ORCID Profile
0000-0002-6553-2839
Current Organisation
University of Tasmania
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Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1017/PCM.2023.21
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 31-01-2020
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-01-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-02-2020
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-08-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-03-2019
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-04-2017
Abstract: Genome editing technologies promise therapeutic advances for genetic diseases. We discuss the ethical and societal issues raised by these technologies, including their use in preclinical research, their potential to address mutations in somatic cells, and their potential to make germ line alterations that may be passed to subsequent generations. We call for a proportionate response from health leaders based on a realistic assessment of benefits, risks, and timelines for clinical translation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2003
DOI: 10.1007/BF03351390
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-09-2014
DOI: 10.1093/PHE/PHU023
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1017/PCM.2023.11
Abstract: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and other genome editing technologies have the potential to transform the lives of people affected by genetic disorders for the better. However, it is widely recognised that they also raise large ethical and policy questions. The focus of this article is on how national genome editing policy might be developed in ways that give proper recognition to these big questions. The article first considers some of the regulatory challenges involved in dealing these big ethical and social questions, and also economic issues. It then reviews the outcomes of a series of major reports on genome editing from international expert bodies, with a particular focus on the work of the World Health Organization’s expert committee on genome editing. The article then summarises five policy themes that have emerged from this review of the international reports together with a review of other literature, and the authors’ engagement with members of the Australian public and with a wide range of experts across multiple disciplines. Each theme is accompanied by one to three pointers for policymakers to consider in developing genome editing policy.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-06-2023
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 05-03-2014
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-61692-883-4.CH016
Abstract: Progress in the field of biomedical science has made it possible to obtain greater knowledge of the human genome and the nature of genetic disorders. Thanks to these advances, doctors now have the tools to diagnose certain disorders, and to carry out genetic tests to determine increased risks of developing other illnesses and of passing them on to future generations. In addition to the classic single gene disorders (like hemophilia and sickle cell anaemia), susceptibility genes are also being identified for genetically complex diseases, including many types of cancer, Alzheimer‘s disease, diabetes and other illnesses (House of Lords, 2009, p. 8). We can look toward a future where genetic test results are an important part of every healthy person’s medical file.
Publisher: Inderscience Publishers
Date: 2004
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 02-08-2016
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.I4181
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 14-01-2017
Abstract: Understanding public priorities for biobanks is vital for maximising utility and efficiency of genetic research and maintaining respect for donors. This research directly assessed the relative importance the public place on different expectations of biobanks. Quantitative and qualitative results from a national s le of 800 Australians revealed that the majority attributed more importance to protecting privacy and ethical conduct than maximising new healthcare benefits, which was in turn viewed as more important than obtaining specific consent, benefit sharing, collaborating and sharing data. A latent class analysis identified two distinct classes displaying different patterns of expectations. One placed higher priority on behaviours that respect the donor ( n = 623), the other on accelerating science ( n = 278). Additional expectations derived from qualitative data included the need for biobanks to be transparent and to prioritise their research focus, educate the public and address commercialisation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2017
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1159/000087960
Abstract: This article examines the enforcement of gene and other research tool patents in Australia. An empirical analysis of patenting practices in the Australian medical biotechnology industry showed heightened concern about the impact of patents on research and diagnostic testing, but provided little evidence to support these concerns at that time. Since then, the Australian company Genetic Technologies Ltd. has been enforcing its patents for non-coding DNA sequences. The governments of Australia are encouraging the biotechnology industry to better protect and enforce intellectual property rights, but recognize these needs to be balanced against access to healthcare. The article discusses proposals made by the Australian Law Reform Commission to adjust the balance, both by tightening the requirements for obtaining patents and by introducing various options to assist providers of diagnostic services and others in using patented inventions, but at the same time maintaining the incentive to innovate.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1038/NBT.3182
Abstract: In genetic diagnostics testing, what are the boundaries of the global patent problem, and is there a real risk that patents and licensing practices could impede access to tests?
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-07-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S00439-018-1930-Z
Abstract: This article was inadvertently published under a draft title.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.GIM.2022.01.002
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine how attitudes toward the return of genomic research results vary internationally. We analyzed the "Your DNA, Your Say" online survey of public perspectives on genomic data sharing including responses from 36,268 in iduals across 22 low-, middle-, and high-income countries, and these were gathered in 15 languages. We analyzed how participants responded when asked whether return of results (RoR) would motivate their decision to donate DNA or health data. We examined variation across the study countries and compared the responses of participants from other countries with those from the United States, which has been the subject of the majority of research on return of genomic results to date. There was substantial variation in the extent to which respondents reported being influenced by RoR. However, only respondents from Russia were more influenced than those from the United States, and respondents from 20 countries had lower odds of being partially or wholly influenced than those from the United States. There is substantial international variation in the extent to which the RoR may motivate people's intent to donate DNA or health data. The United States may not be a clear indicator of global attitudes. Participants' preferences for return of genomic results globally should be considered.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1071/AH13029
Abstract: Objective. Health policy and law reform agencies lack a sound evidence base of the impacts of patents on innovation and access to healthcare to assist them in their deliberations. This paper reports the results of a survey of managers of Australian genetic testing laboratories that asked a series of questions relating to the tests they perform, whether they pay to access patented inventions and whether they have received notifications from patent holders about patents associated with particular tests. Results. Some diagnostics facilities are exposed to patent costs, but they are all located in the private sector. No public hospitals reported paying licence fees or royalties beyond those included in the price of commercial test kits. Some respondents reported having received enforcement notices from patent holders, but almost all related to the widely known breast cancer-associated patents. Respondents were also asked for their views on the most effective mechanisms to protect their ability to provide genetic tests now and in the future. Going to the media, paying licence fees, ignoring patent rights and relying on the government to take action were widely seen as most effective. Litigation and applications for compulsory licences were seen as some of the least effective mechanisms. Conclusion. These results provide an evidence base for development of health policy and law reform. What is known about the topic? The impact of patents on the delivery of genetic testing services remains unclear in Australia. What does this paper add? The survey reported in this paper suggests that, aside from well-known enforcement actions relating to the breast cancer associated patents, there is little evidence that providers of genetic testing services are being exposed to aggressive patent-enforcement practices. What are the implications for practitioners? Although patent-enforcement actions may increase in the future, a range of strategies are available to providers of testing services to protect them against adverse consequences of such actions. There are ongoing law reform activities aimed at improving these strategies.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-05-2020
Abstract: Sharing of genomic and associated data is essential to clinical practice and biomedical research, and is increasingly encouraged by journals and funding bodies. Grappling with the range of legal and ethical issues raised by genomic data sharing presents a significant challenge, given the ersity of practices: from defined sharing of in idual patient data, to broad-scale public sharing of research data, to uploading of direct-to-consumer test data by community members. Most commentary to date has discussed these issues in broad terms, but the debate can only progress if we engage with more granularity, grounded in jurisdictional and contextual specifics. We developed an empirical approach, creating a set of prototypical scenarios that capture the ersity of current genomic data sharing practices, which allows legal and ethical analysis of key issues at a granular level. The specificity of this approach provides a strong foundation for developing useful and relevant regulatory recommendations.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-10-2009
Abstract: This research examines the influence of commercialization on support for scientific research. It compares the effects of the funding source with the type of organization on public support for stem cell research. Using a national Australian telephone survey ( n = 1000), the results reveal that support drops significantly when scientific research is funded by private rather than public interests, and even more so when it is conducted in a private company rather than a public university. Respondents’ preference for university research was enhanced if they trusted universities, distrusted major companies and believed that the research would be beneficial. A preference for public funding was also associated with lower trust in companies and a belief that the research would benefit people. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to the challenge of maintaining public support in an increasingly commercialized research environment.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S40592-015-0037-8
Abstract: Genomics is increasingly becoming an integral component of health research and clinical care. The perceived difficulties associated with genetic research involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people mean that they have largely been excluded as research participants. This limits the applicability of research findings for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients. Emergent use of genomic technologies and personalised medicine therefore risk contributing to an increase in existing health disparities unless urgent action is taken. To allow the potential benefits of genomics to be more equitably distributed, and minimise potential harms, we recommend five actions: (1) ensure ersity of participants by implementing appropriate protocols at the study design stage (2) target diseases that disproportionately affect disadvantaged groups (3) prioritise capacity building to promote Indigenous leadership across research professions (4) develop resources for consenting patients or participants from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds and (5) integrate awareness of issues relating to Indigenous people into the governance structures, formal reviews, data collection protocols and analytical pipelines of health services and research projects.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 15-10-2021
Abstract: Public participation, transparency and accountability are three of the pillars of good governance. These pillars become particularly important for innovative, personalised health technologies, because of the tendency of these technologies to raise distinct scientific, ethical, legal and social issues. Genome editing is perhaps the most personal of all innovative health technologies, involving precise modifications to an in idual’s genome. This article focuses on the adequacy of current requirements for public participation, transparency and accountability in the governance of the market authorisation for genome edited products. Although clinical trials for genome edited products are only just underway, lessons can be drawn from the marketing approvals pathways for related gene therapy products. This article provides a broad overview of the regulatory pathways that have been adopted by the US Food and Drugs Administration, the European Medicines Authority, and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration for reviewing gene therapy products for marketing approval. This analysis focuses on the extent to which public participation processes and transparency and accountability of review pathways are incorporated into marketing approval policy and practice. Following this review, the article proposes the application of Sheila Jasanoff’s “technologies of humility” as a foundation for meaningfully incorporating these pillars of good governance into regulatory processes for the review of products of genome editing. We conclude by articulating clear mechanisms for operationalising technologies of humility in the context of public participation, transparency and accountability, providing a blueprint for future policy development.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 03-05-2019
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Date: 14-07-2023
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-05-2016
DOI: 10.1093/JLB/LSW018
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 24-06-2010
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 21-04-2011
Abstract: Biobanks are essential tools for facilitating biomedical research, because they provide collections of human tissue linked with personal information. There is still little understanding of the underlying reasons why people participate in biobanking in the increasingly commercialised and internationalised biomedical research environment. This paper reports the results of an Australia-wide telephone survey. The paper analyses the types of obligations that members of the public may wish to see incorporated in biobank benefit sharing arrangements and the extent to which their views might be influenced by underlying norms of sharing behaviour. Latent class analysis of the dataset reveals three distinct classes of respondents. We link one of these with the norm of reciprocity, one with the norm of social responsibility. The third is not clearly linked with any one norm of sharing behaviour. The implications of these findings on biobank benefit sharing arrangements are discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1988
DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90364-8
Abstract: We describe the lineage and morphogenesis of neural plate cells in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, from reconstructed cell maps of embryos at 12-min intervals during and after neurulation, between 31 and 61% of embryonic development. Neurulation commences in a posterior to anterior wave following in the wake of the ninth cleavage, when all cells, except possibly four, are in their 10th generation. The neural plate then comprises 76 cells, in up to four posterior rows each of eight vegetal-hemisphere cells, and eight anterior rows each of six animal-hemisphere cells. Two cells are lost from the neural plate to the muscle cell line during neurulation and four cells are gained from ectoderm outside the plate. All cells become wedge-shaped. Simple, stereotyped positional changes transform cells from lateral locations in the plate to posterior locations in the tube bilateral partners shear their midline positions to form the keel, and ectodermal cells zipper up dorsally to form the capstone, of a tube which is four cells in cross section posteriorly, but more complex anteriorly. Neither cell death nor migration occur during neurulation. Divisions become asynchronous and the cell-cycle extends 170 10th- to 12th-generation cells exist by the time the neural tube becomes completely internalized. Generally, only one further ision is required to complete the lineage analysis, two at the most. Neural plate cell isions were invariant using our observational methods, and their lineage is compared with that from recent studies of H. Nishida (1987, Dev. Biol. 121, 526-541).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2016.06.028
Abstract: Biobanks will be essential to facilitate the translation of genomic research into real improvements to healthcare. Biobanking is a long-term commitment, requiring public support as well as appropriate regulatory, social and ethical guidelines to realize this promise. There is a growing body of research that explores the necessary conditions to ensure public trust in biomedical research, particularly in the context of biobanking. Trust is, however, a complex relationship. More analysis of public perceptions, attitudes and reactions is required to understand the primary triggers that influence gain and loss of trust. Further, the outcomes of these analyses require detailed consideration to determine how to promote trustworthy institutions and practices. This article uses national survey data, combined with the results of a community consultation that took place in Tasmania, Australia in 2013, to analyze the specific issue of public reactions to commercialization of biobanks and their outputs. This research will enhance the ability of biobanks to respond preemptively to public concerns about commercialization by establishing and maintaining governance frameworks that are responsive to those concerns. The results reveal that it is possible to counter the 'natural prejudice' that many people have against commercialization through independent governance of biobank resources and transparency with regard to commercial involvement. Indeed, most participants agreed that they would rather have a biobank with commercial involvement than none at all. This analysis provides nuanced conclusions about public reactions towards commercialization and equips researchers and biobank operators with data on which to base policies and make governance decisions in order to tackle participant concerns respectfully and responsively.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2005
Publisher: Informa Healthcare
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.1038/NBT.2521
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Date: 31-01-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-01-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2020
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 2006
Abstract: The last decade or so has seen major advances in two key areas of biomedicine: new genetic technologies, including genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and the like and stem cell technology. Both are touted as offering much promise in terms of our understanding of basic biological process and in the translation of this basic science into mainstream medical practice. But in both areas much further research must be done to realise this promise, and this hinges on the appropriate and adequate supply of essential research tools, particularly human tissue, human cells and human genetic information, which are referred to collectively here as
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2006
DOI: 10.1038/NBT1106-1352
Abstract: The sustainability of many research endeavors, particularly in controversial areas, requires an understanding of public concerns. As such, governance strategies should be developed to sustain public trust.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: Springer New York
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6921-0_7
Abstract: This chapter examines the ethical principles and governance frameworks for stem cell banks. Good governance of stem cell banks should balance facilitation of the clinical use of stem cells with the proper respect and protection of stem cell s le providers and stem cell recipients and ensure compliance with national regulatory requirements to foster public trust in the use of stem cell technology. Stem cell banks must develop with regard to the science, the needs of scientists, and the requirements of the public, which will benefit from this science. Given the international reach of this promising research and its clinical application, it is necessary for stem cell bank governance frameworks to be harmonized across jurisdictions.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-11-2014
DOI: 10.3390/JPM4040459
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1093/JLB/LSY021
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 03-11-2012
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1093/JLB/LSAC020
Abstract: This article posits that Australia, as an affluent country with increasing capacity to manufacture vaccines, has an obligation to assist its regional (and global) counterparts in implementing vaccination programs that protect their populations. First, the article explores the capacity of high-income nations to meet their obligations, assist their neighbours and refrain from vaccine nationalism. This inquiry involves an analysis of the optimal ethical strategy for distributing vaccines globally, and the role that Australia might play in this distribution strategy. Secondly, the article examines the intellectual property landscape for vaccines in Australia, focusing on the patents that cover vaccine compositions and manufacturing techniques (recognizing the potential for know-how and access to materials as well as patents to affect manufacturing capacity). This article then discusses the strategies the Australian Government has at its disposal to counter potential intellectual property impediments whilst complying with existing obligations under the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), as an ethically appropriate response to the pandemic. This article also considers whether a so-called TRIPS waiver could provide better options and concludes that the challenge of compelling disclosure of know-how remains.
Publisher: thinkBiotech, LLC
Date: 07-2013
DOI: 10.5912/JCB611
Abstract: The orthodox business model of many drug discovery and development companies centres on adding value to early-stage discoveries prior to engaging with large pharmaceutical companies to bring products to market. Anecdotal observations suggest some companies are moving to a ‘virtual’ business model - instead of employing in-house scientists, a skeletal management team runs the company and out-sources all research and development. This article presents a novel method to determine whether companies are virtual, based on author bylines in peer-reviewed journal articles. Applying this method to Australian companies in this sector, the size of the cohort identified as virtual was much larger than anticipated, around 52%. The accuracy of this method has been verified statistically using interview data. This article discusses the value and limitations of this method, positing that it can be used to analyse industry and policy implications that may result from widespread adoption of the virtual model
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 08-2003
Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd
Date: 03-2008
Abstract: This review provides an overview of the European legal framework relating to the protection of sensitive data obtained from pharmacogenetic tests. The primary objective of pharmacogenetic testing is neither diagnosis nor prediction of disease, but determining likely responses to medicines based on specific genetic factors. Nevertheless, pharmacogenetic testing can lead to the disclosure of sensitive information and, as a consequence, it is argued that consent is a prerequisite. It is further argued that appropriate protection for privacy and confidentiality is crucial, but that disclosure may be justified in certain exceptional circumstances. This article describes the various European legislative instruments that provide useful guidance on the types of circumstances when disclosure may be justified.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2007
DOI: 10.1038/NBT0407-388
Publisher: WHO Press
Date: 18-04-2013
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-02-2014
Abstract: The success of personalised medicine depends upon the public’s embracing genetic tests. Tests that claim to predict an in idual’s future health can now be accessed via online companies outside of conventional health regulations. This research assessed the extent to which the public embrace direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic tests relative to those obtained by a conventional medical practitioner (MP). It also examined the reasons for differences across providers using a randomised experimental telephone survey of 1000 Australians. Results suggest that people were significantly less likely to approve of, and order a DTC genetic test administered by a company compared to a MP because they were less trusting of companies’ being able to protect their privacy and provide them with access to genetic expertise and counselling. Markets for DTC genetic tests provided by companies would therefore significantly increase if trust in privacy protection and access to expertise are enhanced through regulation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-10-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-10-2023
DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.52127
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-10-2010
Abstract: The success of human population biobanks are dependent on the publics' willingness to participate. This research aimed to determine those factors important in determining the public's intention to donate a biological s le to a publicly funded biobank, and allow that s le to be linked with medical records. A national s le of 1000 Australians was surveyed via telephonic interviews. Questions included the reported likelihood that respondents would participate in biobank research, ratings of trust in biobanks, beliefs that biobank research will lead to improved health care and general ratings of comfort with blood taking and DNA analysis. The s le reported a high level of trust in university biobanks, a strong belief that biobank research will lead to improved health care and a strong willingness to participate in biobank research. Using structural equation modelling, trust in the biobank was found to be the most important determinant of intention to participate in biobank research, followed by general comfort with blood taking and DNA analysis, belief in health-care benefits and higher education. Gender, age, parental status and experience of genetic conditions were not significantly associated with intention to participate. Australians are generally willing to participate in biobank research, and this is strongly determined by trust. While benefit beliefs and comfort with research are also relevant, higher trust was associated with intention regardless of these factors, suggesting reasons other than concern for improved health care are important in determining the publics' willingness to participate in biobank research.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-11-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41431-019-0550-Y
Abstract: Public acceptance is critical for sharing of genomic data at scale. This paper examines how acceptance of data sharing pertains to the perceived similarities and differences between DNA and other forms of personal data. It explores the perceptions of representative publics from the USA, Canada, the UK and Australia ( n = 8967) towards the donation of DNA and health data. Fifty-two percent of this public held ‘exceptionalist’ views about genetics (i.e., believed DNA is different or ‘special’ compared to other types of medical information). This group was more likely to be familiar with or have had personal experience with genomics and to perceive DNA information as having personal as well as clinical and scientific value. Those with personal experience with genetics and genetic exceptionalist views were nearly six times more likely to be willing to donate their anonymous DNA and medical information for research than other respondents. Perceived harms from re-identification did not appear to dissuade publics from being willing to participate in research. The interplay between exceptionalist views about genetics and the personal, scientific and clinical value attributed to data would be a valuable focus for future research.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 25-03-2016
Abstract: Ad hoc approaches mix and match existing components
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-04-2019
DOI: 10.1002/PD.5450
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-06-2023
DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.51990
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.5694/MJA12.10350
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1988
DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90363-6
Abstract: The early lineages of the larval central nervous system (CNS) of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, have been traced using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of embryos fixed at 12-min intervals. The CNS precursors lie superficially, exposed for a long portion (9.3 hr of 42%) of embryonic development, in the neural plate. In the 64-cell stage embryo the neural plate contains 10 cells in all but the first vegetal ision these ide with transverse cleavage planes. Synchrony is progressively lessened, but temporal sequence is always exact. Successive isions occur initially at 30-min intervals. Our analysis confirms existing lineage descriptions for the neural plate up to the end of gastrulation and advances the lineage record through the crucial and temporally complex ninth cleavage, during which cells ide by the following rules: medial cells in each row ide first the anterior row of vegetal daughter cells ides before their posterior siblings the posterior row of animal daughter cells ide before their anterior siblings. All cells attain their 10th generation, but four cannot be followed by SEM. In preparation for neurulation the neural plate then comprises 76 cells, forming up to four rows each of eight vegetal hemisphere cells located on the dorsal surface of the embryo, anterior to the blastopore, and eight rows each of six animal hemisphere cells, located anterior to the rows of eight. The temporal and spatial patterns of early cleavage stages have been confirmed in vivo by observations using Nomarski optics.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-09-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S00439-019-02062-0
Abstract: Trust may be important in shaping public attitudes to genetics and intentions to participate in genomics research and big data initiatives. As such, we examined trust in data sharing among the general public. A cross-sectional online survey collected responses from representative publics in the USA, Canada, UK and Australia ( n = 8967). Participants were most likely to trust their medical doctor and less likely to trust other entities named. Company researchers were least likely to be trusted. Low, Variable and High Trust classes were defined using latent class analysis. Members of the High Trust class were more likely to be under 50 years, male, with children, hold religious beliefs, have personal experience of genetics and be from the USA. They were most likely to be willing to donate their genomic and health data for clinical and research uses. The Low Trust class were less reassured than other respondents by laws preventing exploitation of donated information. Variation in trust, its relation to areas of concern about the use of genomic data and potential of legislation are considered. These findings have relevance for efforts to expand genomic medicine and data sharing beyond those with personal experience of genetics or research participants.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-05-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S13073-021-00903-0
Abstract: Public trust is central to the collection of genomic and health data and the sustainability of genomic research. To merit trust, those involved in collecting and sharing data need to demonstrate they are trustworthy. However, it is unclear what measures are most likely to demonstrate this. We analyse the ‘Your DNA, Your Say’ online survey of public perspectives on genomic data sharing including responses from 36,268 in iduals across 22 low-, middle- and high-income countries, gathered in 15 languages. We examine how participants perceived the relative value of measures to demonstrate the trustworthiness of those using donated DNA and/or medical information. We examine between-country variation and present a consolidated ranking of measures. Providing transparent information about who will benefit from data access was the most important measure to increase trust, endorsed by more than 50% of participants across 20 of 22 countries. It was followed by the option to withdraw data and transparency about who is using data and why. Variation was found for the importance of measures, notably information about sanctions for misuse of data—endorsed by 5% in India but almost 60% in Japan. A clustering analysis suggests alignment between some countries in the assessment of specific measures, such as the UK and Canada, Spain and Mexico and Portugal and Brazil. China and Russia are less closely aligned with other countries in terms of the value of the measures presented. Our findings highlight the importance of transparency about data use and about the goals and potential benefits associated with data sharing, including to whom such benefits accrue. They show that members of the public value knowing what benefits accrue from the use of data. The study highlights the importance of locally sensitive measures to increase trust as genomic data sharing continues globally.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1159/000375441
Abstract: b i Objectives: /i /b The necessity for biobanks to share their resources with third parties poses potential risks to public trust and the intention to participate in genetic research. We explore the effects of data sharing and the type of third-party access (public vs. private) on public trust and, in turn, the intention to participate in biobank research. b i Methods: /i /b An experimental design was used to assess a national s le of 1,701 Australians via a computer-assisted telephone interview. b i Results: /i /b The results revealed that trust and the intention to participate significantly decreased in relation to private compared to public biobanks, and when access to third-party researchers was allowed compared to when it was not. Somewhat surprisingly, no differences were found in relation to the third party being international compared to Australian, but trust and the intention to participate were significantly eroded when private third parties were allowed access. Those with a university education were particularly distrustful of private biobanks and biobanks that allowed access, while those who were more aware of genetic databases appeared more confident with biobanks sharing with private-sector third parties. b i Conclusion: /i /b The pattern of results suggests that public awareness of the need for biobanks to share their resources widely needs to be increased to maintain public trust and support.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1982
Abstract: At the equator of the fly's eye, between dorsal and ventral eye halves, a systematic, natural addition of photoreceptor terminal input occurs at each of the fixed populations of uniquely identifiable postsynaptic interneurons in each cartridge of the first optic neuropile, or lamina. The equatorial cartridges are identical in composition except in having seven and eight receptor terminals (7R and 8R, respectively), compared with six elsewhere (6R cartridges). The effects of this augmented presynaptic input upon the frequency of the chief afferent class of photoreceptor tetrad synapse were studied compared with control data for 6R cartridges (Nicol and Meinertzhagen, '82). The synapse population size and distribution within five depth levels of the lamina is, on average, approximately constant for all receptor terminals whether from 6R, 7R, or 8R cartridges. The overall determinant of synapse frequency is therefore presynaptic. Small (5-6%) average decreases in synapse frequency per receptor in 7R and 8R cartridges compared with 6R co-vary with similar decreases in membrane area, each synapse occupying a patch of membrane of similar area in all cases. The tetradic postsynaptic composition of synapses was also similar in all cases. Because of the augmented synaptic input to the postsynaptic neurons, a morphometric analysis was undertaken of two (L1 and L2), which receive input as a pair from every synapse. There is the same dendrite number (about 180) in 8R L1/L2 as in 6R L1/L2 but they have different branching patterns, conforming to the different number and configuration of receptor terminals. Thus in an 8R cartridge each terminal is serviced by a comb of fewer dendrites, but each dendrite is longer, fatter, and services more synapses. The area of L1/L2 dendritic membrane exposed is increased, compared with 6R cartridges, in proportion with the number of synapses it participates at postsynaptically, so that all dendrites (6R and 8R) allocate the same mean area (about 0.55 micrometer2) of postsynaptic membrane per synapse.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-09-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1982
Abstract: The photoreceptors terminals of newly enclosed female flies, Musca domestica, have been s led in the first optic neuropile (or lamina) in one of two ways: first, in large number (n = 760) from single sections and second, from serial electron micrographs of the six terminals within each of three cartridges. Both s ling methods concur in assessing the number of synapses established with the two principal monopolar relay interneurons, L1 and L2, within each cartridge. Each receptor is calculated to be presynaptic at about 200 +/- 40 (2 SE) synapses. This value considerably exceeds previous estimates, primarily because we took careful account of the appearance of synapses in different section planes. The number of these synapses correlates highly with the area of receptor terminal presynaptic membrane, so that each synapse is allotted, on average, about 1.6 micrometer2. The synapses are evenly graded in their distribution with an unexplained 23% decrease in both membrane perimeter and synapse number halfway along their receptor terminal's length. The numbers of synapses per receptor did not vary systematically within two horizontal (3 X 20 cartridge) strips of frontal, equatorial lamina s led. In idual synapses are elongate tetrads (Burkhardt and Braitenberg, '76) with two pairs of postsynaptic elements. The first pair is invariably contributed by the interneurons L1 and L2 (one each). The second pair comes either from the alpha processes of an amacrine cell or from a glial cell. In the distal lamina, however, L3 contributes one of the two postsynaptic processes, the second being alpha or glial. The overall ratio of postsynaptic involvement at distal synapses (alpha: glial: L3) is 55%, 20%, and 12% respectively, the remainder being unidentified.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-02-2014
DOI: 10.1093/JLB/LST004
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-06-2017
DOI: 10.1093/JLB/LSX007
Publisher: IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS
Date: 08-07-2013
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-07-2020
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-2004
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 31-08-2019
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-GENOM-083118-015112
Abstract: This review explores the recent ergence in international patent law relating to genes and associated subject matter. This ergence stems primarily from decisions of the highest courts in the United States and Australia on the eligibility of patent claims relating to the BRCA gene sequences. Patent offices, courts, and policy makers have struggled for many years to clearly articulate the bounds of patent claims on isolated and synthetic DNA and related products and processes, including methods for their use in genetic diagnostics. This review provides context to the current ergence by mapping key events in the gene patent journey from the early 1980s onward in five key jurisdictions: the United States, the member states of the European Patent Convention, Australia, Canada, and China. Early approaches to gene patenting had some commonalities across jurisdictions, which makes exploration of the recent ergence all the more interesting.There is insufficient empirical evidence to date to confidently predict the consequences of this recent ergence. However, it could potentially have a significant effect on local industry and on consumer access.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-07-1991
Abstract: Although the ascidian tadpole larva harbors a prospectively valuable prototype of the chordate nervous system, with extensively characterized neural plate cell lineages, the simple cellular composition of the resultant central nervous system (CNS) is not documented in detail. The average total number of cells in the larval CNS of Ciona intestinalis is 335 (range +/- 4, n = 3), 65 or 66 of which reside in the nerve cord of the tail. The estimates were made by tracing and counting the number of nuclei in serial semithin (1 micron) sections cut longitudinally through three larvae, fixed no later than 2 hours after hatching. Within a single fourth larva, L4, 266 cells constituted the CNS in the trunk region of the larva, 45 of which occurred within the visceral ganglion, 215 in the sensory vesicle, and 6 in the neck between the two. Each cell was assigned to one of thirteen categories. Most (182, roughly 68%) are classified as ependymal, a specialized non-neural cell peculiar to embryonic and larval chordates, from their position lining the cavities of the neural tube's elaborations or from clear similarities in the cytological appearance to those that do. Five cells are accessory cells of the sensory structures: three lens cells and a pigment-cup cell in the ocellus, and a single pigment cell in the otolith. Of the remaining 79 cells, 36 are sensory, 17 receptors in the ocellus and 19 presumed hydrostatic pressure receptors these lie on the right and left sides of the sensory vesicle, respectively. Eighteen of the visceral ganglion cells have been tentatively classified as neurons, as have the remaining 25 cells which form two clusters in the posterior region of the sensory vesicle.
Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd
Date: 09-2021
Abstract: Like most health technology innovators, bioprinters are required to traverse a complex landscape featuring varied forms of regulation. This article focuses on one of the most complex aspects: the requirement imposed by regulatory authorities to satisfy them of the safety, efficacy and clinical utility of resultant healthcare products. Satisfaction of such requirements can result in a significant lag between ‘breakthrough’ and clinical delivery. This article examines this aspect of regulation in the USA, Europe and Australia, three leading bioprinting research jurisdictions. In particular, it examines medical devices and medicines categories of regulation, questioning whether a new approach to regulation is required or whether existing product-based regimes are sufficiently adaptive.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S11673-014-9552-1
Abstract: International transfers of human biological material (biospecimens) and data are increasing, and commentators are starting to raise concerns about how donor wishes are protected in such circumstances. These exchanges are generally made under contractual material transfer agreements (MTAs). This paper asks what role, if any, should research ethics committees (RECs) play in ensuring legal and ethical conduct in such exchanges. It is recommended that RECs should play a more active role in the future development of best practice MTAs involving exchange of biospecimens and data and in monitoring compliance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2017
Start Date: 2018
End Date: 2021
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2018
End Date: 2021
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 2007
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2011
End Date: 2014
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 2009
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2014
End Date: 2016
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2002
End Date: 2004
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2012
End Date: 2015
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2012
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2003
End Date: 2003
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2006
End Date: 2007
Funder: Australian Research Council
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