ORCID Profile
0000-0002-5649-1203
Current Organisations
University of Queensland
,
Harvard Medical School
,
Murdoch University
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Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2010
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to replicate the finding that multisensory integration with a head-mounted display (HMD) is particularly difficult when a person is walking and hearing sound from a free-field speaker, and to extend the finding with a response method intended to reduce workload. Background: HMDs can support the information needs of workers whose work requires mobility, but some low-cost solutions for delivering auditory information may be less effective than others. Method: For the study, 24 participants detected whether shapes moving on the HMD screen made a sound appropriate to their forms when they collided with other shapes. Independent variables were self-motion (participants were mobile or seated), sound delivery (free-field speakers or an earpiece), and response method (noting mismatches via a mental count or via a manual clicker). Results: Unexpectedly, overall mismatch task accuracy was worse with the clicker ( p = .027) than without. Participants also reported that it was harder to time-share the mismatch task with clicker responses ( p = .033). In the clicker condition, self-motion and sound delivery interacted but in the opposite direction to the previous study. Conclusion: The best way of delivering auditory information to mobile workers performing a multisensory integration task with an HMD may depend on whether responding involves mental load or manual load. Broader theories are needed to capture factors influencing performance. Application: Until more powerful theory is developed, designers should perform careful formative and summative tests of whether the activities to be performed by mobile HMD wearers will make some sound delivery solutions less effective than others.
Publisher: SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
Date: 12-10-2015
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1037/XHP0000628
Abstract: Humans can see through the complexity of scenes, faces, and objects by quickly extracting their redundant low-spatial and low-dimensional global properties, or their style. It remains unclear, however, whether semantic coding is necessary, or whether visual stylistic information is sufficient, for people to recognize and discriminate complex images and categories. In two experiments, we systematically reduce the resolution of hundreds of unique paintings, birds, and faces, and test people's ability to discriminate and recognize them. We show that the stylistic information retained at extremely low image resolutions is sufficient for visual recognition of images and visual discrimination of categories. Averaging over the 3 domains, people were able to reliably recognize images reduced down to a single pixel, with large differences from chance discriminability across 8 different image resolutions. People were also able to discriminate categories substantially above chance with an image resolution as low as 2 × 2 pixels. We situate our findings in the context of contemporary computational accounts of visual recognition and contend that explicit encoding of the local features in the image, or knowledge of the semantic category, is not necessary for recognizing and distinguishing complex visual stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEURON.2019.01.004
Abstract: Neuroethics is central to the Australian Brain Initiative's aim to sustain a thriving and responsible neurotechnology industry. Diverse and inclusive community and stakeholder engagement and a trans-disciplinary approach to neuroethics will be key to the success of the Australian Brain Initiative.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-06-2013
Abstract: Although fingerprint experts have presented evidence in criminal courts for more than a century, there have been few scientific investigations of the human capacity to discriminate these patterns. A recent latent print matching experiment shows that qualified, court-practicing fingerprint experts are exceedingly accurate (and more conservative) compared with novices, but they do make errors. Here, a rationale for the design of this experiment is provided. We argue that fidelity, generalizability, and control must be balanced to answer important research questions that the proficiency and competence of fingerprint examiners are best determined when experiments include highly similar print pairs, in a signal detection paradigm, where the ground truth is known and that inferring from this experiment the statement "The error rate of fingerprint identification is 0.68%" would be unjustified. In closing, the ramifications of these findings for the future psychological study of forensic expertise and the implications for expert testimony and public policy are considered.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2010
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to assess how background visual motion and the relative movement of sound affect a head-mounted display (HMD) wearer’s performance at a task requiring integration of auditory and visual information. Background: HMD users are often mobile. A commercially available speaker in a fixed location delivers auditory information affordably to the HMD user. However, previous research has shown that mobile HMD users perform poorly at tasks that require integration of visual and auditory information when sound comes from a free-field speaker. The specific cause of the poor task performance is unknown. Method: Participants counted audiovisual events that required integration of sounds delivered via a free-field speaker and vision on an HMD. Participants completed the task while either walking around a room, sitting in the room, or sitting inside a mobile room that allowed separate manipulation of background visual motion and speaker motion. Results: Participants’ accuracy at counting target audiovisual events was worse when participants were walking than when sitting at a desk, p = .032. Compared with when they were sitting at a desk, participants’ accuracy at counting target audiovisual events showed a trend to be worse when they experienced a combination of background visual motion and the relative movement of sound, p = .058. Conclusion: Multisensory integration performance is least effective when HMD users experience a combination of background visual motion and relative movement of sound. Eye reflexes may play an important role. Application: Results apply to situations in which HMD wearers are mobile when receiving multimodal information, as in health care and military contexts.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-08-2013
DOI: 10.1093/LPR/MGT011
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 16-07-2014
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2008
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1037/LHB0000051
Abstract: There has been very little research into the nature and development of fingerprint matching expertise. Here we present the results of an experiment testing the claimed matching expertise of fingerprint examiners. Expert (n = 37), intermediate trainee (n = 8), new trainee (n = 9), and novice (n = 37) participants performed a fingerprint discrimination task involving genuine crime scene latent fingerprints, their matches, and highly similar distractors, in a signal detection paradigm. Results show that qualified, court-practicing fingerprint experts were exceedingly accurate compared with novices. Experts showed a conservative response bias, tending to err on the side of caution by making more errors of the sort that could allow a guilty person to escape detection than errors of the sort that could falsely incriminate an innocent person. The superior performance of experts was not simply a function of their ability to match prints, per se, but a result of their ability to identify the highly similar, but nonmatching fingerprints as such. Comparing these results with previous experiments, experts were even more conservative in their decision making when dealing with these genuine crime scene prints than when dealing with simulated crime scene prints, and this conservatism made them relatively less accurate overall. Intermediate trainees-despite their lack of qualification and average 3.5 years experience-performed about as accurately as qualified experts who had an average 17.5 years experience. New trainees-despite their 5-week, full-time training course or their 6 months experience-were not any better than novices at discriminating matching and similar nonmatching prints, they were just more conservative. Further research is required to determine the precise nature of fingerprint matching expertise and the factors that influence performance. The findings of this representative, lab-based experiment may have implications for the way fingerprint examiners testify in court, but what the findings mean for reasoning about expert performance in the wild is an open, empirical, and epistemological question.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1068/P6968
Abstract: We describe a novel face distortion effect resulting from the fast-paced presentation of eye-aligned faces. When cycling through the faces on a computer screen, each face seems to become a caricature of itself and some faces appear highly deformed, even grotesque. The degree of distortion is greatest for faces that deviate from the others in the set on a particular dimension (eg if a person has a large forehead, it looks particularly large). This new method of image presentation, based on alignment and speed, could provide a useful tool for investigating contrastive distortion effects and face adaptation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-02-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S10111-022-00694-3
Abstract: Military and emergency response remain inherently dangerous occupations that require the ability to accurately assess threats and make critical decisions under significant time pressures. The cognitive processes associated with these abilities are complex and have been the subject of several significant, albeit service specific studies. Here, we present an attempt at finding the commonalities in threat assessment, sense making, and critical decision-making for emergency response across police, military, ambulance, and fire services. Relevant research is identified and critically appraised through a systematic literature review of English-language studies published from January 2000 through July 2020 on threat assessment and critical decision-making theory in dynamic emergency service and military environments. A total of 10,084 titles and abstracts were reviewed, with 94 identified as suitable for inclusion in the study. We then present our findings focused on six lines of enquiry: Bibliometrics, Language, Situation Awareness, Critical Decision Making, Actions, and Evaluation. We then thematically analyse these findings to reveal the commonalities between the four services. Despite existing single or dual service studies in the field, this research is significant in that it is the first examine decision making and threat assessment theory across all four contexts of military, police, fire and ambulance services, but it is also the first to assess the state of knowledge and explore the extent that commonality exists and models or practices can be applied across each discipline. The results demonstrate all military and emergency services personnel apply both intuitive and formal decision-making processes, depending on multiple situational and in idual factors. Institutional restriction of decision-making to a single process at the expense of the consideration of others, or the inappropriate training and application of otherwise appropriate decision-making processes in certain circumstances is likely to increase the potential for adverse outcomes, or at the very least restrict peak performance being achieved. The applications of the findings of the study not only extend to facilitating improved practice in each of the in idual services examined, but provide a basis to assist future research, and contribute to the literature exploring threat assessment and decision making in dynamic contexts.
Start Date: 2019
End Date: 2023
Funder: Australian Research Council
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