ORCID Profile
0000-0001-8318-9299
Current Organisation
University of Tasmania
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In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology) | Ecological Impacts of Climate Change | Ecological Applications | Fisheries Sciences | Fisheries Management | Oceanography | Fisheries Sciences not elsewhere classified | Physical Oceanography | Glaciology | Behavioural Ecology | Climate Change Processes
Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Environments (excl. Social Impacts) | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Environments | Wild Caught Fin Fish (excl. Tuna) | Expanding Knowledge in the Environmental Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in the Earth Sciences | Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Oceanography | Marine Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity |
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-06-2023
DOI: 10.1111/MMS.13033
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 15-01-2009
Abstract: Since 1975, northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus ) numbers at the Pribilof Islands (PI) in the Bering Sea have declined rapidly for unknown reasons. Migratory dispersal and habitat choice may affect first-year survivorship, thereby contributing to this decline. We compared migratory behaviour of 166 naive pups during 2 years from islands with disparate population trends (increasing: Bogoslof and San Miguel Islands declining: PI), hypothesizing that climatic conditions at weaning may differentially affect dispersal and survival. Atmospheric conditions (Bering Sea) in autumn 2005–2006 were anomalously cold, while 2006–2007 was considerably warmer and less stormy. In 2005, pups departed earlier at all sites, and the majority of PI pups (68–85%) departed within 1 day of Arctic storms and dispersed quickly, travelling southwards through the Aleutian Islands. Tailwinds enabled faster rates of travel than headwinds, a trend not previously shown for marine mammals. Weather effects were less pronounced at Bogoslof Island (approx. 400 km further south), and, at San Miguel Island, (California) departures were more gradual, and only influenced by wind and air pressure in 2005. We suggest that increasingly variable climatic conditions at weaning, particularly timing, frequency and intensity of autumnal storms in the Bering Sea, may alter timing, direction of dispersal and potentially survival of pups.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 31-08-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Australian Antarctic Data Centre
Date: 2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-05-2021
DOI: 10.1111/CSP2.434
Abstract: Climate adaptation is an emerging practice in bio ersity conservation, but little is known about the scope, scale, and effectiveness of implemented actions. Here, we review and synthesize published reports of climate adaptation interventions for iconic fauna. We present a systematic map of peer‐reviewed literature databases (Web of Science and Scopus) however, only nine climate adaptation actions targeting iconic fauna were returned. In the grey and informal literature, there were many instances of practical intervention within our scope, that were not uncovered during traditional systematic search methods. The richness of actions reported in commercial news, government and non‐government organization media outlets and other online sources vastly outweighs the limited studies that have been robustly evaluated and reported in the scientific literature. From our investigation of this emerging field of conservation practice, we draw insights and pen a series of recommendations for the field moving forward. Key recommendations for future adaptation interventions include: the sharing and publishing of climate‐related conservation interventions, the use of standardized metrics for reporting outcomes, the implementation of experimental controls for any actions undertaken, and reporting and evaluation of both failures and successes.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 19-06-2016
Abstract: Many seabird populations are threatened by interactions with commercial fisheries, and climate change. Understanding their prey requirements and dietary flexibility in this context is important for effective conservation and management. However, changes in the methods used to assess diet, as well as the spatial and temporal coverage of monitoring schemes, may reduce our ability to detect and monitor these marine threats. To help assess conservation priorities linked to diet, we performed a systematic review of 109 albatross diet papers published between 1950 and 2016, which corresponded to 296 studies when stratified by s ling year, breeding site, and breeding species. We assessed the methods used, changes over time, and spatial and temporal s ling coverage by species and island group. Most albatross studies have focused on chick-rearing, and diet during other breeding phases is comparatively poorly known. Furthermore, chicks are more commonly s led than adults and very rarely immature birds, all of which may differ in diet composition. There was a pronounced shift over time in the preferred method of characterising diet, from the morphological examination of prey remains to stable isotope analysis of tissue. This shift has reduced the volume of detailed taxonomic information available from morphological studies. This difference in resolution hinders the ability to detect changes in prey species, with implications for management of threatened albatrosses and for monitoring broader changes in marine ecosystems. In a knowledge gap analysis for important breeding colonies (with & % of global population), we identified key sites where existing monitoring has provided a foundation for robust longitudinal diet studies. Maintaining and augmenting these long-term research programmes will enable analyses of the impacts of changing climate and fishing practices on seabird populations and facilitate the timely identification and implementation of management options.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-06-2023
Abstract: In Tasmania, Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) regularly interact with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salmar L.) aquaculture lease operations and opportunistically consume fish. The microbial communities of seals and aquaculture salmon were analyzed for potential indicators of microbial sharing and to determine the potential effects of interactions on wild seal microbiome composition. The high-throughput sequencing of the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA genes from the gut microbial communities of 221 fur seals was performed: 41 males caught at farms, 50 adult scats from haul-outs near farms, 24 necropsied seals, and controls from Bass Strait breeding colonies, encompassing 56 adult scats and 50 pup swabs. QIIME2 and R Studio were used for analysis. Foraging at or near salmon farms significantly shifted seal microbiome bio ersity. Taxonomic analysis showed a greater ergence in Bacteroidota representatives in male seals captured at farms compared to all other groups. Pathogens were identified that could be monitoring targets. Potential indicator licon sequence variants were found across a variety of taxa and could be used as minimally invasive indicators for interactions at this interface. The ersity and taxonomic shifts in the microbial communities of seals indicate a need to further study this interface for broader ecological implications.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 17-01-2019
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS12811
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Publisher: Australian Antarctic Data Centre
Date: 2018
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 21-04-2008
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS07305
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 30-11-2010
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS08758
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-02-2020
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 14-05-2018
Abstract: Ecological processes at regional geographic scales can be connected to those in far distant locations by teleconnections, or interactions between species and systems far removed from one another. Macrosystem ecology views such interactions as elements of much larger ecosystems than either component. We have identified a remarkable ex le of a transhemispheric macrosystem spanning 15,000 kilometers of the Pacific Ocean maintained by a migratory species of seabird that nests in the South Pacific and winters in the North Pacific. It highlights another ex le in a growing list of ecosystem disservices of an abundant species of North Pacific salmon, and the need to include ecosystem processes at such geographic scales in conservation and management considerations for this northern open ocean.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-03-2015
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 23-02-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FMARS.2021.578144
Abstract: Climate change, fisheries and invasive species represent three pervasive threats to seabirds, globally. Understanding the relative influence and compounding nature of marine and terrestrial threats on the demography of seabird communities is vital for evidence-based conservation. Using 20 years of capture-mark-recapture data from four sympatric species of albatross (black-browed Thalassarche melanophris , gray-headed T. chrysostoma , light-mantled Phoebetria palpebrata and wandering Diomedea exulans ) at subantarctic Macquarie Island, we quantified the temporal variability in survival, breeding probability and success. In three species (excluding the wandering albatross because of their small population), we also assessed the influence of fisheries, oceanographic and terrestrial change on these rates. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) explained 20.87–29.38% of the temporal variability in survival in all three species and 22.72–28.60% in breeding success for black-browed and gray-headed albatross, with positive SAM events related to higher success. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index explained 21.14–44.04% of the variability in survival, with higher survival rates following La Niña events. For black-browed albatrosses, effort in south-west Atlantic longline fisheries had a negative relationship with survival and explained 22.75–32.21% of the variability. Whereas increased effort in New Zealand trawl fisheries were related to increases in survival, explaining 21.26–28.29 % of variability. The inclusion of terrestrial covariates, reflecting extreme rainfall events and rabbit-driven habitat degradation, explained greater variability in trends breeding probability than oceanographic or fisheries covariates for all three species. These results indicate managing drivers of demographic trends that are most easily controlled, such as fisheries and habitat degradation, will be a viable option for some species (e.g., black-browed albatross) but less effective for others (e.g., light-mantled albatross). Our results illustrate the need to integrate fisheries, oceanographic and terrestrial processes when assessing demographic variability and formulating the appropriate management response.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2019
Publisher: Unpublished
Date: 2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S11160-022-09700-3
Abstract: Marine ecosystems and their associated bio ersity sustain life on Earth and hold intrinsic value. Critical marine ecosystem services include maintenance of global oxygen and carbon cycles, production of food and energy, and sustenance of human wellbeing. However marine ecosystems are swiftly being degraded due to the unsustainable use of marine environments and a rapidly changing climate. The fundamental challenge for the future is therefore to safeguard marine ecosystem bio ersity, function, and adaptive capacity whilst continuing to provide vital resources for the global population. Here, we use foresighting/hindcasting to consider two plausible futures towards 2030: a business-as-usual trajectory (i.e. continuation of current trends), and a more sustainable but technically achievable future in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. We identify key drivers that differentiate these alternative futures and use these to develop an action pathway towards the desirable, more sustainable future. Key to achieving the more sustainable future will be establishing integrative (i.e. across jurisdictions and sectors), adaptive management that supports equitable and sustainable stewardship of marine environments. Conserving marine ecosystems will require recalibrating our social, financial, and industrial relationships with the marine environment. While a sustainable future requires long-term planning and commitment beyond 2030, immediate action is needed to avoid tipping points and avert trajectories of ecosystem decline. By acting now to optimise management and protection of marine ecosystems, building upon existing technologies, and conserving the remaining bio ersity, we can create the best opportunity for a sustainable future in 2030 and beyond.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-03-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41597-020-0406-X
Abstract: The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Bio ersity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through bio ersity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 in idual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-09-2021
DOI: 10.1111/FAF.12504
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-10-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S40317-019-0182-6
Abstract: Pinnipeds spend large portions of their lives at sea, submerged, or hauled-out on land, often on remote off-shore islands. This fundamentally limits access by researchers to critical parts of pinniped life history and has spurred the development and implementation of a variety of externally attached telemetry devices (ETDs) to collect information about movement patterns, physiology and ecology of marine animals when they cannot be directly observed. ETDs are less invasive and easier to apply than implanted internal devices, making them more widely used. However, ETDs have limited retention times and their use may result in negative short- and long-term consequences including capture myopathy, impacts to energetics, behavior, and entanglement risk. We identify 15 best practice recommendations for the use of ETDs with pinnipeds that address experimental justification, animal capture, tag design, tag attachment, effects assessments, preparation, and reporting. Continued improvement of best practices is critical within the framework of the Three Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement) these best practice recommendations provide current guidance to mitigate known potential negative outcomes for in iduals and local populations. These recommendations were developed specifically for pinnipeds however, they may also be applicable to studies of other marine taxa. We conclude with four desired future directions for the use of ETDs in technology development, validation studies, experimental designs and data sharing.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
Publisher: The Oceanography Society
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 03-04-2006
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS310077
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-08-2017
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.14245
Abstract: Gelatinous zooplankton are a large component of the animal biomass in all marine environments, but are considered to be uncommon in the diet of most marine top predators. However, the diets of key predator groups like seabirds have conventionally been assessed from stomach content analyses, which cannot detect most gelatinous prey. As marine top predators are used to identify changes in the overall species composition of marine ecosystems, such biases in dietary assessment may impact our detection of important ecosystem regime shifts. We investigated albatross diet using DNA metabarcoding of scats to assess the prevalence of gelatinous zooplankton consumption by two albatross species, one of which is used as an indicator species for ecosystem monitoring. Black-browed and C bell albatross scats were collected from eight breeding colonies covering the circumpolar range of these birds over two consecutive breeding seasons. Fish was the main dietary item at most sites however, cnidarian DNA, primarily from scyphozoan jellyfish, was present in 42% of s les overall and up to 80% of s les at some sites. Jellyfish was detected during all breeding stages and consumed by adults and chicks. Trawl fishery catches of jellyfish near the Falkland Islands indicate a similar frequency of jellyfish occurrence in albatross diets in years of high and low jellyfish availability, suggesting jellyfish consumption may be selective rather than opportunistic. Warmer oceans and overfishing of finfish are predicted to favour jellyfish population increases, and we demonstrate here that dietary DNA metabarcoding enables measurements of the contribution of gelatinous zooplankton to the diet of marine predators.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-02-2016
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2001
DOI: 10.1071/WR00066
Abstract: The total body water (TBW) and body condition of 86 female southern elephant seals was estimated from tritiated water (HTO) dilution space analysis. HTO blood s les were analysed using two distillation methods (direct serum counts and evaporative freeze capture) that yielded significantly different estimates. Evaporative freeze capture is recommended for use because it is faster, cheaper, and provides a more precise TBW estimate of dilution space. Estimates of TBW were then compared with those derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and morphometric models. There were significant, positive relationships between TBW and BIA variables, but the level of accuracy was inadequate for BIA to be more useful than the other methods trialled. Morphometric models accurately estimated TBW (kg). Models developed from surface area (SA) (TBW = [SA * 82.58] – 86.94) and from a combination of mass (M), length (L), and girth (G) (TBW = [(M * 0.72) + (L * 5.49) + (G * 134.94) + 164.36)] provided the most accurate TBW estimates. In contrast, condition indices did not give accurate or reliable estimates of relative body condition.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 16-01-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-07-2017
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.13776
Abstract: Understanding ergent biological responses to climate change is important for predicting ecosystem level consequences. We use species habitat models to predict the winter foraging habitats of female southern elephant seals and investigate how changes in environmental variables within these habitats may be related to observed decreases in the Macquarie Island population. There were three main groups of seals that specialized in different ocean realms (the sub-Antarctic, the Ross Sea and the Victoria Land Coast). The physical and climate attributes (e.g. wind strength, sea surface height, ocean current strength) varied amongst the realms and also displayed different temporal trends over the last two to four decades. Most notably, sea ice extent increased on average in the Victoria Land realm while it decreased overall in the Ross Sea realm. Using a species distribution model relating mean residence times (time spent in each 50 × 50 km grid cell) to 9 climate and physical co-variates, we developed spatial predictions of residence time to identify the core regions used by the seals across the Southern Ocean from 120°E to 120°W. Population size at Macquarie Island was negatively correlated with ice concentration within the core habitat of seals using the Victoria Land Coast and the Ross Sea. Sea ice extent and concentration is predicted to continue to change in the Southern Ocean, having unknown consequences for the biota of the region. The proportion of Macquarie Island females (40%) utilizing the relatively stable sub-Antarctic region, may buffer this population against longer-term regional changes in habitat quality, but the Macquarie Island population has persistently decreased (-1.45% per annum) over seven decades indicating that environmental changes in the Antarctic are acting on the remaining 60% of the population to impose a long-term population decline in a top Southern Ocean predator.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-04-2014
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 29-05-2018
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS11947
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 24-01-2014
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 11-2000
DOI: 10.1086/318104
Abstract: The ability of air-breathing marine predators to forage successfully depends on their ability to remain submerged. This is in turn related to their total O(2) stores and the rate at which these stores are used up while submerged. Body size was positively related to e duration in a s le of 34 adult female southern elephant seals from Macquarie Island. However, there was no relationship between body size and e depth. This indicates that smaller seals, with smaller total O(2) stores, make shorter es than larger in iduals but operate at similar depths, resulting in less time being spent at depth. Nine adult female elephant seals were also equipped with velocity time depth recorders. In eight of these seals, a plot of swimming speed against e duration revealed a cloud of points with a clear upper boundary. This boundary could be described using regression analysis and gave a significant negative relationship in most cases. These results indicate that metabolic rate varies with activity levels, as indicated by swimming speed, and that there are quantifiable limits to the distance that a seal can travel on a e of a given swimming speed. However, the seals rarely e to these physiological limits, and the majority of their es are well within their aerobic capacity. Elephant seals therefore appear to e in a way that ensures that they have a reserve of O(2) available.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-07-2004
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-04-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-08-2017
DOI: 10.1002/AQC.2805
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-02-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-10-2020
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 26-02-2018
Abstract: Understanding the key drivers of animal movement is crucial to assist in mitigating adverse impacts of anthropogenic activities on marine megafauna. We found that movement patterns of marine megafauna are mostly independent of their evolutionary histories, differing significantly from patterns for terrestrial animals. We detected a remarkable convergence in the distribution of speed and turning angles across organisms ranging from whales to turtles (epitome for the slowest animals on land but not at sea). Marine megafauna show a prevalence of movement patterns dominated by search behavior in coastal habitats compared with more directed, ballistic movement patterns when the animals move across the open ocean. The habitats through which they move will therefore need to be considered for effective conservation.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 10-04-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-05-2021
DOI: 10.1002/EAP.2343
Abstract: Quantifying the links between the marine environment, prey occurrence, and predator distribution is the first step towards identifying areas of biological importance for marine spatial planning. Events such as marine heatwaves result in an anomalous change in the physical environment, which can lead to shifts in the structure, biomass, and distribution of lower trophic levels. As central‐place foragers, seabirds are vulnerable to changes in their foraging grounds during the breeding season. We first quantified spatiotemporal variability in the occurrence and biomass of prey in response to an abrupt change in oceanography as a result of a marine heatwave event. Secondly, using multivariate techniques and machine learning, we investigated if differences in the foraging technique and prey of seabirds resulted in varying responses to changes in prey occurrence and the environment over a 2.5‐yr period. We found that the main variables correlated with seabird distribution were also important in structuring the occurrence and biomass of prey sea‐surface temperature (SST), current speed, mixed‐layer depth, and bathymetry. Both zooplankton biomass and the occurrence of fish schools exhibited negative relationships with temperature, and temperature was subsequently an important variable in determining seabird distribution. We were able to establish correlations between the distribution of prey and the spatiotemporal distribution of albatross, little penguins and common‐ ing petrels. We were unable to find a correlation between the distribution of prey and that of short‐tailed shearwaters and fairy prions. For high‐use coastal areas, the delineation of important foraging regions is essential to balance human use of an area with the needs of marine predators, particularly seabirds.
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 08-08-2018
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.5306
Abstract: Over the past five decades, marine mammal interactions with fisheries have become a major human-wildlife conflict globally. The emergence of longline fishing is concomitant with the development of depredation-type interactions i.e., marine mammals feeding on fish caught on hooks. The killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) is one of the species most involved in depredation on longline fisheries. The issue was first reported in high latitudes but, with increasing expansion of this fishing method, other fisheries have begun to experience interactions. The present study investigated killer whale interactions with two geographically isolated blue-eye trevalla ( Hyperoglyphe antarctica ) fisheries operating in temperate waters off Amsterdam/St. Paul Islands (Indian Ocean) and south-eastern Australia. These two fisheries differ in the fishing technique used (vertical vs. demersal longlines), effort, catch, fleet size and fishing area size. Using 7-year (2010–16) long fishing and observation datasets, this study estimated the levels of killer whale interactions and examined the influence of spatio-temporal and operational variables on the probability of vessels to experience interactions. Killer whales interactions occurred during 58.4% and 21.2% of all fishing days, and over 94% and 47.4% of the fishing area for both fisheries, respectively. In south-eastern Australia, the probability of occurrence of killer whale interactions during fishing days varied seasonally with a decrease in spring, increased with the daily fishing effort and decreased with the distance travelled by the vessel between fishing days. In Amsterdam/St. Paul, this probability was only influenced by latitude, with an increase in the southern part of the area. Together, these findings document two previously unreported cases of high killer whale depredation, and provide insights on ways to avoid the issue. The study also emphasizes the need to further examine the local characteristics of fisheries and the ecology of local depredating killer whale populations in as important drivers of depredation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1890/07-1032.1
Abstract: We propose a continuous-time version of the correlated random walk model for animal telemetry data. The continuous-time formulation allows data that have been nonuniformly collected over time to be modeled without subs ling, interpolation, or aggregation to obtain a set of locations uniformly spaced in time. The model is derived from a continuous-time Ornstein-Uhlenbeck velocity process that is integrated to form a location process. The continuous-time model was placed into a state-space framework to allow parameter estimation and location predictions from observed animal locations. Two previously unpublished marine mammal telemetry data sets were analyzed to illustrate use of the model, by-products available from the analysis, and different modifications which are possible. A harbor seal data set was analyzed with a model that incorporates the proportion of each hour spent on land. Also, a northern fur seal pup data set was analyzed with a random drift component to account for directed travel and ocean currents.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 26-09-2019
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS13095
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00030-2
Abstract: The estimation of milk consumption in free-ranging seals using tritium dilution techniques makes the key assumption that the animals drink no pre-formed water during the experimental period. However, frequent observations of unweaned Antarctic fur seal pups drinking water at Iles Kerguelen necessitated the testing of this assumption. We estimated water flux rates of 30 pups (10.7+/-0.3 kg) in four experimental groups by isotopic dilution over 4 days. The groups were: (1) pups held in an open air enclosure without access to water to estimate fasting metabolic water production (MWP) (2) free-ranging pups not administered additional water (3) pups held in an open air enclosure and given a total of 300 ml of fresh water to verify technique accuracy and (4) free-ranging pups given 200 ml of fresh water. Pups without access to water exhibited water flux rates (20.5+/-0.8 ml kg(-1)d(-1)), which were significantly lower than those observed for the free-ranging group (33.0+/-1.7 ml kg(-1) d(-1)). Mean estimated pre-formed water intake for the free-ranging experimental groups was 12.6 ml kg(-1) d(-1). Thus, MWP, measured as total water intake during fasting, may be significantly over-estimated in free-ranging Antarctic fur seal pups at Iles Kerguelen and at other sites and subsequently milk intake rates may be underestimated.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-09-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-50230-Z
Abstract: In species exhibiting differential migration by sex and age, understanding what differences exist, and the adaptive reasons for these differences is critical for determining how demographic groups will respond to environmental variability and anthropogenic perturbations. We used satellite-telemetered movement and ing data to investigate differential migration and its ontogeny in a highly migratory North Pacific Ocean predator, the northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus NFS), with a focus on understudied juvenile (1- to 2-year-old) animals. We instrumented 71 juvenile NFS in two years (2006–07 and 2007–08) at three major North American breeding sites and compared their migratory strategies with pups and adults. Although sexual dimorphism is strong in adult NFS, only weak differences in body mass between sexes were found in juveniles, which had similar body mass to pups (~3–4 months). However, unlike widely-dispersed pups, juvenile male and female NFS dispersed in different directions, and used different habitats characterized by distinct hydrography and prey assemblages during migration, similar to breeding adults. Juvenile ing behavior differed only modestly among habitats and between sexes, consistent with weak differences in body mass. Evidence of habitat sexual segregation by juvenile NFS contradicts previous hypotheses that physiological differences predominantly drive the ontogeny of differential migration.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-01-2021
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 11-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-09-2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-05-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-64662-5
Abstract: Invasive species present a major conservation threat globally and nowhere are their affects more pronounced than in island ecosystems. Determining how native island populations respond demographically to invasive species can provide information to mitigate the negative effects of invasive species. Using 20 years of mark-recapture data from three sympatric species of albatrosses (black-browed Thalassarche melanophris , grey-headed T. chrysostoma , and light-mantled albatrosses Phoebetria palpebrata ), we quantified the influence of invasive European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and extreme weather patterns on breeding probability and success. Temporal variability in rabbit density explained 33–76% of the variability in breeding probability for all three species, with severe decreases in breeding probability observed after a lag period following highest rabbit numbers. For black-browed albatrosses, the combination of extreme rainfall and high rabbit density explained 33% of total trait variability and dramatically reduced breeding success. We showed that invasive rabbits and extreme weather events reduce reproductive output in albatrosses and that eliminating rabbits had a positive effect on albatross reproduction. This illustrates how active animal management at a local breeding site can result in positive population outcomes even for wide ranging animals like albatrosses where influencing vital rates during their at-sea migrations is more challenging.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-07-2018
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 13-10-2017
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS12312
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2023
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.10644
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-02-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0262901
Abstract: Mechanisms promoting coexistence between closely related species are fundamental for maintaining species ersity. Mechanisms of niche differentiation include allochrony which offsets the peak timing of resource utilisation between species. Many studies focus on spatial and temporal niche partitioning during the breeding season, few have investigated the role allochrony plays in influencing interspecific segregation of foraging distribution and ecology between congeneric species during the non-breeding season. We investigated the non-breeding migrations of Snares ( Eudyptes robustus ) and Fiordland penguins ( Eudyptes pachyrhynchus ), closely related species breeding between 100–350 km apart whose migration phenology differs by two months. Using light geolocation tracking, we examined the degree of overlap given the observed allochrony and a hypothetical scenario where the species commence migration simultaneously. We found that Fiordland penguins migrated to the Sub-Antarctic Frontal Zone and Polar Frontal Zone in the austral autumn whereas Snares penguins disperse westwards staying north of the Sub-Tropical Front in the austral winter. Our results suggest that allochrony is likely to be at the root of segregation because the relative profitability of the different water masses that the penguins forage in changes seasonally which results in the two species utilising different areas over their core non-breeding periods. Furthermore, allochrony reduces relatively higher levels of spatiotemporal overlap during the departure and arrival periods, when the close proximity of the two species’ colonies would cause the birds to congregate in similar areas, resulting in high interspecific competition just before the breeding season. Available evidence from other studies suggests that the shift in phenology between these species has arisen from adaptive radiation and phenological matching to the seasonality of local resource availability during the breeding season and reduced competitive overlap over the non-breeding season is likely to be an incidental outcome.
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.1086/515890
Abstract: Heart rate, swimming speed, and ing behaviour were recorded simultaneously for an adult female southern elephant seal during her postbreeding period at sea with a Wildlife Computers heart-rate time depth recorder and a velocity time depth recorder. The errors associated with data storage versus real-time data collection of these data were analysed and indicated that for events of short duration (i.e., less than 10 min or 20 s ling intervals) serious biases occur. A simple model for estimating oxygen consumption based on the estimated oxygen stores of the seal and the assumption that most, if not all, es were aerobic produced a mean ing metabolic rate of 3.64 mL O2 kg-1, which is only 47% of the field metabolic rate estimated from allometric models. Mechanisms for reducing oxygen consumption while ing include cardiac adjustments, indicated by reductions in heart rate on all es, and the maintenance of swimming speed at near the minimum cost of transport for most of the submerged time. Heart rate during ing was below the resting heart rate while ashore in all es, and there was a negative relationship between the duration of a e and the mean heart rate during that e for es longer than 13 min. Mean heart rates declined from 40 beats min-1 for es of 13 min to 14 beats min-1 for es of 37 min. Mean swimming speed per e was 2.1 m s-1, but this also varied with e duration. There were slight but significant increases in mean swimming speeds with increasing e depth and duration. Both ascent and descent speeds were also higher on longer es.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS245281
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-08-2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00101-2
Abstract: Diving activity, foraging locations and pup provisioning behaviour of 10 female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) were examined with respect to a range of oceanographic parameters (sea surface temperature, chlorophyll distribution and bathymetry) at the Kerguelen Archipelago in the southern Indian Ocean in February 2000. A multivariate analysis of the environmental parameters at each of the nightly foraging locations indicated the existence of two ecoregions within the foraging range of the seals. Five seals actively foraged in oceanic waters (1870 m) with relatively warm surface water (5.4°C) to the north and east of the colony (ecoregion 1), while four others travelled to the southeast (ecoregion 2) to waters typical of the surface expression of the Polar Front (3.7°C) located over the continental shelf break (597 m). Only one seal foraged in both regions. Diving behaviour, parameterised on a nightly basis using seven variables, clearly differed between regions, with the ing activity in the warmer ecoregion 1 being characterised by deep es (55 m), and relatively little time spent ing (47%). Conversely, es within ecoregion 2 were, on average, to shallower depths (34.5 m), and proportionately more time was spent ing (54%). Despite differences in environmental conditions encountered and associated differences in ing activity, the foraging success of mothers, in terms of daily pup mass gain per foraging cycle, was similar in both ecoregions. The study highlights the use of multivariate analysis in categorising the foraging zones and behaviour of Antarctic fur seals.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-07-2016
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 26-08-2015
DOI: 10.1201/B18733
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-07-2019
DOI: 10.1002/EAP.1947
Abstract: Telemetry is a key, widely used tool to understand marine megafauna distribution, habitat use, behavior, and physiology however, a critical question remains: "How many animals should be tracked to acquire meaningful data sets?" This question has wide-ranging implications including considerations of statistical power, animal ethics, logistics, and cost. While power analyses can inform s le sizes needed for statistical significance, they require some initial data inputs that are often unavailable. To inform the planning of telemetry and biologging studies of marine megafauna where few or no data are available or where resources are limited, we reviewed the types of information that have been obtained in previously published studies using different s le sizes. We considered s le sizes from one to >100 in iduals and synthesized empirical findings, detailing the information that can be gathered with increasing s le sizes. We complement this review with simulations, using real data, to show the impact of s le size when trying to address various research questions in movement ecology of marine megafauna. We also highlight the value of collaborative, synthetic studies to enhance s le sizes and broaden the range, scale, and scope of questions that can be answered.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-01-2005
Publisher: Norwegian Polar Institute
Date: 2007
Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1121/10.0006789
Abstract: Crabeater seals are circumpolar, ice-dependent seals that produce distinct vocalizations during the breeding season. This study provides the first description of the acoustic repertoire of the crabeater seal in East Antarctica, using data from a stationary hydrophone at 1.8 km depth in the Southern Kerguelen Plateau region in 2014–2015. Two call types were identified in the data set: the low and the high moan calls. Of the 8821 calls detected, 92.5% were classified as low moan calls and 7.5% were high moan calls. The mean duration of the two call types was similar (2.3 and 2.8 s, respectively), however, the high moan calls had a higher frequency range (1020–4525 Hz, n = 11) than the low moan calls (360–2753 Hz, n = 120). The calls were primarily detected in the austral spring. Diel analysis showed that the low moan calls were mostly made at nighttime or proximal to dusk and dawn. The results of this study could aid in the development of automated detectors for crabeater seal vocalizations. This would facilitate comparisons of the distribution and abundance of the species using extant acoustic data and could increase knowledge on the breeding behavior of crabeater seals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2018
Publisher: Australian Antarctic Data Centre
Date: 2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-07-2004
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-11-2022
Abstract: Many long-term studies have reported changes in seabird abundance and distribution in response to climate change and various anthropogenic activities. However, a greater understanding of how species are responding to change over large spatial and temporal scales are required—particularly at high latitudes such as the Southern Ocean. We examined black-browed Thalassarche melanophris (BBAL) and light-mantled sooty Phoebetria palpebrata albatross (LMSA) observations spanning over 50 years. Both species have a wide-ranging distribution in a rapidly changing Southern Ocean. We used generalized additive models (GAMs) to investigate environmental drivers of their abundance and occurrence. Our results show that climate indices, sea surface temperature and sea surface height are the main drivers influencing the distribution and abundance of both species. The abundance of BBAL southeast of Australia was observed to be decreased substantially whereas no significant change was observed in the abundance of LMSA. Both species demonstrated contrasting distributions along their latitudinal gradient with BBAL showing early stages of a southward range shift. Our analyses suggest that responses to climate change are species-specific. These rare, long-term data have provided an understanding of species’ responses to past changes in the marine environment and can provide critical information for future conservation and management.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-11-2022
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.16500
Abstract: Anthropogenic climate change is resulting in spatial redistributions of many species. We assessed the potential effects of climate change on an abundant and widely distributed group of ing birds, Eudyptes penguins, which are the main avian consumers in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass consumption. Despite their abundance, several of these species have undergone population declines over the past century, potentially due to changing oceanography and prey availability over the important winter months. We used light‐based geolocation tracking data for 485 in iduals deployed between 2006 and 2020 across 10 of the major breeding locations for five taxa of Eudyptes penguins. We used boosted regression tree modelling to quantify post‐moult habitat preference for southern rockhopper ( E. chrysocome ), eastern rockhopper ( E. filholi ), northern rockhopper ( E. moseleyi ) and macaroni/royal ( E. chrysolophus and E. schlegeli ) penguins. We then modelled their redistribution under two climate change scenarios, representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (for the end of the century, 2071–2100). As climate forcings differ regionally, we quantified redistribution in the Atlantic, Central Indian, East Indian, West Pacific and East Pacific regions. We found sea surface temperature and sea surface height to be the most important predictors of current habitat for these penguins physical features that are changing rapidly in the Southern Ocean. Our results indicated that the less severe RCP4.5 would lead to less habitat loss than the more severe RCP8.5. The five taxa of penguin may experience a general poleward redistribution of their preferred habitat, but with contrasting effects in the (i) change in total area of preferred habitat under climate change (ii) according to geographic region and (iii) the species (macaroni/royal vs. rockhopper populations). Our results provide further understanding on the regional impacts and vulnerability of species to climate change.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-09-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S12898-019-0252-X
Abstract: To understand and predict the distribution of foragers, it is crucial to identify the factors that affect in idual movement decisions at different scales. In iduals are expected to adjust their foraging movements to the hierarchical spatial distribution of resources. At a small local scale, spatial segregation in foraging habitat happens among in iduals of closely situated colonies. If foraging segregation is due to differences in distribution of resources, we would expect segregated foraging areas to have ergent habitat characteristics. We investigated how environmental characteristics of preferred foraging areas differ between two closely situated Subantarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus tropicalis ) colonies and a single Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) colony that forage in different pelagic areas even though they are located well within each other’s foraging range. We further investigated the influence of the seasonal cycle on those environmental factors. This study used tracking data from 121 adult female Subantarctic and Antarctic fur seals, collected during summer and winter (2009–2015), from three different colonies. Boosted Regression Tree species distribution models were used to determine key environmental variables associated with areas of fur seal restricted search behaviour. There were no differences in the relative influence of key environmental variables between colonies and seasons. The variables with the most influence for each colony and season were latitude, longitude and magnitude of sea-currents. The influence of latitude and longitude is a by-product of the species’ distinct foraging areas, despite the close proximity ( 25 km) of the colonies. The predicted potential foraging areas for each colony changed from summer to winter, reflecting the seasonal cycle of the Southern Ocean. The model predicted that the potential foraging areas of females from the three colonies should overlap, and the fact they do not in reality indicates that factors other than environmental are influencing the location of each colony’s foraging area. The results indicated that small scale spatial segregation of foraging habitats is not driven by bottom-up processes. It is therefore important to also consider other potential drivers, e.g. competition, information transfer, and memory, to understand animal foraging decisions and movements.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-07-2015
DOI: 10.1111/ECOG.01021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 05-12-2014
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 26-11-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-03-2021
DOI: 10.1111/MMS.12805
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-11-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-06-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1890/140315
Start Date: 07-2021
End Date: 12-2024
Amount: $497,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 10-2016
End Date: 07-2021
Amount: $388,704.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 08-2021
End Date: 12-2027
Amount: $20,000,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity