat (AED: -1.21% ± 0.26% NFD: -0.48% ± 0.24% P = 0.025), total fat (AED: -1.79% ± 0.36% NFD: -0.74% ± 0.33% P = 0.035), and diastolic BP (AED: -2.71 ± 1.2 mm Hg NFD: 0.815 ± 1.1 mm Hg P = 0.029), and a greater tendency for VAT loss (AED: -8.19 ± 1.8 cm Moderate almond consumption by compliant overweight and obese in iduals during energy restriction results in greater proportional reductions of truncal and total body fat as well as diastolic BP and hence may help to reduce metabolic disease risk in obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02360787.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 07-2020
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2019-036542
Abstract: Epidemiological studies indicate an inverse association between nut consumption and body mass index (BMI). However, clinical trials evaluating the effects of nut consumption compared with a nut-free diet on adiposity have reported mixed findings with some studies reporting greater weight loss and others reporting no weight change. This paper describes the rationale and detailed protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing whether the inclusion of almonds or carbohydrate-rich snacks in an otherwise nut-free energy-restricted diet will promote weight loss during 3 months of energy restriction and limit weight regain during 6 months of weight maintenance. One hundred and thirty-four adults aged 25–65 years with a BMI of 27.5–34.9 kg/m 2 will be recruited and randomly allocated to either the almond-enriched diet (AED) (15% energy from almonds) or a nut-free control diet (NFD) (15% energy from carbohydrate-rich snack foods). Study snack foods will be provided. Weight loss will be achieved through a 30% energy restriction over 3 months, and weight maintenance will be encouraged for 6 months by increasing overall energy intake by ~120–180 kcal/day (~500-750kJ/day) as required. Food will be self-selected, based on recommendations from the study dietitian. Body composition, resting energy expenditure, total daily energy expenditure (via doubly labelled water), physical activity, appetite regulation, cardiometabolic health, gut microbiome, liver health, inflammatory factors, eating behaviours, mood and personality, functional mobility and pain, quality of life and sleep patterns will be measured throughout the 9-month trial. The effects of intervention on the outcome measures over time will be analysed using random effects mixed models, with treatment (AED or NFD) and time (baseline, 3 months and 9 months) being the between and within factors, respectively in the analysis. Ethics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (201436). Results from this trial will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, national and international presentations. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001861246).
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-02-2021
Abstract: Although the beneficial effects of nuts on cardiometabolic diseases have been well established, little is known about the effects of nuts on age-related diseases. Given that age-related diseases share many biological pathways with cardiometabolic diseases, it is plausible that diets rich in nuts might be beneficial in ameliorating age-related conditions. The objective of this review was to summarise the findings from studies that have examined the associations or effects of nut consumption, either alone or as part of the dietary pattern, on three major age-related factors—telomere length, sarcopenia, and cognitive function—in older adults. Overall, the currently available evidence suggests that nut consumption, particularly when consumed as part of a healthy diet or over a prolonged period, is associated with positive outcomes such as longer telomere length, reduced risk of sarcopenia, and better cognition in older adults. Future studies that are interventional, long-term, and adequately powered are required to draw definitive conclusions on the effects of nut consumption on age-related diseases, in order to inform dietary recommendations to incorporate nuts into the habitual diet of older adults.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-01-2020
DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1712683
Abstract: This study investigated the role of non-nutritive sweeteners in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their reactive intermediates using endogenous and exogenous models. In the endogenous model, xylitol and sorbitol formed similar levels of reactive intermediates compared to sucralose. Protein-bound fluorescent AGEs,
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-11-2012
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2012.183
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-10-2013
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2013
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-09-2022
DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202111.0437.V2
Abstract: Background: Students in the United States gain weight significantly during their first year of university, however limited data are available for Australian students. Methods: This 12-month observational study was conducted to monitor monthly body weight and composition, as well as quarterly eating behaviours, dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behaviours, and basal metabolic rate changes amongst first-year Australian university students. Participants were first-year university students over 18 years. Results: Twenty-two first-year university students (5 males and 17 females) completed the study. Female students gained weight significantly at two, three, and four-months (+0.9 kg +1.5 kg +1.1 kg, p & .05). Female waist circumference (2.5 cm increase at three-months, p = 0.012), and body fat also increased (+0.9%, p = 0.026 at three-months). Intakes of sugar, saturated fat (both & % of total energy), and sodium exceeded recommended levels (& mg) at 12-months. Greater sedentary behaviours were observed amongst male students throughout the study (p & .05). Conclusions: Female students are at risk of unfavourable changes in body composition during the first year of university, while males are at risk of increased sedentary behaviours. High intakes of saturated fat, sugars, and sodium warrant future interventions in such a vulnerable group.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-11-2021
DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS202111.0437.V1
Abstract: Background: Students in the United States gain weight significantly during their first year of university, but limited data is available for Australian students. Methods: This 12-month observational study was conducA 12-Month Prospective Observational Study of Body Weight, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Levels in Australian First-Year University Studentsted to monitor monthly body weight and body composition, as well as quarterly eating behaviours, dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behaviours, and basal metabolic rate changes amongst first-year Australian university students. Participants were first-year university students over 18 years. Results: Twenty-two first-year university students (5 males, 17 females) completed the study. Female students gained weight significantly at two, three and four-months (+0.9 kg +1.5kg +1.1 kg, p & .05). Female waist circumference (2.5cm increase at two-months, p=0.012) and body fat also increased (+0.7%, p=0.04 at two-months +0.9%, p=0.026 at three-months). Intake of sugar, saturated fat (both & % of total energy) and sodium exceeded recommended levels (& mg) at 12-months. Greater sedentary behaviours were observed amongst male students throughout the study (p & .05). Conclusions: Female students are at risk of unfavourable changes in body composition during the first year of university, while males are at risk of increased sedentary behaviours. High intakes of saturated fat, sugars and sodium warrant future interventions in such a vulnerable group.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-02-2017
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516004463
Abstract: The post-lunch dip in cognition is a well-established phenomenon of decreased alertness, memory and vigilance after lunch consumption. Lunch composition reportedly influences the post-lunch dip. Moreover, dieting is associated with cognitive function impairments. The negative effects of dieting have been reversed with nut-supplemented diets. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the acute effect of an almond-enriched high-fat lunch or high-carbohydrate lunch on the post-lunch decline in cognitive function, and (2) evaluate the effects of chronic almond consumption as part of an energy-restricted diet on the memory and attention domains of cognitive function. In total, eighty-six overweight and obese adults were randomised to consume either an almond-enriched diet (AED) or a nut-free control diet (NFD) over a 12-week weight loss intervention. Participants were also randomised to receive either an almond-enriched high-fat lunch (A-HFL) ( % energy from fat, almonds contributing 70–75 % energy) or a high-carbohydrate lunch (HCL) ( % energy from carbohydrates) at the beginning and end of the weight loss intervention. Memory and attention performance indices decreased after lunch consumption ( P ·001). The A-HFL group ameliorated the decline in memory scores by 57·7 % compared with the HCL group ( P =0·004). Both lunch groups had similar declines in attention. Moreover, memory and attention performance indices increased after the 12-week intervention period ( P ·05) with no difference between the AED and NFD groups. In conclusion, almond consumption at a midday meal can reduce the post-lunch dip in memory. However, long-term almond consumption may not further improve cognitive function outcomes in a weight loss intervention.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-04-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-023-03157-1
Abstract: To assess the association between nut and seed consumption, both combined and separately, and metabolic syndrome and its components, including fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, central obesity, and blood pressure. This cross-sectional analysis used data from 22,687 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) involved in seven cycles (2005–2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Habitual nut and seed intakes were estimated by the Multiple Source Method using data from two 24-h dietary recalls. Metabolic syndrome was ascertained using biochemical data and self-reported medication use. Sex-specific effect estimates were obtained using logistic and linear regressions adjusting for lifestyle and socioeconomic confounders. Compared to non-consumers, female, but not male, habitual consumers of either nuts or seeds had lower odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.71, 0.97). Both nut intake alone and seed intake alone were inversely associated with high fasting glucose and low HDL-cholesterol in females compared to non-consumers. When restricted to habitual consumers only, the combined intake of nuts and seeds at 6 g/day was associated with the lowest triglycerides and highest HDL-cholesterol in females. Combined consumption of nuts and seeds up to one ounce-equivalent (15 g) per day, but not in higher intake levels, was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome, high fasting glucose, central obesity, and low HDL-cholesterol in females. Nut and seed consumption, both separately or combined, below 15 g/day was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and its component conditions in females but not males.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2023
DOI: 10.1002/OBY.23860
Abstract: This study evaluated weight and cardiometabolic outcomes after a 3‐month energy‐restricted diet (−30%) containing almonds (almond‐enriched diet [AED]) or containing carbohydrate‐rich snacks (nut‐free control diet [NFD]) (Phase 1), followed by 6 months of weight maintenance (Phase 2). Participants (25–65 years old) with overweight or obesity (BMI 27.5–34.9 kg/m 2 ) were randomly allocated to AED ( n = 68) or NFD ( n = 72). Both groups lost weight during Phase 1 ( p 0.001) (mean [SE], −7.0 [0.5] kg AED vs. −7.0 [0.5] kg NFD, p = 0.858) and Phase 2 ( p = 0.009) (−1.1 [0.5] kg AED vs. −1.3 [0.6] NFD, p = 0.756), with improvements in percentage lean mass after Phase 2 (4.8% [0.3%], p 0.001). Reductions occurred in fasting glucose (−0.2 [0.07] mmol/L, p = 0.003), insulin (−8.1 [4.0] pmol/L, p = 0.036), blood pressure (−4.9 [0.8] mm/Hg systolic, −5.0 [0.5] mm/Hg diastolic, p 0.001), total cholesterol (−0.3 [0.1] mmol/L), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) (−0.2 [0.1] mmol/L), very low‐density lipoprotein (−0.1 [0.03] mmol/L), and triglycerides (−0.3 [0.06] mmol/L) (all p 0.001), and high‐density lipoprotein increased (0.1 [0.02] mmol/L, p = 0.011) by the end of Phase 2 in both groups. There were group by time interactions for lipoprotein particle concentrations: very small triglyceride‐rich (−31.0 [7.7] nmol/L AED vs. −4.8 [7.9] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.007), small LDL (−109.3 [40.5] nmol/L AED vs. −20.7 [41.6] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.017), and medium LDL (−24.4 [43.4] nmol/L AED vs. −130.5 [44.4] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.045). An energy‐restricted AED resulted in weight loss and weight loss maintenance comparable to an energy‐restricted NFD, and both diets supported cardiometabolic health. The AED resulted in greater improvements in some lipoprotein subfractions, which may enhance reductions in cardiovascular risk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2009.04.007
Abstract: Decreasing energy intake relative to energy expenditure is the indisputable tenet of weight loss. In addition to caloric restriction modification of the type of dietary fat may provide further benefits. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of energy restriction alone and with dietary fat modification on weight loss and adiposity, as well as on risk factors for obesity related disease. One-hundred and fifty overweight men and women were randomized into a 3month controlled trial with four low fat (30% energy) dietary arms: (1) isocaloric (LF) (2) isocaloric with 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids (LF-PUFA) (3) low calorie (LF-LC) (-2MJ) (4) low calorie with 10% PUFA (LF-PUFA-LC). Primary outcomes were changes in body weight and body fat and secondary outcomes were changes in fasting levels of leptin, insulin, glucose, lipids and erythrocyte fatty acids. Changes in dietary intake were assessed using 3day food records. One-hundred and twenty-two participants entered the study and 95 completed the study. All groups lost weight and body fat (P<0.0001 time effect for both), but the LC groups lost more weight (P=0.026 for diet effect). All groups reduced total cholesterol levels (P<0.0001 time effect and P=0.017 intervention effect), but the LC and PUFA groups were better at reducing triacylglycerol levels (P=0.056 diet effect). HDL increased with LF-LC and LF-PUFA but not with LF-PUFA-LC (0.042 diet effect). The LF and LF-LC groups reported greater dietary fat reductions than the two PUFA groups (P=0.043). Energy restriction has the most potent effect on weight loss and lipids, but fat modification is also beneficial when energy restriction is more modest.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-03-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NU13041124
Abstract: The world’s ever-growing population presents a major challenge in providing sustainable food options and in reducing pressures on the Earth’s agricultural land and freshwater resources. Current estimates suggest that agriculture contributes ~30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, there is an increased demand for animal protein, the production of which is particularly polluting. Therefore, the climate-disrupting potential of feeding the planet is likely to substantially worsen in the future. Due to the nutritional value of animal-based protein, it is not a simple solution to recommend a wholesale reduction in production/consumption of animal proteins. Rather, employing strategies which result in the production of low carbon animal protein may be part of the solution to reduce the GHGs associated with our diets without compromising diet quality. We suggest that farmed mussels may present a partial solution to this dilemma. Mussel production has a relatively low GHG production and does not put undue pressure on land or fresh water supplies. By drawing comparisons to other protein sources using the Australian Food and Nutrient Database and other published data, we demonstrate that they are a sustainable source of high-quality protein, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols, and other key micronutrients such as B-12 and iron. The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on the health benefits and potential risks of increasing the consumption of farmed mussels.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S11883-018-0749-3
Abstract: We review recent epidemiological and clinical studies investigating the consumption of tree nuts and peanuts and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality as well as CVD risk factors. A greater consumption of tree nuts and peanuts is associated with a reduced risk of CVD mortality, as well as lower CVD events. Furthermore, risk factors associated with the development of CVD such as dyslipidemia, impaired vascular function, and hypertension are improved with regular tree nut and peanut consumption through a range of mechanism associated with their nutrient-rich profiles. There is weak inconsistent evidence for an effect of nut consumption on inflammation. There is emerging evidence that consuming tree nuts reduces the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and promotes ersity of gut microbiota, which in turn may improve CVD outcomes. Evidence for CVD prevention is strong for some varieties of tree nuts, particularly walnuts, and length of supplementation and dose are important factors for consideration with recommendations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2008
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-10-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10101448
Abstract: The proportion of adults aged over 60 years in the world is expected to reach 20% by the year 2050. Ageing is associated with several physiological changes that increase the risk of malnutrition among this population. Malnutrition is characterized by deficiencies or insufficiencies of macro- and micronutrients. Malnutrition has detrimental effects on the health, wellbeing, and quality of life in older adults. Nuts are rich in energy, unsaturated fats, and protein, as well as other nutrients that provide a range of health benefits. While the effects of nuts on overnutrition have been studied extensively, very few studies have been specifically designed to understand the role of nuts in mitigating undernutrition in the elderly. Therefore, this review explores the potential role of nuts in improving the nutritional status of older adults who are at risk of undernutrition. Several properties of whole nuts, some of which appear important for addressing overnutrition, (e.g., hardness, lower-than-expected nutrient availability, satiety-enhancing effects) may limit their effectiveness as a food to combat undernutrition. However, we propose that modifications such as transforming the physical form of nuts, addressing the timing of nut ingestion, and introducing variety may overcome these barriers. This review also discusses the feasibility of using nuts to prevent and reverse undernutrition among older adults. We conclude with a recommendation to conduct clinical studies in the future to test this conceptual framework.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-10-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-022-03027-2
Abstract: Early satiety has been identified as one of the mechanisms that may explain the beneficial effects of nuts for reducing obesity. This study compared postprandial changes in appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite ratings after consuming almonds (AL, 15% of energy requirement) or an isocaloric carbohydrate-rich snack bar (SB). This is a sub-analysis of baseline assessments of a larger parallel-arm randomised controlled trial in overweight and obese (Body Mass Index 27.5–34.9 kg/m 2 ) adults (25–65 years). After an overnight fast, 140 participants consumed a randomly allocated snack (AL [ n = 68] or SB [ n = 72]). Appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite sensations, measured using visual analogue scales, were assessed immediately before snack food consumption, and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following snack consumption. A sub-set of participants (AL, n = 49 SB, n = 48) then consumed a meal challenge buffet ad libitum to assess subsequent energy intake. An additional appetite rating assessment was administered post buffet at 150 min. Postprandial C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) response was 47% smaller with AL compared to SB ( p 0.001). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide AUC responses were larger with AL compared to SB (18%, p = 0.005 39% p 0.001 45% p 0.001 respectively). Cholecystokinin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, leptin and polypeptide YY AUCs were not different between groups. Self-reported appetite ratings and energy intake following the buffet did not differ between groups. More favourable appetite-regulating hormone responses to AL did not translate into better self-reported appetite or reduced short-term energy consumption. Future studies should investigate implications for longer term appetite regulation. ACTRN12618001861246 2018.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-05-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2017.09.016
Abstract: The human body associates sensory cues with metabolic consequences. Exposure to sweet-tasting sugars - even in the absence of ingestion - triggers physiological responses that are associated with carbohydrate digestion, absorption and metabolism. These responses include the release of insulin and incretin hormones, which work to reduce blood glucose. For this reason, non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) have been posited to trigger similar physiological responses and reduce postprandial blood glucose concentrations. The first part of this review presents a brief overview of sweet taste receptor activation in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract and the ensuing physiological responses related to glucose homeostasis. The second part of this review contains a systematic literature review that tested the hypothesis that NNS use improves glucose regulation postprandially. Studies were grouped based on sweet taste receptor stimulation paradigms, including pre-ingestive stimulation, ingestion of NNS alone, co-ingestion of NNS with foods, and using NNS as preloads to influence subsequent blood glucose excursions. In summary, the review found that NNS triggered physiological responses, albeit inconsistently, yet failed to significantly lower blood glucose levels in almost all studies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
Abstract: Tree nuts and peanuts are good sources of many nutrients and antioxidants, but they are also energy dense. The latter often limits intake because of concerns about their possible contribution to positive energy balance. However, evidence to date suggests that nuts are not associated with predicted weight gain. This is largely due to their high satiety value, leading to strong compensatory dietary responses, inefficiency in absorption of the energy they contain, a possible increment in resting energy expenditure, and an augmentation of fat oxidation. Preliminary evidence suggests that these properties are especially evident when they are consumed as snacks.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-12-2021
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2015282
Abstract: Diet therapy for diabetes involves controlling carbohydrate intake in order to manage blood glucose concentrations. Simple carbohydrates, like sucrose, quickly and potently raise blood glucose when ingested, and are typically perceived as sweet. Sweetness is innately pleasurable and contributes to the positive hedonic evaluation of foods and beverages. There is some evidence to suggest that in iduals with diabetes mellitus may be less able to detect sweetness, which could result in increased intake and, thus, more difficulty managing blood glucose. A systematic review that included PubMed, PsycInfo, and Embase databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria included observational studies that investigated the sweet taste function of adults with and without diabetes mellitus (Prospero CRD42021225058). The quality of the final included studies was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' Evidence Analysis Library Quality Criteria Checklist: Primary Research tool. Eighteen studies that compared sweet taste thresholds, intensity ratings, or hedonic responses in adults both with and without diabetes were included. Differences in sweet taste thresholds, both detection and recognition, indicated that in iduals with diabetes were less sensitive than healthy controls. The same findings were observed for intensity ratings. Only two studies examined hedonic responses results were inconclusive.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.3390/NU11081782
Abstract: Background: In light of obesity, replacing sugar with non-nutritive sweeteners is commonly used to reduce sugar content of food products. This study aimed to compare human energy expenditure (EE), carbohydrate oxidation and food intake after the ingestion of test foods sweetened with sucrose or a non-nutritive sweetener. Methods: This was an acute crossover feeding study that entailed consumption of three test foods: jelly sweetened with 50 g sucrose (SUCROSE), with 120 mg of sucralose only (NNS), or 120 mg sucralose but matched in carbohydrate with 50 g maltodextrin (MALT). On test days, participants arrived at the research facility after an overnight fast. Resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimeter) was measured for 30 min followed by jelly consumption. Participants’ EE and substrate oxidation were measured for 90 min subsequently. After EE assessment, participants completed a meal challenge before leaving the research facility, and recorded food intake for the remaining day. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed before and after test foods and meal challenge. Results: Eleven participants completed the study. EE was higher in SUCROSE and MALT than NNS, but not statistically significant. Carbohydrate oxidation was SUCROSE MALT NNS (p 0.001). Earlier and bigger rise in carbohydrate oxidation was observed in SUCROSE than MALT, although both were carbohydrate-matched. NNS did not promote energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation or stimulate appetite. Conclusions: Foods sweetened with sucrose or non-nutritive sweeteners but matched in carbohydrate content have different effects on human EE and carbohydrate oxidation. Sucralose alone did not affect EE, but lower energy in the test food from sugar replacement was eventually fully compensated. Findings from this pilot study should be verified with bigger clinical studies in the future to establish clinical relevance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAND.2018.02.019
Abstract: Adiposity is an independent predictor of metabolic disease. However, highly accurate body fat assessment is not routinely done due to limited access to expensive and labor-intensive methods. The aim of the study was to develop body fat prediction equations for Asian-Chinese adults using easily attainable anthropometric measurements. Prediction equations of body fat were developed using anthropometric and skinfold thickness measurements obtained from a cross-sectional study. These new equations were then validated using baseline data from an independent randomized controlled study. Healthy participants with no major diseases and not taking long-term medications were recruited in an ongoing cross-sectional study that began in June 2014 (n=439, 170 males, 269 females), as well as a randomized controlled trial (n=108, 58 males, 50 females) conducted from January 2013 to October 2014. Both the studies were conducted at Clinical Nutrition Research Center located in Singapore. Data used to develop and validate equations were from two original studies that assessed body fat by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, age, waist circumference, height, and biceps and triceps skinfolds. Sex-specific percent body fat prediction equations were developed using stepwise regression with Akaike Information Criterion on the cross-sectional data. The equations were then validated using data from the randomized controlled study and also compared against Asian-specific Davidson equations. The best body fat prediction model (R Sex-specific equations to predict the percent body fat of Asian-Chinese adults with a higher degree of accuracy were developed. Ease of use in both field and clinical settings will be a major advantage.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
Abstract: The protein leverage hypothesis requires specific evidence that protein intake is regulated more strongly than energy intake. The objective was to determine ad libitum energy intake, body weight changes, appetite profile, and nitrogen balance in response to 3 diets with different protein-to-carbohydrate + fat ratios over 12 consecutive days, with beef as a source of protein. A 3-arm, 12-d randomized crossover study was performed in 30 men and 28 women [mean ± SD age: 33 ± 16 y body mass index (in kg/m²): 24.4 ± 4.0] with the use of diets containing 5%, 15%, and 30% of energy (En%) from protein, predominantly from beef. Energy intake was significantly lower in the 30En%-protein condition (8.73 ± 1.93 MJ/d) than in the 5En%-protein (9.48 ± 1.67 MJ/d) and 15En%-protein (9.30 ± 1.62 MJ/d) conditions (P = 0.001), stemming largely from lower energy intake during meals (P = 0.001). Hunger (P = 0.001) and desire to eat (P = 0.001) ratings were higher and fullness ratings were lower (P = 0.001) in the 5En%-protein condition than in the 15En%-protein and 30En%-protein conditions. Nitrogen excretion was lower in the 5En%-protein condition (4.7 ± 1.5 g/24 h P = 0.001) and was higher in the 30En%-protein condition (15.3 ± 8.7 g/24 h P = 0.001) compared with the 15En%-protein condition (10.0 ± 5.2 g/24 h). Nitrogen balance was maintained in the 5En%-protein condition and was positive in the 15En%- and 30En%-protein conditions (P = 0.001). Complete protein leverage did not occur because subjects did not consume to a common protein amount at the expense of energy balance. In iduals did underconsume relative to energy requirements from high-protein diets. The lack of support for protein leverage effects on a low-protein diet may stem from the fact that protein intake was sufficient to maintain nitrogen balance over the 12-d trial.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-09-2016
Abstract: Research conducted by dietitians is encouraged by national and international organisations, yet research output remains low. The attitudes towards and experiences with research and research methods course work of students and practitioners in Australia and the United States were examined. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Participants were contacted by email 173 Australian (N = 50 students 123 practitioners) and 499 US (N = 231 students 268 practitioners) respondents completed the survey. A smaller proportion of American students (74%) indicated that they would consider conducting research in the future compared to Australian students (84%) (P < 0.001). More Australian than American practitioners indicated interest in conducting research in their current position (87% vs 66% P < 0.001). Research training did not increase future research plans, but respondents who had conducted research either as a student or at work responded more favourably to conducting research in the future (P < 0.001). In general, Australian respondents were more supportive of and more experienced with research. Unlike classroom training, past research experiences supported plans for future research. Further work needs to investigate how the culture of the profession can be changed to support more dietitian-conducted research.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-2022
DOI: 10.1136/BMJDRC-2022-002950
Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent (~75%) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Since exercise and weight loss (WL) are recommended for the management of both NAFLD and T2D, this study examined whether progressive resistance training (PRT) plus WL could lead to greater improvements in the fatty liver index (FLI), an indicator of NAFLD, compared with WL alone in older adults with T2D. This study represents a secondary analysis of a 12-month, two-arm randomised controlled trial including 36 overweight and obese adults (60–80 years) with T2D randomly allocated to supervised PRT plus WL (hypocaloric diet) (n=19) or WL plus sham (stretching) (n=17) for 6 months (phase I), followed by 6-months home-based training with ad libitum diet (phase II). FLI, which is an algorithm based on waist circumference, body mass index, triglycerides and gamma-glutamyl transferase, was assessed at baseline and every 3 months. Linear mixed models were used to analyse between-group differences over time, adjusting for baseline values. At baseline, the mean±SD FLI was 76.6±18.5 and the likelihood of NAFLD (FLI ) in all participants was 86%. Following phase I, both groups had similar statistically significant improvements in FLI (mean change (95% CI): PRT+WL, −12 (−20 to –4) WL, −9 (−15 to –4)), with no significant between-group difference. After the subsequent 6-month home-based phase, the improvements in FLI tended to persist in both groups (PRT+WL, −7 (−11 to –2) WL, −4 (−10 to 1)), with no between-group differences. In older overweight adults with T2D, PRT did not enhance the benefits of WL on FLI, a predictor of NAFLD. ACTRN12622000640707.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00394-021-02791-X
Abstract: The global prevalence of overweight remains high effective strategies that consider patterns of body weight changes to identify periods when adults are susceptible to weight gain are warranted. This systematic review aimed to investigate body weight patterns, and how they were associated with dietary intake and/or dietary behaviours (Prospero CRD42020161977). Systematic literature search was conducted in the Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases until November 2020. Observational studies in adults (18 years and over) that reported at least two measurements of weight and dietary intake in a year were included. Risk of bias was conducted using the Evidence Analysis Library by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics tool. This review included 16 unique studies after title, abstract, and full-text screening, and findings were narratively synthesised. Of the six studies conducted in the farming populations, five were conducted in countries with two seasons (dry vs. rainy seasons) and all studies observed higher body weight during the dry season (up to 3.1 kg difference between seasons). The remaining study was conducted in a sub-tropical country and did not observe temporal weight patterns. Higher dietary intake was also reported during the dry season in the tropical countries. In non-farming populations (n = 10), temporal patterns were also seen, where higher body weight and adiposity was observed during colder seasons (autumn and winter). However, the opposite was found in a study conducted in Iran, where higher weight was seen in summer. Concurrent with higher body weight, higher energy, fat, carbohydrate and soda consumption, and lower fiber and vegetable intake were observed. Temporal weight and dietary patterns exist, and they were country- and context-specific these patterns were also related to factors such as activity levels, seasons and occupation. Future interventions should consider temporal patterns in the design and delivery of timely and tailored dietary interventions to promote optimal body weight. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42020161977.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-05-2015
DOI: 10.1002/OBY.21098
Abstract: Many in iduals have difficulty adhering to a weight loss diet. One possible explanation could be that dietary restriction paradoxically contributes to overconsumption. The objective of this study was to examine ingestive behavior under a forced chocolate restriction with a focus on the anticipatory restriction period and the post-restriction period in frequent chocolate consumers. Fifty-six male (N = 18) and female (N = 38) high chocolate consumers with high (N = 25) or low (N = 31) cognitive disinhibition participated. Chocolate snacks were provided for a week each to establish baseline, pre-restriction, and post-restriction consumption, Chocolate snacks were replaced with nonchocolate snacks during a 3-week chocolate restriction period. Highly disinhibited participants felt more guilty and consumed significantly more energy than low disinhibited participants across snack conditions. Low disinhibited participants consumed significantly less in the post-restriction period compared to baseline and the pre-restriction period, while high disinhibited participants consumed the same amount across all conditions. Aggregating the data, high and low disinhibited chocolate consumers ate snacks more frequently in the pre- and post-restriction periods compared to the baseline period. This study suggests that for some in iduals, restriction of a preferred food like chocolate may be contraindicated for energy restriction and weight management.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2018.05.009
Abstract: For university students, alterations in sleep and diet quality are common, and the propensity for weight gain is well established. The role of sleep duration during periods of rapid weight gain is understudied. This study explored the relationships between sleep duration, diet patterns, and body composition in first-year university students. Data collection occurred during the beginning of the fall (August) and spring semesters (January). Anthropometric measures included weight, height, and percent body fat (%BF). Survey questions assessed sleep and diet quality. As a group, participants (N = 60) gained weight (1.8 ± 2.1 kg) over the 4.5-month period of study. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified three groups based on weight change between baseline and follow-up visits. Group 1 ("maintainers") (N = 21) gained 0.1 ± 1.3 kg, group 2 ("modest gainers") (N = 24) gained 2.0 ± 1.7 kg, and group 3 ("major gainers") (N = 15) gained 3.8 ± 1.8 kg. No differences in weight, body mass index (BMI), %BF, or average sleep duration existed between clusters at baseline. Minimal differences in baseline dietary behaviors between groups were noted other than maintainers used more fat, e.g., butter, to season vegetables, bread, and potatoes compared to modest gainers (p = .010). At follow-up, sleep duration significantly decreased from baseline among major gainers (7.1 ± 0.7 vs. 6.8 ± 0.7 h, p = .017) while sleep duration increased from baseline among maintainers (7.3 ± 0.9 vs. 7.6 ± 1.0 h, p = .048). Sleep duration at follow-up was significantly shorter among major gainers compared to maintainers (p = .016). Total diet scores for maintainers and modest gainers improved between visits (p = .038 and 0.002, respectively) but did not change among major gainers. Combining sleep and diet education may increase the effectiveness of interventions designed to mitigate weight gain in this high-risk population.
Location: Malaysia
Location: Indonesia
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Sze-Yen Tan.