ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0257-1443
Current Organisation
Deakin University
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.YEBEH.2016.07.010
Abstract: Reduced cognitive functioning has been documented in the genetic generalized epilepsies (GGE). Among a number of hypothesized causal mechanisms, some evidence from other epilepsy syndromes suggests the impact of epileptiform discharges. This study investigates the relationship between cognitive function in GGE and burden of epileptiform discharges within a 24-hour EEG recording, controlling for variables relevant to cognitive function in epilepsy. As part of a larger prospective cohort study, 69 patients with EEG-confirmed GGE (11-58years) underwent 24-hour EEG and detailed neuropsychological assessment using the Woodcock Johnson III Tests. Ten-second pages of the EEG were marked manually page-by-page on longitudinal bipolar montage with 0.5 to 70Hz bandwidth by an experienced EEG reader. Multiple regression analyses were conducted. Epileptiform discharges were detected in 90% of patients. Less than 0.01% of electrophysiological events of two or more seconds were recognized by patients. Regression analysis demonstrated that the cumulative duration of epileptiform discharges over a 24-hour period predicted overall cognitive ability and memory function, accounting for 9.6% and 11.8% of adjusted variance, respectively. None of the epilepsy covariates included in multiple regression analysis added significantly to the model. Duration of epileptiform discharges negatively predicts overall cognitive ability and memory function, even after accounting for other known determinants of cognition. Prolonged epileptiform discharges are common and remain unreported by patients, raising important questions regarding the management of GGE syndromes and their associated comorbidities. Further research is required to investigate causal mechanisms if we are to improve cognitive outcomes in this common group of epilepsies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.BBI.2019.04.001
Abstract: Blueberries are rich in polyphenols that may be beneficial to cognitive performance and mood. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of blueberries and blueberry products on measures of cognition and mood. In total, eleven articles (that included 12 studies) were identified using freeze-dried blueberries (n = 9 studies), whole blueberries (n = 2) and blueberry concentrate (n = 1). These studies were conducted in children (n = 5), young adults (n = 1), and older people with either no known cognitive impairment (n = 4) or indicated cognitive impairment (n = 2). Eight studies reported blueberry consumption or supplementation at various doses and time lengths to improve measures of cognitive performance, particularly short- and long-term memory and spatial memory. For mood, one study reported significant between-group improvements in positive affect from blueberry products, whereas four studies reported no improvement. Low risk of bias were observed across all studies. Based on the current evidence, blueberries may improve some measures of cognitive performance. However, considerable differences in study design, dosages, and anthocyanin content hinder between-study comparison. The use of standardized blueberry interventions, consideration of placebo formulations, and consistently reported cognitive performance tools are recommended in future trials. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42018100888.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12768
Abstract: Systematic reviews of nutritional interventions indicate limited efficacy in reducing childhood obesity, but their blanket conclusions could obscure promising components. This narrative review sought more detail on effective components within nutrition-related interventions involving children aged 2 to 11 years. In May 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) searched the Cochrane Library and PubMed for relevant reviews. From 36 reviews, we screened 182 nutrition-related randomized trials for inclusion. We then reviewed those that reported at least 1 statistically significant (P < 0.05) treatment benefit on body weight and/or composition outcomes at their longest follow-up assessment. Fourteen trials met inclusion criteria (median n = 554 mean intervention duration = 10.8 mo follow-up = 4.4 mo). "Effective" approaches included environmental changes such as school water fountain installations and cafeteria menu changes and possibly less sustainable strategies such as health education lessons. However, effect sizes even of these selected significant treatment benefits were modest-significant body mass index z-score effects range from -0.1 to -0.2. Each trial was associated with very small improvements in body composition. Because this is a "best-case" scenario (reflecting our design), trialists should rigorously test these strategies alone and possibly together be open to novel strategies and ensure that each strategy is culturally relevant and self-sustainable.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-09-2021
DOI: 10.1111/EJN.15467
Abstract: Neuroplasticity underpins motor learning, with abnormal neuroplasticity related to age‐associated motor declines. Bilateral transfer of motor learning, through rehabilitation, may mitigate these declines however, the magnitude of transfer may be reduced in older populations. This study investigated excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the trained and untrained hemispheres following unilateral training of a complex finger‐tapping task across ageing. Fifteen young (26.2 ± 3.8 years) and 11 older adults (63.7 ± 15.4 years) received transcranial magnetic stimulation, although surface electromyography was recorded from the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB), before and after practicing a complex finger‐tapping task with the dominant hand. Excitability, inhibition (expressed as percent change scores from pre‐ to post‐training), motor task performance and bilateral transfer were assessed between groups. Investigation of hemispheric differences within each group was completed for measures that significantly differed between groups. There were no between‐group differences in task performance or bilateral transfer, with task performance improving post‐training irrespective of group for both hands ( p 0.05). Pre‐ to post‐inhibition change scores of the untrained EDC muscle increased ( p = 0.034) in older compared with younger adults, indicating reduced inhibition in older adults. Inhibition change scores significantly differed between hemispheres for the young group only ( p = 0.037). Only the younger group presented with hemispheric lateralisation, providing some support for the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults (HAROLD) hypothesis. Whether this reduction is evidence of de‐differentiation or compensation will need to be confirmed with additional measures.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
DOI: 10.1016/J.PNPBP.2020.110201
Abstract: Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychiatric disorder with high morbidity and mortality rate. Evidence for the optimal psychopharmacological approach to managing the disorder remains limited, with nutritional treatment, focused on weight restoration through the consumption of high energy diet, regarded as one of the fundamental steps in treatment. The human gut microbiome is increasingly recognised for its proposed role in gastrointestinal, metabolic, immune and mental health, all of which may be compromised in in iduals with anorexia nervosa. Dietary intake plays an important role in shaping gut microbiota composition, whilst the use of fermented foods, foods with potential psychobiotic properties that deliver live bacteria, bacterial metabolites, prebiotics and energy, have been discussed to a lesser extent. However, fermented foods are of increasing interest due to their potential capacity to affect gut microbiota composition, provide beneficial bacterial metabolites, and confer beneficial outcomes to host health. This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbiota in relation to the disease pathology in anorexia nervosa and especially focuses on the therapeutic potential of fermented foods, proposed here as a recommended addition to the current nutritional treatment protocols warranting further investigation.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 22-05-2018
DOI: 10.1101/328294
Abstract: Excessive consumption of high fat and high sugar (HFHS) diets are known to alter reward processing and aspects of behaviour, and change microbiota profiles. Studies in gnotobiotic mice also provide evidence that gut microorganisms influence social behaviour. To further investigate these interactions, the impact of intermittent access to a HFHS diet on social behaviour, gene expression and microbiota composition was examined. Rats were permitted intermittent daily access (2h / day) to a palatable HFHS diet for 28 days across the adolescent period. Social interaction, social memory and novel object recognition were assessed during this period. Following testing, RT-PCR was conducted on hippoc al and prefrontal cortex (PFC) s les. 16S ribosomal RNA licon sequencing was used for identification and relative quantification of bacterial taxa. Reduced social interaction behaviours, and impaired social memory and novel object recognition were observed in HFHS diet rats. Reduced levels of monoamine oxidase A (Maoa), catechol-O-methyltransferase (Comt) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA were observed in the PFC of HFHS diet rats. The relative abundance of a number of specific taxa differed significantly between the two diet groups, in particular, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminoccoceae bacteria, which also predicted social behaviours, novel object recognition performance and Maoa expression. This is the first study to show that limited daily access to HFHS diet alters social behaviour and cognition in rats. Furthermore, behavioural changes are associated with alterations to cortical gene expression of enzymes involved in monoamine synthesis and neuroplasticity, and microbiota profiles predicted diet-induced changes to behaviour and gene expression.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-09-2022
DOI: 10.1111/IJPO.12853
Abstract: The association between physical activity and adiposity in preschool‐aged children is unclear. To assess the cross‐sectional association between objectively measured physical activity and body fat in preschool‐aged children. In the preschool review in an Australian birth cohort study ( n = 1074), mean duration and time accumulated in ≥1‐min bouts of physical activity at light‐intensity (LPA), moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity (MVPA) and light‐ to vigorous‐intensity (LMVPA) were computed from accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) data. Percent body fat was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Associations between physical activity and percent body fat were examined by multiple regression, adjusted for accelerometer wear time, MVPA (in analyses of LPA), maternal body mass index (BMI) and maternal education. A total of 450 participants ( n = 450) had valid data. There was evidence of associations between physical activity and adiposity: each additional hour of LVPA was associated with 0.6% (CI 95 –0.2%, 1.3%) higher body fat ≥1‐min bouts of LPA was associated with 1.0% (CI 95 0.1%, 1.9%) higher body fat each additional hour of MVPA was associated with −0.8% (CI 95 −1.6%, −0.1%) less body fat and ≥1‐min bouts of MVPA was associated with −1.3% (CI 95 −2.5%, −0.1%) body fat. Among a cohort of preschool‐aged children, there was evidence that more intensive physical activity assessed by an accelerometer is associated with reduced body fat.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-11-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2023
DOI: 10.1111/EPI.17505
Abstract: Despite the prevalence of cognitive symptoms in the idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs), cognitive dysfunction in juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), a common yet understudied IGE subtype, remains poorly understood. This descriptive study provides a novel, comprehensive characterization of cognitive functioning in a JAE s le and examines the relationship between cognition and 24‐h epileptiform discharge load. Forty‐four in iduals diagnosed with JAE underwent cognitive assessment using Woodcock Johnson III Test of Cognitive Abilities with concurrent 24‐h ambulatory EEG monitoring. Generalized epileptiform discharges of any length, and prolonged generalized discharges ≥3 s were quantified across wakefulness and sleep. The relationship between standardized cognitive scores and epileptiform discharges was assessed through regression models. Cognitive performances in overall intellectual ability, acquired comprehension‐knowledge, processing speed, long‐term memory storage and retrieval, and executive processes were 0.63–1.07 standard deviation (SD) units lower in the JAE group compared to the population reference mean, adjusted for educational attainment. Prolonged discharges (≥3 s) were recorded in 20 patients (47.6%) from 42 available electroencephalography (EEG) studies and were largely unreported. Duration and number of prolonged discharges were associated with reduced processing speed and long‐term memory storage and retrieval. Cognitive dysfunction is seen in patients with JAE across various cognitive abilities, including those representing more stable processes like general intellect. During 24‐h EEG, prolonged epileptiform discharges are common yet underreported in JAE despite treatment, and they show moderate effects on cognitive abilities. If epileptiform burden is a modifiable predictor of cognitive dysfunction, therapeutic interventions should consider quantitative 24‐h EEG with routine neuropsychological screening. The growing recognition of the spectrum of neuropsychological comorbidities of IGE highlights the value of multidisciplinary approaches to explore the causes and consequences of cognitive deficits in epilepsy.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-01-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-11-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-06-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-08-2023
DOI: 10.1002/EAT.24033
Abstract: The gut microbiota is implicated in several symptoms and biological pathways relevant to anorexia nervosa (AN). Investigations into the role of the gut microbiota in AN are growing, with a specific interest in the changes that occur in response to treatment. Findings suggest that microbial species may be associated with some of the symptoms common in AN, such as depression and gastrointestinal disturbances (GID). Therefore, researchers believe the gut microbiota may have therapeutic relevance. Whilst research in this field is rapidly expanding, the unique considerations relevant to conducting gut microbiota research in in iduals with AN must be addressed. We provide an overview of the published literature investigating the relationship between the gut microbiota and symptoms and behaviors present in AN, discuss important challenges in gut microbiota research, and offer recommendations for addressing these. We conclude by summarizing research design priorities for the field to move forward. Several ways exist to reduce participant burden and accommodate challenges when researching the gut microbiota in in iduals with AN. Recommendations from this article are foreseen to encourage scientific rigor and thoughtful protocol planning for microbiota research in AN, including ways to reduce participant burden. Employing such methods will contribute to a better understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in AN pathophysiology and treatment. The field of gut microbiota research is rapidly expanding, including the role of the gut microbiota in anorexia nervosa. Thoughtful planning of future research will ensure appropriate data collection for meaningful interpretation while providing a positive experience for the participant. We present current challenges, recommendations for research design and priorities to facilitate the advancement of research in this field.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2021
DOI: 10.1002/EAT.23469
Abstract: Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances are a frequent and burdensome experience for patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). How GI symptoms respond to current interventions is not well characterized, yet is critical to facilitate treatment success, and to inform the development of new treatments for AN. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to identify which treatments are effective in improving GI symptoms in patients with AN. A systematic search for studies of AN treatments measuring GI symptoms pre‐ and post‐treatment was conducted in May 2020 (PROSPERO ID: CRD42020181328). After removal of duplicates, title and abstracts of 3,370 studies were screened. Methodological quality was assessed using National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool. Following full‐text screening, 13 studies (12 observational studies and 1 randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial) with 401 participants met eligibility criteria and were included. All observational studies included a component of nutritional rehabilitation, with half ( n = 6) involving concurrent psychological treatment. The randomized controlled trial reported a drug therapy. Eleven studies reported an improvement in all ( n = 6) or at least one ( n = 5) patient‐reported GI symptom following treatment. Two studies reported no change. Methodological quality was fair or poor across all studies. This is the first systematic review to synthesize available evidence on the trajectory of patient‐reported GI symptoms from commencement to end of treatment for AN. The results suggest that most studies showed improvement in one or more GI symptom in response to current treatments. Future therapeutic approaches should consider GI symptoms within their design for optimal treatment adherence and outcomes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-08-2022
DOI: 10.1002/AJMG.B.32915
Abstract: The relationship between the gut microbiota and brain function are receiving increasing research attention. Studies investigating gut microbiota and early childhood neurocognition are limited, particularly in longitudinal measurements. We examined cross‐sectional relationships between gut microbiota of a cohort of otherwise healthy children using 16S rRNA sequencing and their cognitive development measured with Bayley's Scales of Infant Development III at 24 months of age ( n = 43), and longitudinal relationships between gut microbiota composition at 12 months ( n = 41) of age and neurodevelopment at 24 months of age. Associations between gut microbiota characteristics and cognitive development were observed both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally, notably with butyrate producing bacteria among some children. Bacterial ersity varied between cross‐sectional and longitudinal observations, where the gut microbiota community of children with lower cognitive scores had a trend toward higher alpha ersity, whereas, in the longitudinal observation, a trend toward reduced alpha ersity was observed. This study is limited by a small s le size and its exploratory nature. Yet, the study contributes to knowledge in the gut microbiota characteristics and early life neurodevelopment, a field of study which is underexplored, presenting opportunities for future larger specific studies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 30-03-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FMICB.2022.791213
Abstract: There is continued debate regarding Parkinson’s disease etiology and whether it originates in the brain or begins in the gut. Recently, evidence has been provided for both, with Parkinson’s disease onset presenting as either a “body-first” or “brain-first” progression. Most research indicates those with Parkinson’s disease have an altered gut microbiome compared to controls. However, some studies do not report gut microbiome differences, potentially due to the brain or body-first progression type. Based on the etiology of each proposed progression, in iduals with the body-first progression may exhibit altered gut microbiomes, i.e., where short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria are reduced, while the brain-first progression may not. Future microbiome research should consider this hypothesis and investigate whether gut microbiome differences exist between each type of progression. This may further elucidate the impact of the gut microbiome in Parkinson’s disease and show how it may not be homogenous across in iduals with Parkinson’s disease.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-11-2020
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.13146
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 24-06-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.24.167353
Abstract: Human microbiome research is a growing field with the potential for improving our understanding and treatment of diseases and other conditions. The field is interdisciplinary, making concise organization and reporting of results across different styles of epidemiology, biology, bioinformatics, translational medicine, and statistics a challenge. Commonly used reporting guidelines for observational or genetic epidemiology studies lack key features specific to microbiome studies. A multidisciplinary group of microbiome epidemiology researchers reviewed elements of available reporting guidelines for observational and genetic studies and adapted these for application to culture-independent human microbiome studies. New reporting elements were developed for laboratory, bioinformatic, and statistical analyses tailored to microbiome studies, and other parts of these checklists were streamlined to keep reporting manageable. STORMS is a 17-item checklist for reporting on human microbiome studies, organized into six sections covering typical sections of a scientific publication, presented as a table with space for author-provided details and intended for inclusion in supplementary materials. STORMS provides guidance for authors and standardization for interdisciplinary microbiome studies, facilitating complete and concise reporting and augments information extraction for downstream applications. The STORMS checklist is available as a versioned spreadsheet from www.stormsmicrobiome.org/ .
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-05-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-09-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.BBI.2021.12.002
Abstract: Poor cognitive outcomes in early childhood predict poor educational outcomes and diminished health over the life course. We sought to investigate (i) whether maternal metabolites predict child cognition, and (ii) if maternal metabolomic profile mediates the relationship between environmental exposures and child cognition. Metabolites were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics in pregnant women from a population-derived birth cohort. Child cognition was measured at age 2 years. In 662 mother-child pairs, elevated inflammatory markers (β = -2.62 95% CI -4.10, -1.15 P = 0.0005) and lower omega-3 fatty acid-related metabolites (β = 0.49 95% CI 0.09, 0.88 P = 0.02) in the mother were associated with lower child cognition and partially mediated the association between lower child cognition and multiple risk factors common to socioeconomic disadvantage. Modifying maternal prenatal metabolic pathways related to inflammation and omega-3 fatty acids may offset the adverse associations between prenatal risk factors related to socioeconomic disadvantage and low child cognition.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-08-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-02-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41380-022-01456-3
Abstract: The emerging understanding of gut microbiota as ‘metabolic machinery’ influencing many aspects of physiology has gained substantial attention in the field of psychiatry. This is largely due to the many overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms associated with both the potential functionality of the gut microbiota and the biological mechanisms thought to be underpinning mental disorders. In this systematic review, we synthesised the current literature investigating differences in gut microbiota composition in people with the major psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), compared to ‘healthy’ controls. We also explored gut microbiota composition across disorders in an attempt to elucidate potential commonalities in the microbial signatures associated with these mental disorders. Following the PRISMA guidelines, databases were searched from inception through to December 2021. We identified 44 studies (including a total of 2510 psychiatric cases and 2407 controls) that met inclusion criteria, of which 24 investigated gut microbiota composition in MDD, seven investigated gut microbiota composition in BD, and 15 investigated gut microbiota composition in SZ. Our syntheses provide no strong evidence for a difference in the number or distribution (α- ersity) of bacteria in those with a mental disorder compared to controls. However, studies were relatively consistent in reporting differences in overall community composition (β- ersity) in people with and without mental disorders. Our syntheses also identified specific bacterial taxa commonly associated with mental disorders, including lower levels of bacterial genera that produce short-chain fatty acids (e.g. butyrate), higher levels of lactic acid-producing bacteria, and higher levels of bacteria associated with glutamate and GABA metabolism. We also observed substantial heterogeneity across studies with regards to methodologies and reporting. Further prospective and experimental research using new tools and robust guidelines hold promise for improving our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in mental and brain health and the development of interventions based on modification of gut microbiota.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-11-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-10-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S11065-016-9333-1
Abstract: Psychiatric disorders and associated poor psychosocial outcomes are recognised to be a common sequelae of epilepsy. The extent to which this is true of genetic generalised epilepsies (GGE), particularly syndromes other than juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is unclear. This systematic review synthesises findings regarding psychiatric and associated comorbidities in adults and children with GGE. Systematic review yielded 34 peer-reviewed studies of psychiatric and psychosocial outcomes in adults and children with GGE. Clinically significant psychiatric comorbidity was reported in over half of all children and up to a third of all adults with GGE. There was no evidence to support the presence of personality traits specific to JME or other syndromes rather rates mirrored community s les. A small number of studies report poor psychosocial outcomes in GGE, however the interpretation of these findings is limited by paucity of healthy comparison groups. Some evidence suggests that anti-epileptic drug polytherapy in children and seizure burden at all ages may constitute risk factors for psychopathology. Findings highlight the importance of early screening so as not to overlook early or developing symptoms of psychopathology.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.YEBEH.2016.11.014
Abstract: The psychological sequelae of genetic generalized epilepsies (GGE) is of growing research interest, with up to a third of all adults with GGE experiencing significant psychiatric comorbidity according to a recent systematic review. A number of unexplored questions remain. Firstly, there is insufficient evidence to determine relative prevalence of psychopathology between GGE syndromes. Secondly, the degree to which self-report and informant-report questionnaires accord in adults with epilepsy is unknown. Finally, while epilepsy severity is one likely predictor of worse psychopathology in GGE, evidence regarding other possible contributing factors such as epilepsy duration and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has been equivocal. The potential impact of subclinical epileptiform discharges remains unexplored. Self-report psychopathology symptoms across six DSM-Oriented Subscales were prospectively measured in 60 adults with GGE, with informant-report provided for a subset of 47. We assessed the burden of symptoms from both self- and informant-report, and the relationship between clinical epilepsy variables and self-reported symptoms. Results showed elevated symptoms in almost half of the s le overall. Depression and anxiety were the most commonly reported types of symptoms. There was a trend towards greater symptoms endorsement by self-report, and relatively modest interrater agreement. Symptoms of ADHD were significantly positively associated with number of AEDs currently prescribed. Other psychopathology symptoms were not significantly predicted by epilepsy duration, seizure-free duration or total duration of epileptiform discharges over a 24-hour period. The high prevalence of psychological needs suggests that routine screening of psychopathology and provision of psychoeducation may be essential to improving patient care and outcomes. Further investigation is required to better understand predictive and causal factors for psychopathology in GGE.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 13-01-2023
DOI: 10.1177/07067437221150508
Abstract: Perturbations of the intestinal microbiota have been associated with mental health disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) holds promise as a microbiota-modulating treatment for MDD. Yet, to date, there are no published controlled studies evaluating the use of FMT for MDD. This study aimed to address this gap by evaluating the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of FMT for MDD. The study was an 8-week, double-blind, 2:1 parallel group, randomized controlled pilot trial ( n = 15) of enema-delivered FMT ( n = 10) compared with a placebo enema ( n = 5) in adults with moderate-to-severe MDD. Recruitment was completed within 2 months, with 0% attrition and 100% attendance at key study appointments. There were no major protocol deviations. The placebo and blinding strategies were considered successful nurses and participants correctly guessing their treatment allocation at a rate similar to that anticipated by chance. No serious or severe adverse events were reported in either group, and there were no significant differences in mild-to-moderate adverse events between groups (median of 2 adverse events per participant reported in both groups). Furthermore, the 12/15 participants who completed the Week 2 participant satisfaction survey agreed or strongly agreed that the enema delivery was tolerable and that they would have the treatment again if required. Whilst the study was not designed to measure clinical outcomes, exploratory data also suggested that the active FMT treatment may lead to improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life in this population, noting that irritable bowel syndrome is commonly comorbid with MDD. All feasibility targets were met or exceeded. This study found that enema-delivered FMT is feasible, acceptable, well-tolerated, and safe in patients with MDD. The findings of this study support further research to evaluate clinical efficacy, and the use of this protocol is supported.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-04-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.10.014
Abstract: Obesity is an increasing problem in young people. Childhood obesity and overweight have increased rapidly on a global scale, and have tripled in the past 30 years, to affect approximately one in five children. Diets high in refined fats and sugar are a major contributor to the development of obesity, and the effects of such obesity-inducing hypercaloric diets on brain function may contribute to the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in people with obesity. Anxiety disorders typically emerge in childhood and adolescence, and symptoms often continue into adulthood. Based on this symptomology, we consider anxiety-related behavioral consequences of hypercaloric diets across development. We review research on the effects of hypercaloric dietary manipulations across the lifespan on emotion regulation and the neurobiological mechanisms that underpin these processes. Cumulatively, the findings reveal that gestation and the juvenile/adolescent developmental periods may be early-life windows of vulnerability for developing anxiety in later life due to the augmented effects of these diets on neuroendocrine stress systems and the maturation of neural circuitry supporting emotion regulation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2014.02.012
Abstract: Cognitive function in idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGE) is of increasing research attention. Current research seeks to understand phenotypic traits associated with this most common group of inherited epilepsies and evaluate educational and occupational trajectories. A specific deficit in executive function in a subgroup of IGE, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) has been a particular focus of recent research. This systematic review provides a quantitative synthesis of cognitive function outcomes in 26 peer-reviewed, case-control studies published since 1989. Univariate random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on seven cognitive factor-domains and separately on executive function. Patients with IGE demonstrated significantly lower scores on tests across all cognitive factor-domains except visual-spatial abilities. Effect sizes ranged from 0.42 to 0.88 pooled standard deviation units. The average reduction of scores on tests of executive function in IGE compared to controls was 0.72 standard deviation units. Contrary to current thinking, there was no specific deficit in executive function in JME s les, nor in other IGE syndromes. Of more concern, people with IGE are at risk of pervasive cognitive impairment.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-09-2022
DOI: 10.3390/JCM11195833
Abstract: Despite advances in treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN), current therapeutic approaches do not fully consider gastrointestinal disturbances (GID), often present in AN. Addressing GID, both symptoms and disorders, is likely to improve treatment adherence and outcomes in people with AN. GID are complex and are linked to a range of factors related to eating disorder symptomology and can be impacted by nutritional treatment. It is not known which dietetic practices are currently used to address GID in AN. Therefore, this survey aimed to explore the perceived knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Australian dietitians treating AN and co-occurring GID. Seventy dietitians participated by completing an online survey. Knowledge scores were calculated based on correct responses to knowledge items (total: 12 points) and two groups were generated: higher knowledge (≥10 points, n = 31) and lower knowledge (≤9 points, n = 39). A greater proportion of dietitians with higher knowledge recognized the role of GID in pathogenesis of AN (p = 0.002) and its impact on quality of life (p = 0.013) and screened for GID (p ≤ 0.001), compared with those with lower knowledge. These results suggest that attitudes and practices toward patients presenting with AN and GID differ depending on level of knowledge. This may have important implications for treatment outcomes for in iduals with AN and GID.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
DOI: 10.1093/AJCN/NQAC176
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-06-2019
DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1614540
Abstract: Beyond being a source of key nutrients, bovine milk influences physiological functions by synthesising bioactive peptides during the process of digestion. Some of the claimed negative health outcomes associated with milk consumption, such as cardiovascular diseases and type 1 diabetes may be attributed to an opioid peptide, beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), derived from A1 beta-casein. BCM-7 exerts its function by binding to the μ-opioid receptors in the body. It is hypothesised that activation of the μ-opioid receptors in the gut can alter gut microbial composition, impair gut barrier integrity and bile acid metabolism, in addition to increasing gastrointestinal transit time and gut inflammation. Further, it is hypothesised that BCM-7 may influence fractures and obesity via μ-opioid receptor pathways. In conclusion, it appears that BCM-7 might have multiple functions pertinent to human health however, the evidence is limited and warrants further pre-clinical and clinical studies for hypothesis confirmation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 31-08-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-12-2017
DOI: 10.1111/ENE.13232
Abstract: Considered to be benign conditions, the common genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) syndromes are now known to be frequently accompanied by cognitive dysfunction. However, unresolved issues impede clinical management of this common comorbidity, including which cognitive abilities are most affected, whether there are differences between syndromes and how seizure type and mood symptoms affect cognitive dysfunction. We provide a detailed description of cognitive ability and evaluate factors contributing to cognitive dysfunction. A total of 76 adults with GGE were assessed with the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Scores on tests of overall cognitive ability, acquired knowledge, long-term retrieval and speed of information processing were significantly below the normative mean. Long-term retrieval was a pronounced weakness with a large reduction in scores (d = 0.84). GGE syndrome, seizure type and the presence of recent psychopathology symptoms were not significantly associated with cognitive function. This study confirms previous meta-analytic findings with a prospective study, offers new insights into the cognitive comorbidity of these common epilepsy syndromes and reinforces the need for cognitive interventions in people with GGE.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ACAP.2017.10.001
Abstract: Maternal shared reading practices predict emergent literacy, but fathers' contributions are less certain. We examined whether fathers' shared home reading activities at 2 years predict language and emergent literacy at age 4 years, when controlling for maternal contributions and whether this differentially benefits these outcomes in disadvantaged children. Two-parent families were recruited from 5 relatively disadvantaged communities for the universal Let's Read literacy promotion population-based trial (ISRCTN 04602902) in Melbourne, Australia. For exposure at 2 years, home reading practices were recorded via self-reported maternal and paternal StimQ-Toddler questionnaires and dichotomized at study median (high vs low). At 4 years, outcomes assessed included receptive and expressive language (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 4) and emergent literacy (Sunderland Phonological Awareness Test-Revised). Linear regression, adjusted for mothers' home reading, was performed to assess 2-year-old vocabulary and communication skills and family disadvantage. Interaction of disadvantage (yes vs no) with high home reading by fathers and at least one parent was assessed. Data were available for 405 families (64.3%). High father reading at 2 years (reference: low) predicted better expressive (mean difference, 4.7 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 8.0) and receptive (mean difference, 5.0 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 8.2) language at 4 years (both P < .001), but not emergent literacy skills. Similar patterns were observed in families with at least one parent with high home reading. Fathers' reading did not differentially benefit outcomes in disadvantaged children. Fathers' involvement in reading at 2 years predicted better language but not emergent literacy at 4 years, and it did not protect against adverse effects of socioeconomic disadvantage.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-01-2023
DOI: 10.1186/S40814-023-01235-Z
Abstract: Mental disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), are a leading cause of non-fatal burden of disease globally. Current conventional treatments for depression have significant limitations, and there have been few new treatments in decades. The microbiota-gut-brain-axis is now recognised as playing a role in mental and brain health, and promising preclinical and clinical data suggest Faecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT) may be efficacious for treating a range of mental illnesses. However, there are no existing published studies in humans evaluating the efficacy of FMT for MDD. This protocol describes an 8-week, triple-blind, 2:1 parallel group, randomised controlled pilot trial ( n = 15), of enema-delivered FMT treatment ( n = 10) compared with a placebo enema ( n = 5) in adults with moderate-to-severe MDD. There will be a further 26-week follow-up to monitor longer-term safety. Participants will receive four FMT or placebo enemas over four consecutive days. The primary aims of the study are to evaluate feasibility and safety of FMT as an adjunctive treatment for MDD in adults. Changes in gut microbiota will be assessed as a secondary outcome. Other data will be collected, including changes in depression and anxiety symptoms, and safety parameters. Modification of the microbiota-gut-brain axis via FMT is a promising potential treatment for MDD, but there are no published rigorous clinical trials evaluating its use. If this study finds that our FMT strategy is safe and feasible, a larger fully powered RCT is planned. Further high-quality research in this field is urgently needed to address unmet need. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000932864
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-07-2022
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2096560
Abstract: Neurosteroid and immunological actions of vitamin D may regulate depression-linked physiology. Meta-analyses investigating the effect of vitamin D on depression have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of vitamin D in reducing depressive symptoms among adults in randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCT). General and clinical populations, and studies of ill in iduals with systemic diseases were included. Light therapy, co-supplementation (except calcium) and bipolar disorder were exclusionary. Databases Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant articles in English published before April 2022. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2) and GRADE were used to appraise studies. Forty-one RCTs (
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1111/BDI.13124
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-04-2022
DOI: 10.1177/02601060211004784
Abstract: The current study aimed to assess the association between dairy consumption and constipation in the general adult population. Data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study were used to assess the association between dairy consumption and constipation in women ( n=632) and men ( n=609). Information on milk, yogurt and cheese, and constipation were self-reported. Total dairy was calculated by summing the intake of milk, yogurt and cheese and expressed as servings per day. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for irritable bowel syndrome, major depressive disorders, mobility, body mass index, age and fibre intake were used to examine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) between the consumption of categories of total dairy, milk, yogurt, cheese, and constipation. In women, consumption of 1–2 servings/d of total dairy was associated with reduced odds for constipation (OR: 0.49 95% CI: 0.26-0.90 P=0.021) compared to consuming serving/d of total dairy after adjusting for covariates. Also, consumption of 1–4 servings/d of milk was associated with marginally reduced odds for constipation (OR: 0.63 95% CI: 0.39-1.02 P=0.058) compared to women who consumed serving/d of milk after adjusting for covariates. There were no significant associations detected between other types of dairy consumption and constipation in women, and none in men. In women, consumption of moderate amounts of dairy is associated with reduced odds for constipation whereas in men no associations were detected between dairy consumption and constipation. Further studies are warranted to confirm results.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 13-04-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S2040174420000227
Abstract: Infant colic is a condition of unknown cause which can result in carer distress and attachment difficulties. Recent studies have implicated the gut microbiota in infant colic, and certain probiotics have demonstrated possible efficacy. We aim to investigate whether the intestinal microbiota composition in infants with colic is associated with cry/fuss time at baseline, persistence of cry/fuss at 4-week follow-up, or child behavior at 2 years of age. Fecal s les from infants with colic (n = 118, 53% male) were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. After examining the alpha and beta ersity of the clinical s les, we performed a differential abundance analysis of the 16S data to look for taxa that associate with baseline and future behavior, while adjusting for potential confounding variables. In addition, we used random forest classifiers to evaluate how well baseline gut microbiota can predict future crying time. Alpha ersity of the fecal microbiota was strongly influenced by birth mode, feed type, and child gender, but did not significantly associate with crying or behavioral outcomes. Several taxa within the microbiota (including Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and Klebsiella ) associate with colic severity, and the baseline microbiota composition can predict further crying at 4 weeks with up to 65% accuracy. The combination of machine learning findings with associative relationships demonstrates the potential prognostic utility of the infant fecal microbiota in predicting subsequent infant crying problems.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-08-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14163309
Abstract: Background: Few studies have examined associations between ultra-processed food intake and biomarkers of inflammation, and inconsistent results have been reported in the small number of studies that do exist. As such, further investigation is required. Methods: Cross-sectional baseline data from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) were analysed (n = 2018). We applied the NOVA food classification system to data from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to determine ultra-processed food intake (g/day). The outcome was high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration (hsCRP mg/L). We fitted unadjusted and adjusted linear regression analyses, with sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle- and health-related behaviours as covariates. Supplementary analyses further adjusted for body mass index (kg/m2). Sex was assessed as a possible effect modifier. Ultra-processed food intake was modelled as 100 g increments and the magnitude of associations expressed as estimated relative change in hsCRP concentration with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Results: After adjustment, every 100 g increase in ultra-processed food intake was associated with a 4.0% increase in hsCRP concentration (95%CIs: 2.1–5.9%, p 0.001). Supplementary analyses showed that part of this association was independent of body mass index (estimated relative change in hsCRP: 2.5% 95%CIs: 0.8–4.3%, p = 0.004). No interaction was observed between sex and ultra-processed food intake. Conclusion: Higher ultra-processed food intake was cross-sectionally associated with elevated hsCRP, which appeared to occur independent of body mass index. Future prospective and intervention studies are necessary to confirm directionality and whether the observed association is causal.
Location: Indonesia
No related grants have been discovered for Amy Loughman.