ORCID Profile
0000-0003-4727-4773
Current Organisation
Deakin University
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Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-10-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10101498
Abstract: When commonly consumed mushroom species are exposed to a source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, such as sunlight or a UV l , they can generate nutritionally relevant amounts of vitamin D. The most common form of vitamin D in mushrooms is D2, with lesser amounts of vitamins D3 and D4, while vitamin D3 is the most common form in animal foods. Although the levels of vitamin D2 in UV-exposed mushrooms may decrease with storage and cooking, if they are consumed before the ‘best-before’ date, vitamin D2 level is likely to remain above 10 μg/100 g fresh weight, which is higher than the level in most vitamin D-containing foods and similar to the daily requirement of vitamin D recommended internationally. Worldwide mushroom consumption has increased markedly in the past four decades, and mushrooms have the potential to be the only non-animal, unfortified food source of vitamin D that can provide a substantial amount of vitamin D2 in a single serve. This review examines the current information on the role of UV radiation in enhancing the concentration of vitamin D2 in mushrooms, the effects of storage and cooking on vitamin D2 content, and the bioavailability of vitamin D2 from mushrooms.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2022.133772
Abstract: Vitamin K is vital for normal blood coagulation, and may influence bone, neurological and vascular health. Data on the vitamin K content of Australian foods are limited, preventing estimation of vitamin K intakes in the Australian population. We measured phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinone (MK) -4 to -10 in cheese, yoghurt and meat products (48 composite s les from 288 primary s les) by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. At least one K vitamer was found in every s le. The greatest mean (± standard deviation for foods s led in multiple cities) concentrations of PK (4.9 µg/100 g), MK-4 (58 ± 9 µg/100 g) and MK-9 (8 ± 2 µg/100 g) were found in lamb liver, chicken leg meat and Cheddar cheese, respectively. Cheddar cheese (1.1 ± 0.3 µg/100 g) and cream cheese (1.0 µg/100 g) contained MK-5. MK-8 was found in Cheddar cheese only (4 ± 2 µg/100 g). As the K vitamer profile and concentrations appear to vary considerably by geographical location, Australia needs a vitamin K food composition dataset that is representative of foods consumed in Australia.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-02-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41430-023-01271-1
Abstract: Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has been linked to risk of chronic diseases, with scant evidence in relation to multiple sclerosis (MS). We tested associations between UPF consumption and likelihood of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD) (267 cases, 508 controls), a common precursor to MS. We used data from the 2003–2006 Ausimmune Study and logistic regression with full propensity score matching for age, sex, region of residence, education, smoking history, body mass index, physical activity, history of infectious mononucleosis, dietary misreporting, and total energy intake. Higher UPF consumption was statistically significantly associated with an increased likelihood of FCD (adjusted odds ratio = 1.08 95% confidence interval = 1.0,1.15 p = 0.039), representing an 8% increase in likelihood of FCD per one energy-adjusted serving/day of UPFs. Higher intakes of UPF were associated with increased likelihood of FCD in this Australian cohort. Nutrition education and awareness of healthy eating patterns may benefit those at high risk of FCD.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1093/JN/NXZ089
Abstract: The evidence associating diet and risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between a Mediterranean diet and risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD), a common precursor to MS. We used data from the 2003-2006 Ausimmune Study, an Australian multicenter, case-control study examining environmental risk factors for FCD, with participants matched on age, sex, and study region (282 cases, 558 controls 18-59 y old 78% female). The alternate Mediterranean diet score (aMED) was calculated based on data from a food-frequency questionnaire. We created a modified version of the aMED (aMED-Red) where ∼1 daily serving (65 g) of unprocessed red meat received 1 point. All other components remained the same as aMED. Conditional logistic regression (254 cases, 451 controls) was used to test associations between aMED and aMED-Red scores and categories and risk of FCD, adjusting for history of infectious mononucleosis, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, smoking, education, total energy intake, and dietary underreporting. There was no statistically significant association between aMED and risk of FCD [per 1-SD increase in aMED score: adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.89 95% CI: 0.75, 1.06 P = 0.181]. There was evidence of a nonlinear relation between aMED-Red and risk of FCD when a quadratic term was used (P = 0.016). Compared with the lowest category of aMED-Red, higher categories were significantly associated with reduced risk of FCD, corresponding to a 37% (aOR: 0.63 95% CI: 0.41, 0.98 P = 0.039), 52% (aOR: 0.48 95% CI: 0.28, 0.83 P = 0.009), and 42% (aOR: 0.58 95% CI: 0.35, 0.96 P = 0.034) reduced risk of FCD in categories 2, 3, and 4, respectively. A Mediterranean diet, including unprocessed red meat, was associated with reduced risk of FCD in this Australian adult population. The addition of unprocessed red meat to a Mediterranean diet may be beneficial for those at high risk of MS.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-01-2020
Abstract: Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent worldwide however, analytical bias in the measurement of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations may affect clinical treatment decisions and research. We performed parallel plasma 25(OH)D analyses using the Abbott Architect i2000 chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for paired s les from the same infants at 3 (n = 69), 6 (n = 79) and 12 months (n = 73) of age. To test agreement, we used Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient and corresponding 95% confidence interval, Bland–Altman’s limits of agreement, and Bradley–Blackwood (BB) test. Agreement was high at 3 months (coefficient between difference and mean −0.076 BB F = 0.825 p = 0.440), good at 12 months (−0.25 BB F = 2.41 p = 0.097) but missing at 6 months of age (−0.39 BB F = 12.30 p 0.001). Overall, 18 infants had disparate results based on the cut-off point for vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D 50 nmol/L), particularly at three months, with seven (10%) infants deficient according to CIA but not LC–MS/MS, and four (6%) deficient by LC–MS/MS but not CIA. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the reported 25(OH)D concentration may be influenced by both age and assay type. Physicians and researchers should be aware of these pitfalls when measuring circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in infants and when developing treatment plans based on measured vitamin D status.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-07-2020
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 19-08-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S000711451400186X
Abstract: Despite the importance of skeletal growth during adolescence, there is limited research reporting vitamin D status and its predictors in adolescents. Using prospective data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, we investigated vitamin D status and predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in adolescents. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in the same participants at 14 and 17 years ( n 1045 at both time points). The percentage of adolescents with serum 25(OH)D concentrations 50, 50–74·9 and ≥ 75 nmol/l was reported year-round and by month of blood collection. We examined the predictors of serum 25(OH)D concentrations, including sex, race, month of blood collection, physical activity, BMI, family income, and Ca and vitamin D intakes ( n 919 at 14 years n 570 at 17 years), using a general linear mixed model. At 14 years, 31 % of adolescents had serum 25(OH)D concentrations between 50 and 74·9 nmol/l and a further 4 % had concentrations 50 nmol/l. At 17 years, 40 % of adolescents had serum 25(OH)D concentrations between 50 and 74·9 nmol/l and 12 % had concentrations 50 nmol/l. Caucasian ethnicity, being s led at the end of summer, exercising more, having a lower BMI, a higher Ca intake and a higher family income were significantly associated with higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations. The proportion of adolescents with serum 25(OH)D concentrations 50 nmol/l was low in this Western Australian cohort. There is a need for international consensus on defining adequate vitamin D status in order to determine whether strategies to increase vitamin D status in adolescents are warranted.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-11-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14224820
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease of the central nervous system that is currently incurable. Diet may influence the onset and progression of MS. A variety of literature reviews have been conducted in the field of diet and MS. However, conventional reviews mostly focus on specific topics rather than delivering a holistic view of the literature landscape. Using a data-driven approach, we aimed to provide an overview of the literature on diet and MS, revealing gaps in knowledge. We conducted citation network analysis to identify clusters of all available publications about diet and MS over the past 50 years. We also conducted topic analysis of each cluster and illustrated them in word clouds. Four main clusters were identified from 1626 publications: MS risk and symptom management mouse models of MS gluten sensitivity and dysphagia. Citation network analysis revealed that in this emerging field, articles published after 1991 were more likely to be highly cited. Relatively few studies focused on MS disease progression compared to risk factors, and limited evidence was available for many foods and nutrients in relation to MS. Future studies could focus on filling these identified knowledge gaps.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-06-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41430-018-0252-5
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease with no known cure and insufficient evidence to support a special therapeutic diet to alter symptom management or disease progression. Several studies have reported dietary changes made by people with MS, but there has been limited investigation into experiences surrounding diet in those recently diagnosed. This study explored responses to diet after a recent diagnosis of MS in people living in Western Australia. Eleven adults with MS (mean time since diagnosis 8 months) participated in semi-structured interviews focusing on responses to diet since MS diagnosis. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed using grounded theory principles. Three theme responses emerged (1) the perceived incompatibility of lack of/or generalised dietary advice with disease seriousness at the time of diagnosis (2) extensive personal research and information seeking with difficulty judging credibility, and (3) self-experimentation with diet to either control MS symptoms or to cure MS. Given the seriousness of the disease, there is a perceived gap in dietary information provided at the time of diagnosis. Healthcare professionals should address concerns with alternative therapeutic diets advertised to treat or cure MS, and clearly convey the reasoning for the general healthy dietary recommendations. This would better align advice with the perceptions about the role of diet in MS, assist people with MS in need of information and minimise dietary self-experimentation. Future research should explore the importance of diet for those who have had MS for a longer period of time.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 19-02-2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-02-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9020136
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 16-03-2022
DOI: 10.2196/35137
Abstract: A balanced approach toward sun exposure and protection is needed by young people. Excessive sun exposure increases their risk for skin cancers such as melanoma, whereas some exposure is necessary for vitamin D and healthy bones. We have developed a new iOS smartphone app—Sun Safe—through a co-design process, which aims to support healthy and balanced decision-making by young teenagers (aged 12-13 years). The aim of this study was to test the capacity of Sun Safe to improve sun health knowledge and behaviors of young teenagers in 3 pilot intervention studies completed in 2020. Young teenagers (aged 12-13 years N=57) were recruited through the web or through a local school via an open-access website and given access to Sun Safe (29/57, 51%) or a placebo (SunDial) app (28/57, 49%). Participants completed sun health questionnaires and knowledge quizzes before and after the 6-week intervention (either on the web or in class) and rated the quality of the app they used via a survey. Of the 57 participants, 51 (89%) participants (26, 51% for placebo arm and 25, 49% for the Sun Safe arm) completed these studies, with most ( %) reporting that they used a smartphone to access their designated app either “once a fortnight” or “once/twice in total.” Improved sun health knowledge—particularly about the UV Index—was observed in participants who were given access to Sun Safe compared with those who used the placebo (−6.2 [percentage correct] difference in predicted means, 95% CI –12.4 to –0.03 P=.049 2-way ANOVA). Unexpectedly, there were significantly more sunburn events in the Sun Safe group (relative risk 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-1.8 P=.02 Fisher exact test), although no differences in time spent outdoors or sun-protective behaviors were reported. COVID-19 pandemic–related community-wide shutdowns during April 2020 (when schools were closed) reduced the time spent outdoors by minutes per day (–105 minutes per day difference in predicted means, 95% CI –150 to –59 minutes per day P=.002 paired 2-tailed Student t test). Sun Safe was well-rated by participants, particularly for information (mean 4.2, SD 0.6 out of 5). Access to the Sun Safe app increased sun health knowledge among young teenagers in these pilot intervention studies. Further investigations with larger s le sizes are required to confirm these observations and further test the effects of Sun Safe on sun-protective behaviors.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-05-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JGH.12541
Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s25[OH]D) concentrations are both associated with adiposity and insulin resistance (IR) and thus may be pathogenically linked. We aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adolescents with NAFLD and to investigate the prospective and cross-sectional associations between s25[OH]D concentrations and NAFLD. Participants in the population-based West Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort had seasonally adjusted s25(OH)D concentrations determined at ages 14 and then 17 years. NAFLD was diagnosed at 17 years using liver ultrasonography. Associations were examined after adjusting for potential confounders. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) are reported per standard deviation in s25(OH)D concentrations. NAFLD was present in 16% (156/994) of adolescents. The majority of participants with NAFLD had either insufficient (51%) or deficient (17%) vitamin D status. s25(OH)D concentrations at 17 years were inversely associated with risk of NAFLD (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56, 0.97 P = 0.029), after adjusting for sex, race, physical activity, television/computer viewing, body mass index, and IR. The effect of s25(OH)D concentrations at 17 years was minimally affected after further adjusting for s25(OH)D concentrations at 14 years (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.56, 1.03 P = 0.072). Lower s25(OH)D concentrations are significantly associated with NAFLD, independent of adiposity and IR. Screening for vitamin D deficiency in adolescents at risk of NAFLD is appropriate, and clinical trials investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD may be warranted.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 13-11-2014
Abstract: Results from studies examining associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and depressive symptoms are equivocal. We investigated the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in a cross-sectional analysis of a population-based s le of young adults participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Participants provided a blood s le at the 20-year follow-up (March 2010-April 2012) for the measurement of serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Mental health symptoms were assessed using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and total DASS-21 scores and subscale scores of depression, anxiety and stress were explored in males and females using negative binomial regression, adjusting for age, race, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity ( n=735). Models examining subscale scores were also adjusted for the other subscale scores. After adjusting for confounders, an increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 10 nmol/L decreased total DASS-21 scores in males by 9% (rate ratio (RR) 0.91 95%CI 0.87,0.95 p .001) and depression subscale scores in males by 8% (RR 0.92 95%CI 0.87,0.96 p=0.001). However, in adjusted models there were no significant associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and symptoms of anxiety and stress in males. There were no significant associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in females. We found an association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and symptoms of depression, but not anxiety and stress, in males. Randomised controlled trials are necessary to determine any benefit of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of depressive symptoms in young adults.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-04-2023
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-05-2023
DOI: 10.1177/13524585231167739
Abstract: A pro-inflammatory diet has been posited to induce chronic inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS), and multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS. We examined whether Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII ®) ) scores are associated with measures of MS progression and inflammatory activity. A cohort with a first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination was followed annually (10 years, n = 223). At baseline, 5- and 10-year reviews, DII and energy-adjusted DII (E-DII TM ) scores were calculated (food frequency questionnaire) and assessed as predictors of relapses, annualised change in disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale) and two magnetic resonance imaging measures fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) lesion volume and black hole lesion volume. A more pro-inflammatory diet was associated with a higher relapse risk (highest vs. lowest E-DII quartile: hazard ratio = 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −1.16, 4.33, p = 0.02). When we limited analyses to those assessed on the same manufacturer of scanner and those with a first demyelinating event at study entry (to reduce error and disease heterogeneity), an association between E-DII score and FLAIR lesion volume was evident (β = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.72, p = 0.03). There is a longitudinal association between a higher DII and a worsening in relapse rate and periventricular FLAIR lesion volume in people with MS.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2022.132965
Abstract: The vitamin D content of many Australian game products is unknown. These foods are potential sources of vitamin D for remote-dwelling Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, of whom 39% are vitamin D deficient (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-04-2022
DOI: 10.3390/NU14081577
Abstract: The nutrition recommendation for most common neurological diseases is to follow national dietary guidelines. This is to mitigate malnutrition, reduce the risk of diet-related diseases, and to help manage some common symptoms, including constipation. Nutrition education programs can support people in adhering to guidelines hence the aim of this scoping review was to explore what programs have been implemented for adults with neurological diseases. We conducted this review according to a published a priori protocol. From 2555 articles screened, 13 were included (dementia n = 6 multiple sclerosis n = 4 stroke survivors n = 2 Parkinson’s n = 1). There were no programs for epilepsy, Huntington’s, and motor neurone disease. Program duration and number of sessions varied widely however, weekly delivery was most common. Just over half were delivered by dietitians. Most did not report using a behavior change theory. Commonly used behavior change techniques were instruction on how to perform a behavior, credible source, and behavioral practice/rehearsal. Evidence of nutrition education programs for adults with neurological diseases is lacking. Of those that are published, many do not meet best practice principles for nutrition education regarding delivery, educator characteristics, and evaluation. More programs aligning with best practice principles are needed to assess characteristics that lead to behavior change.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 13-05-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FNEUR.2022.888559
Abstract: The evidence associating consumption of dairy products and risk of MS is contradictory and inconclusive. To test associations between dairy consumption and the likelihood of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD), a common precursor to MS. We used data from the 2003–2006 Ausimmune Study, a population-based Australian, multicentre, matched case-control study (272 cases, 519 controls). Total dairy consumption (servings/day) was calculated by summing consumption of milk, cheese and yogurt. Covariate-adjusted treatment effects using augmented inverse probability weighting was used to test for associations with FCD. We conducted sensitivity analyses in the subset of participants who had had a classic first demyelinating event (FDE), defined as a single, first episode of symptoms suggestive of CNS demyelination. There were no statistically significant associations between total dairy consumption (per one serving/day) and FCD (adjusted OR 1.00 95% CI 0.93, 1.07 p = 0.979). However, yogurt consumption (vs. no yogurt consumption) was associated with an 11% decreased likelihood of FDE (adjusted OR 0.89 95% CI 0.89, 0.79 p = 0.046). While total dairy consumption was not associated with FCD in this Australian case-control study, yogurt consumption was associated with reduced likelihood of FDE.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-06-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9070647
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2019
DOI: 10.1111/PHP.13145
Abstract: Obesity is a significant health problem worldwide. Exposure to low-dose ultraviolet radiation (like that in sunlight) suppresses the development of obesity in mice however, the nature of the associations between sun exposure and adiposity is not well understood in humans. The present study characterized cross-sectional relationships between sun exposure and adiposity in a convenience cohort of breast (n = 269 mean age = 58 years) and prostate (n = 78 mean age = 69 years) cancer patients. Participants were enrolled in a 3-month exercise program in Perth, Australia. Self-reported questionnaires measured time spent outdoors (previous week, winter and summer), sex, age, treatment received and physical activity levels. Adiposity measures included body mass index, waist-hip ratio and body fat percentage (measured via DXA). In unadjusted models, greater time spent outdoors across all times was significantly associated with lower waist-hip ratio, while greater time spent outdoors in the last winter was associated with lower body fat percentage, but not when stratified by sex. There were no statistically significant associations between time spent outdoors and adiposity after adjusting for sex, age, treatments received and physical activity. Longitudinal studies in larger populations may elucidate significant associations not found in our study due to the cross-sectional design and power limitations.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1016/J.MSARD.2022.104415
Abstract: Diet-dependent acid-base load has been associated with worsening in mental health, but to date no study has examined this in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). We examined the association between potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) scores and depression, anxiety, and fatigue in PwMS. Participants with a first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination were followed prospectively as part of the AusLong Study (aged 18-59 years at cohort entry). At baseline, 5- and 10-year reviews, PRAL and NEAP scores were calculated using dietary intake in the preceding 12 months calculated from a food frequency questionnaire. At 5- and 10-year reviews, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess depression and anxiety, and the Fatigue Severity Scale assessed fatigue. Higher PRAL and NEAP scores were associated with increased subsequent absolute value and change in HADS depression scores over five years' follow-up (e.g., highest vs lowest PRAL quartile, 5-year change in HADS-D score: β=+3.01, 95%CI= 1.54, 4.48, p<0.001). The level of depression at the 10-year review was determined by both the baseline dietary acid scores and baseline-5-year changes in dietary acid scores (e.g., PRAL change from baseline to 5-year review, 10-year review HADS-D score: β=+0.09, 95%CI= 0.03, 0.15, p<0.001, NEAP change from baseline to 5-year review, 10-year review HADS-D score: β=+0.07, 95%CI= 0.01, 0.14, p=0.03). Some associations were observed with anxiety and fatigue but were much weaker and less consistent. Our findings indicate that a higher dietary acid load potentially has a long-term influence on the level of depression in PwMS. The evidence is less convincing for anxiety and fatigue.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-08-2019
Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations nmol/L) is a public health issue in Australia and internationally. Those with darker skin require a greater dose of ultraviolet B radiation from sunlight than those with paler skin to synthesise adequate amounts of vitamin D. Using data from the 2011–2013 Australian Health Survey, we investigated the prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in African immigrants aged ≥18 years living in Australia (n = 236). Serum 25(OH)D was measured using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method that is certified to international reference measurement procedures. Poisson regression was used to investigate independent predictors of vitamin D deficiency. A total of 36% of adults were vitamin D deficient (35% of men, 37% of women). The prevalence ratio (PR) of vitamin D deficiency decreased by 2% per year of age (PR 0.98 95% CI (0.97, 0.99) p = 0.004) and was 1.6 times higher in those with low/sedentary, compared to moderate/high, physical activity levels (PR 1.64 95% CI (1.12, 2.39) p = 0.011). The greatest risk was for those assessed during winter/spring compared with summer/autumn (PR 1.89 95% CI (1.33, 2.64) p 0.001). Culturally appropriate messaging on safe sun exposure and dietary vitamin D is warranted in order to promote vitamin D sufficiency in African immigrants living in Australia.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-07-2020
Abstract: Dietary patterns and their association with subsequent clinical course have not been well studied in early multiple sclerosis (MS). To describe dietary patterns in people in 5 years following first clinical demyelination and assess associations with MS conversion and relapse. This study included baseline food frequency questionnaire dietary intake (entry to the Ausimmune Study) and 5-year follow-up iterated principal factor analysis was applied. MS conversion and relapse risks were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, study site, education, body mass index (BMI), smoking and omega-3 supplement use. In cases with a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, we identified three major dietary patterns, ‘Prudent’, ‘High-Vegetable’ and ‘Mixed’, explaining 43%, 37% and 24% of diet variance in dietary intake, respectively. Fruits, vegetables, fish, wholegrains and nuts loaded highly on the Prudent pattern, starchy vegetables and legumes on the High-Vegetable pattern, and meats and alcohol on the Mixed pattern. Diet factor scores were not associated with MS conversion risk. Those with baseline Prudent scores above the median had significantly lower relapse risk (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37, 0.81) with some evidence of a plateau effect. Prudent diet factor score above the median was prospectively associated with lower relapse risk in the 5 years following the first clinical demyelinating event.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-03-2023
Abstract: Fresh mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation prior to drying generate high concentrations of vitamin D2. The aim of this study was to determine the retention of D vitamers in mushrooms that were pulse UV irradiated, then air dried, and stored for up to 12 months. Fresh button mushrooms (A. bisporus) were exposed to pulsed UV radiation (dose 200 mJ/cm2, peak of 17.5 W/cm2), air dried and vacuum sealed before being stored in the dark at room temperature. After storage, s les were freeze dried and quantified for D vitamers using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. After 3, 6 and 12 months of storage, there was 100% (11.0 ± 0.8 µg/g dry weight (DW), 93% (10.1 ± 0.6 µg/g DW) and 58% (5.5 ± 0.6 µg/g DW) retention of vitamin D2 and 88% (0.14 ± 0.01 µg/g DW), 71% (0.11 ± 0.01 µg/g DW) and 68% (0.1 ± 0.01 µg/g DW) retention of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2), respectively. Compared to the irradiated dried mushrooms that were not stored, the D vitamer concentration was statistically significantly lower (p 0.05) at 6 and 12 months for 25(OH)D2 and at 12 months for vitamin D2. Sufficient vitamin D2 (99 µg) remained after 12 months storage to provide at least 100% of daily dietary vitamin D requirements in a 20 g serving.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-10-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1741-6612.2008.00324.X
Abstract: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition and investigate nutritional issues in a s le of older people living in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). This study forms the descriptive component of a pretest post-test designed study conducted in eight RACFs. The Subject Global Assessment tool was used to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in 350 residents. Nearly 70% of residents were women and 79.4% of all residents were classified as high care. Half the residents were well nourished (50.5%) with 43.1% moderately malnourished and 6.4% severely malnourished. Prevalence of malnutrition was significantly higher for residents receiving higher level care (odds ratio (OR) = 2.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7-5.2 P < 0.001)) and older than 90 years (OR = 3.0 (95% CI: 1.8-5.1 P < 0.001)). Of the residents considered to be malnourished, very few (17.8%) had been seen by a dietitian in the past 6 months or were receiving commercial supplements (29.2%). There is a need for systematic, coordinated and multidisciplinary approaches to nutritional care for older people in residential care.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 03-02-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.MSARD.2021.103428
Abstract: While a number of studies have examined associations between dietary factors and risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), little is known about intakes of inflammation-modulating foods and nutrients and risk of MS. To test associations between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination (FCD) (267 cases, 507 controls) using data from the Ausimmune Study. The 2003-2006 Ausimmune Study was a multicentre, matched, case-control study examining environmental risk factors for an FCD, a common precursor to MS. The DII is a well-recognised tool that categorises in iduals' diets on a continuum from maximally anti-inflammatory to maximally pro-inflammatory. The DII score was calculated from dietary intake data collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between DII and FCD separately for men and women. In women, a higher DII score was associated with increased likelihood of FCD, with a 17% increase in likelihood of FCD per one-unit increase in DII score (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.33). There was no association between DII and FCD in men (adjusted odds ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.73-1.07). These findings suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increased likelihood of FCD in women.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-10-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114520003931
Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration nmol/l) is recognised as a public health problem globally. The present study details the prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in a nationally representative s le ( n 3250) of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults aged ≥18 years. We used data from the 2012–2013 Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (AATSIHS). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. Survey-weighted logistic regression models were used to determine the independent predictors of vitamin D deficiency. Approximately 27 % of adult AATSIHS participants were vitamin D deficient. Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in remote areas (39 %) than in non-remote areas (23 %). Independent predictors of vitamin D deficiency included assessment during winter (men, adjusted OR (aOR) 5·7 95 % CI 2·2, 14·6 women, aOR 2·2 95 % CI 1·3, 3·8) and spring (men, aOR 3·3 95 % CI 1·4, 7·5 women, aOR 2·6 95 % CI 1·5, 4·5) compared with summer, and obesity (men, aOR 2·6 95 % CI 1·2, 5·4 women, aOR 4·3 95 % CI 2·8, 6·8) compared with healthy weight. Statistically significant associations were evident for current smokers (men only, aOR 2·0 95 % CI 1·2, 3·4), remote-dwelling women (aOR 2·0 95 % CI 1·4, 2·9) and university-educated women (aOR 2·4 95 % CI 1·2, 4·8). Given the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this population, strategies to maintain adequate vitamin D status through safe sun exposure and dietary approaches are needed.
Publisher: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)
Date: 23-07-2014
Abstract: To investigate the association between serum vitamin D levels and myopia in young adults. A total of 946 in iduals participating in the 20-year follow-up of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study were included in this study. Ethnicity, parental myopia, and education status were ascertained by self-reported questionnaire. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed, including postcycloplegic autorefraction and conjunctival UV autofluorescence photography. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) concentrations were determined using mass spectrometry. The association between serum 25(OH)D₃ concentrations and prevalent myopia was determined using multivariable logistic regression. Myopia was defined as mean spherical equivalent ≤ -0.5 diopters. Of the 946 participants, 221 (23.4%) had myopia (n = 725 nonmyopic). Myopic subjects had lower serum 25(OH)D₃ concentrations compared to nonmyopic participants (median 67.6 vs. 72.5 nmol, P = 0.003). In univariable analysis, lower serum 25(OH)D₃ concentration was associated with higher risk of having myopia (odds ratio [OR] for <50 vs. ≥50 nmol/L: 2.63 confidence interval [95% CI] 1.71-4.05 P < 0.001). This association persisted after adjustment for potential confounders, including age, sex, ethnicity, parental myopia, education status, and ocular sun-exposure biomarker score (adjusted OR 2.07 95% CI 1.29-3.32 P = 0.002). Myopic participants had significantly lower 25(OH)D₃ concentrations. The prevalence of myopia was significantly higher in in iduals with vitamin D deficiency compared to the in iduals with sufficient levels. Longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate whether higher serum 25(OH)D₃ concentration is protective against myopia or whether it is acting as a proxy for some other biologically effective consequence of sun exposure.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-04-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516001185
Abstract: Evidence associating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors is inconsistent and studies have largely been conducted in adult populations. We examined the prospective associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors from adolescence to young adulthood in the West Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, BMI, homoeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), TAG, HDL-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured at the 17-year ( n 1015) and 20-year ( n 1117) follow-ups. Hierarchical linear mixed models with maximum likelihood estimation were used to investigate associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors, accounting for potential confounders. In males and females, respectively, mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 73·6 ( sd 28·2) and 75·4 ( sd 25·9) nmol/l at 17 years and 70·0 ( sd 24·2) and 74·3 ( sd 26·2) nmol/l at 20 years. Deseasonalised serum 25(OH)D 3 concentrations were inversely associated with BMI (coefficient −0·01 95 % CI −0·03, −0·003 P =0·014). No change over time was detected in the association for males for females, the inverse association was stronger at 20 years compared with 17 years. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with log-HOMA-IR (coefficient −0·002 95 % CI −0·003, −0·001 P ·001) and positively associated with log-TAG in females (coefficient 0·002 95 % CI 0·0008, 0·004 P =0·003). These associations did not vary over time. There were no significant associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and HDL-cholesterol or SBP. Clinical trials in those with insufficient vitamin D status may be warranted to determine any beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance, while monitoring for any deleterious effect on TAG.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
Abstract: Food fortification is a potentially effective public health strategy to increase vitamin D intakes and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. We updated a previous systematic review to evaluate current evidence from randomized controlled intervention studies in community-dwelling adults of the effect of fortified foods on 25(OH)D concentrations. Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled intervention studies with vitamin D-fortified foods in free-living adults and data on circulating 25(OH)D. Two reviewers independently screened 441 papers for eligibility and extracted the relevant data. A meta-analysis of the absolute mean change in circulating 25(OH)D concentrations was conducted using a random effects model. Sixteen studies from 15 publications were included, of which 14 showed a significant effect of fortified foods on 25(OH)D concentrations. Heterogeneity was high (P = <0.0001, I(2) = 89%) and was partly explained by dose, latitude (range, 3-60°), and baseline 25(OH)D (range, 24.0-83.6 nmol/L). When combined in a random effects analysis (n = 1513 767 treated, 746 controls), a mean in idual intake of ~11 μg/d (440 IU/d) from fortified foods (range, 3-25 μg/d) increased 25(OH)D by 19.4 nmol/L (95% CI: 13.9, 24.9), corresponding to a 1.2 nmol/L (95% CI: 0.72, 1.68) increase in 25(OH)D for each 1 μg ingested. Vitamin D food fortification increases circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in community-dwelling adults. Safe and effective food-based strategies could increase 25(OH)D across the population distribution and prevent vitamin D deficiency with potential benefit for public health.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 23-03-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FDGTH.2021.626606
Abstract: Despite education about the risks of excessive sun exposure, teenagers in Australia are sun-seeking, with sunburn common in summer. Conversely, some regular (time-limited) exposure to sunlight (that avoids sunburn) is necessary for vitamin D and healthy bones and other molecules important for immune and metabolic health. New interventions are thus required to better support teenagers to make healthy and balanced decisions about their sun behaviors. This paper describes the development of a prototype online tool—a smartphone app—that aimed to foster safe sun practices in teenagers. We recruited young adolescents (aged 12–13 years, n = 24) as “co-researchers” to provide ongoing input into the nature and design of the online tool. This age group was selected, as it is a critical time when young people transition from primary education, where “SunSmart” behaviors are entrenched in Australian schools, to high school, where risky behaviors emerge. Through a series of interviews and workshops, we codesigned an Apple iOS smartphone app with the co-researchers, leading health promotion professionals, researchers, and app designers. The developed app, Sun Safe , contains educational content relevant to teenagers about safe sun behaviors, complemented by other features requested by co-researchers and stakeholders to help engage young people, including gamified quizzes to test their sun health knowledge, real-time weather data on the UV Index and temperature, a sunscreen application timer, and reminders to check the UV Index. The developed prototype app was rated well by co-researchers, suggesting it is suitable for further feasibility and efficacy testing as an intervention tool to improve knowledge and promote safe sun behaviors by young adolescents.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2010
Abstract: The European Food Information Resource (EuroFIR) network has established the eBASIS (Bioactive Substances in Food Information System) online food composition and biological effects database for plant-derived bioactive compounds (phytochemicals). On the basis of submitted evidence, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) expert panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies assesses whether claims made under articles 13.1, 13.5 or 14 of the Regulation (EC) 1924/2006, which governs the use of nutrition and health claims on foods, are scientifically justified. This report evaluates the eBASIS biological effects database in the preparation and evaluation of health claims dossiers. The eBASIS biological effects database is a compilation of expert-evaluated data extracted from the literature, prioritizing human intervention studies to investigate health effects of phytochemicals. Currently included are >750 records from 445 studies providing data on 56 validated biomarkers, mainly relating to cardio-metabolic and bone health outcomes. The data cover 144 bioactive compounds from 17 compound classes. Using the EFSA Register of Questions and the database of general function health claims, we identified claims relating to phytochemicals made under articles 13.1, 13.5 and 14 and compared them with the eBASIS database to identify overlap between them. The EFSA online health claims database contains 4240 submissions under article 13.1, of which 2157 pertain to plants or plant-based bioactive compounds 496 of these relate to plants or bioactive compounds included in the eBASIS biological effects database. Out of the 18 current 13.5 'new function' claims on EFSA's register of questions, 7 are for plants or plant-based bioactive compounds, of which 6 are included in eBASIS. Of the 222 defined article 14 claims, 21 pertain to plants or plant-based bioactive compounds, of which 19 are in eBASIS. There is extensive overlap between eBASIS and the submitted health claims that relate to plant-based bioactive compounds. EuroFIR eBASIS is a useful tool for regulators to independently check completeness of health claims applications relating to phytochemicals and is a potentially valuable resource to assist claimants in the compilation of dossiers on functional foods and health claims.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-10-2019
Abstract: The Australian Health Survey 2011 to 2013 indicated that Western Australian women had good iodine status, suggesting adequate consumption of iodine from food, however, little is known about pregnant women in this state. The aim was to investigate the iodine-containing food practices of Western Australian pregnant women. Pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at a public tertiary hospital in Perth, Western Australia, were invited to complete a questionnaire investigating consumption of key iodine food sources and knowledge of iodine-containing foods. Food frequency data were entered into FoodWorks based on the Australian Food and Nutrition Database 2007. A total of 425 women took part in the study with a mean (SD) age of 29.4 (5.5) years. Sixty percent of women reported consuming bread at least daily. Only 37.6% of women used iodised salt, but the median (25, 75 percentile) iodine intake of these women was 183 (142, 267) μg/day compared to 148 (100, 228) μg/day of iodine from food only. Ethnicity was associated with iodised salt use: 76% of Asian women compared with 33% of Caucasian women. Three quarters of the women did not know if any foods are required to be fortified with iodine. The iodine-containing food practices of pregnant women in this state suggest a risk of insufficiency. The present study is limited by the use of a semi-quantitative and non-validated food frequency questionnaire, thus assessment of the iodine intake and status of pregnant women representative of the ethnic mix of Western Australia is recommended.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-01-2021
DOI: 10.1111/AOS.14709
Abstract: To investigate the relationship between time spent outdoors, at particular ages in childhood and adolescence, and myopia status in young adulthood using serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration as a biomarker of time spent outdoors. Participants of the Raine Study Generation 2 cohort had 25(OH)D concentrations measured at the 6‐, 14‐, 17‐ and 20‐year follow‐ups. Participants underwent cycloplegic autorefraction at age 20 years, and myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent −0.50 dioptres or more myopic. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between risk of myopia at age 20 years and age‐specific 25(OH)D concentrations. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to analyse trajectory of 25(OH)D concentrations from 6 to 20 years. After adjusting for sex, race, parental myopia, body mass index and studying status, myopia at 20 years was associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration at 20 years (per 10 nmol/L decrease, odds ratio (aOR)=1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.18) and a low vitamin D status [25(OH)D 50 nmol/L] at 17 years (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.76) and 20 years (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.56), compared to those without low vitamin D status. There were no associations between 25(OH)D at younger ages and myopia. In iduals who were myopic at 20 years had a 25(OH)D concentration trajectory that declined, relative to non‐myopic peers, with increasing age. Differences in 25(OH)D trajectory between in iduals with and without myopia were greater among non‐Caucasians compared to Caucasians. Myopia in young adulthood was most strongly associated with recent 25(OH)D concentrations, a marker of time spent outdoors.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSBMB.2022.106060
Abstract: Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration is a recognised risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). Associations with vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D binding globulin (VDBG) have not been widely studied. We assessed the association between vitamin D metabolites (25(OH)D
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
Abstract: Food fortification could be an effective method of increasing vitamin D intakes and preventing deficiency with minimal risk of excessive dosing. Secular trends in vitamin D intakes were examined over a 10-y period. We compared vitamin D intakes among 18- to 64-y-old adults from the base diet, fortified foods, and supplements in 2 nationally representative dietary surveys in 1999 and 2009 implemented using the same methodology. There was a slight increase in the median (IQR) intake of vitamin D from 2.9 (3.2) to 3.5 (3.7) μg/d (mean ± SD, 4.3 ± 4.0 to 5.0 ± 6.4 μg). The median (IQR) intake from the base diet was 2.3 (1.6) μg/d in 1999 and 2.1 (1.8) μg/d in 2009. In vitamin D supplement users, median (IQR) intakes were 7.6 (6.7) and 8.7 (7.2) μg/d and the prevalence of inadequacy decreased from 67% to 57% in 2009. Although the consumption of vitamin D-containing supplements was similar in the 2 surveys (17% and 16%), the use of calcium-vitamin D supplements increased from 3% to 10% among women aged 50-64 y. The prevalence of fortified food consumption was also similar at 60%, and median (IQR) vitamin D intakes in consumers were 2.9 (2.2) and 3.7 (2.9) μg/d in 1999 and 2009, respectively. Mathematical modeling of food fortification using modified vitamin D composition data showed that there is potential to increase vitamin D intakes at the lower end of the distribution, without increasing the risk of exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. We report small increases in vitamin D intakes among Irish adults over a decade of focus on vitamin D and in the context of a voluntary fortification policy. Strategic management of vitamin D in the food supply is required to yield measurable benefits.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-01-2014
DOI: 10.3390/NU6010342
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1038/AJG.2013.95
Abstract: Poor dietary habits have been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) however, little is known about the role of specific dietary patterns in the development of NAFLD. We examined prospective associations between dietary patterns and NAFLD in a population-based cohort of adolescents. Participants in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study completed a food frequency questionnaire at 14 years and had liver ultrasound at 17 years (n=995). Healthy and Western dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis and all participants received a z-score for these patterns. Prospective associations between the dietary pattern scores and risk of NAFLD were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. NAFLD was present in 15.2% of adolescents. A higher Western dietary pattern score at 14 years was associated with a greater risk of NAFLD at 17 years (odds ratio (OR) 1.59 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-2.14 P<0.005), although these associations were no longer significant after adjusting for body mass index at 14 years. However, a healthy dietary pattern at 14 years appeared protective against NAFLD at 17 years in centrally obese adolescents (OR 0.63 95% CI 0.41-0.96 P=0.033), whereas a Western dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD. A Western dietary pattern at 14 years in a general population s le was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD at 17 years, particularly in obese adolescents. In centrally obese adolescents with NAFLD, a healthy dietary pattern may be protective, whereas a Western dietary pattern may increase the risk.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 29-01-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521000416
Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures. Assuming this association is causal, we aimed to identify the number and proportion of hospitalisations for falls and hip fractures attributable to vitamin D deficiency (25 hydroxy D (25(OH)D) nmol/l) in Australians aged ≥65 years. We used 25(OH)D data from the 2011/12 Australian Health Survey and relative risks from published meta-analyses to calculate population-attributable fractions for falls and hip fracture. We applied these to data published by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare to calculate the number of events each year attributable to vitamin D deficiency. In men and women combined, 8·3 % of hospitalisations for falls (7991 events) and almost 8 % of hospitalisations for hip fractures (1315 events) were attributable to vitamin D deficiency. These findings suggest that, even in a sunny country such as Australia, vitamin D deficiency contributes to a considerable number of hospitalisations as a consequence of falls and for treatment of hip fracture in older Australians in countries where the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is higher, the impact will be even greater. It is important to mitigate vitamin D deficiency, but whether this should occur through supplementation or increased sun exposure needs consideration of the benefits, harms, practicalities and costs of both approaches.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 12-08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.MSARD.2022.103910
Abstract: Many people with multiple sclerosis (MS) modify their dietary intake post diagnosis, but there is little evidence that dietary modifications influence MS outcomes. People with a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination were followed annually for 10 years. Depression, anxiety, and fatigue were assessed at the 5-and 10-year reviews using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale, respectively. Dietary intake in the preceding 12 months was assessed at baseline, and 5-and 10-year reviews using a food frequency questionnaire. We used the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) and the Diet Quality Tracker (DQT) to assess diet quality. A higher diet quality in the previous 12 months using the ARFS score, but not the DQT, was associated with lower levels of depression (e.g., highest vs lowest quartile: β=-1.35,95%CI=-2.44,-0.26,p=0.01), but neither score was associated with anxiety or fatigue. After assessing diet quality prospectively with outcomes five years later, we found that higher ARFS score, but not DQT score, was associated with lower levels of subsequent anxiety and depression (highest vs lowest quartile Anxiety: β=-1.61,95%CI=-2.76,-0.46,p=0.01, Depression: β=-1.25,95%CI=-2.44,-0.07,p=0.04), but not fatigue. No associations were observed between diet quality and subsequent change in depression and anxiety over five years, although an association was observed between diet quality and change in fatigue (e.g., highest vs lowest DQT quartile: β=-1.06,95%CI=-1.92,-0.21,p=0.02). When examining the cumulative effect of diet quality across the study period with our 10-year outcomes, only the cumulative DQT score was associated with depression but not anxiety or fatigue. We found significant inverse associations between diet quality and depression and anxiety, but the effect sizes were modest and there was a lack of consistency between the two diet quality measures (ARFS and DQT). A diet measure that correlates with diet quality might underlie our observed associations.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 27-02-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980013000359
Abstract: To describe vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers and the contribution from supplements and fortified foods in addition to the base diet. Analysis of 7 d weighed food records collected during the Children's and Teens’ National Nutrition Surveys in Ireland. Food composition data for vitamin D were updated from international analytical sources. Nationally representative cross-sectional dietary surveys. Children ( n 594 5–12 years) and teenagers ( n 441 13–17 years). Median vitamin D intakes were 1·9, 2·1 and 2·4 μg/d in 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds, respectively. The prevalence of vitamin D-containing supplement use was 21, 16 and 15 % in 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds and median intakes in users ranged from 6·0 to 6·7 μg/d. The prevalence of inadequate intakes, defined as the percentage with mean daily intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement of 10 μg/d, ranged from 88 to 96 % in supplement users. Foods fortified with vitamin D, mainly breakfast cereals, fat spreads and milk, were consumed by 71, 70 and 63 % of 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds. Non-supplement users who consumed vitamin D-fortified foods had median intakes of 1·9–2·5 μg/d, compared with 1·2–1·4 μg/d in those who did not consume fortified foods. It is currently not possible for children consuming the habitual diet to meet the US Institute of Medicine dietary reference intake for vitamin D. In the absence of nationally representative 25-hydroxyvitamin D data in children, the implications of this observation for prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and health consequences are speculative.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.4375853
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2017
Abstract: There is widespread concern about the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency amid evidence to support that such a state may increase the risk of a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Estimating the prevalence of deficiency, as well as establishing linksto health outcomes, requires the accurate and precise measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in serum or plasma. Accurate measurement of 25(OH)D underlies the definitions of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency and, thus, prevalence estimates. Imprecise measurement of 25(OH)D in epidemiological research can result in incorrect null findingsof associations with disease. When associations withdisease are found, the inaccuracy of measurement forestalls defining the absolute level of 25(OH)D thatis associated with increased risk. For the clinician,both inaccuracy and imprecision are problematic, because clinical care is most often based on a single measurement to define vitamin D status. New initiatives to develop a standard reference method and the assignment of “true” values to s les provide a solution to these problems. The use of standardized assays in large population studies will allow comparisons to be made between populations and over time that have not previously been possible and will improve our understanding of the role of vitaminD in health and disease.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-05-2015
DOI: 10.3390/NU7053219
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41430-019-0476-Z
Abstract: The evidence for diet as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) is inconclusive. We examined the associations between fish consumption and risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD), a common precursor to MS. The 2003-2006 Ausimmune Study was a case-control study examining environmental risk factors for FCD, with participants recruited from four regions of Australia and matched on age, sex, and study region. Dietary intake data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire. We used conditional logistic regression models to test associations between fish consumption (total, tinned, grilled, and fried) and risk of FCD (249 cases and 438 controls), adjusting for history of infectious mononucleosis, smoking, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, socio-economic status, omega-3 supplement use, dietary under-reporting, and total energy intake. Higher total fish consumption (per 30 g/day, equivalent to two serves/week) was associated with an 18% reduced risk of FCD (AOR 0.82 95% CI 0.70, 0.97). While we found no statistically significant associations between grilled and fried fish consumption and risk of FCD, higher tinned fish consumption (per 30 g/day) was associated with a 41% reduced risk of FCD (AOR 0.59 95% CI 0.39, 0.89). Tinned fish is predominantly oily, whereas grilled and fried fish are likely to be a combination of oily and white types. Oily fish is high in vitamin D and very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, both of which may be beneficial in relation to MS.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 28-07-2020
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-11-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014002432
Abstract: Adequate Zn and Mg intakes may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. We aimed to investigate the prospective association between dietary intakes of Zn and Mg and internalising and externalising behaviour problems in a population-based cohort of adolescents. Prospective analysis (general linear mixed models) of dietary intakes of Zn and Mg assessed using a validated FFQ and mental health symptoms assessed using the Youth Self-Report (YSR), adjusting for sex, physical activity, family income, supplement status, dietary misreporting, BMI, family functioning and energy intake. Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Adolescents ( n 684) at the 14- and 17-year follow-ups. Higher dietary intake of Mg (per sd increase) was significantly associated with reduced externalising behaviours ( β =−1·45 95 % CI −2·40, −0·50 P =0·003). There was a trend towards reduced externalising behaviours with higher Zn intake (per sd increase β =−0·73 95 % CI −1·57, 0·10 P =0·085). The study shows an association between higher dietary Mg intake and reduced externalising behaviour problems in adolescents. We observed a similar trend, although not statistically significant, for Zn intake. Randomised controlled trials are necessary to determine any benefit of micronutrient supplementation in the prevention and treatment of mental health problems in adolescents.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-01-2021
Abstract: There is little evidence on the role of diet in childhood/adolescence and multiple sclerosis (MS) in adulthood. The MS Sunshine Study recruited adults with recent-onset MS ( n = 602) and matched controls ( n = 653). Of these, 84% provided dietary recall for specific ages between childhood and young adulthood (6–10, 11–15 and 16–20 years). We used logistic regression to test associations between age-specific diet and case-control status. Consumption of fruit (all ages), yoghurt (all ages) and legumes (11–15 years) was associated with lower probability of adult-onset MS (all p 0.05). These results suggest that healthy dietary habits between childhood and young adulthood may reduce MS risk.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S12603-009-0251-2
Abstract: To investigate the impact of a train-the-trainer program on the nutritional status of older people in residential care. Prospective, randomized controlled study. Eight nursing homes in Southeast Queensland, Australia. A total of 352 residents participated - 245 were female (69.6%). The mean age was 84.2 years and the majority (79.4%) were classified as high dependency. Residents from four nursing homes were randomly selected for a nutrition education program coordinated by Nutrition Coordinators. Residents from the other four nursing homes (control) received usual care. The Subjective Global Assessment was used to determine prevalence of malnutrition at baseline and six months post intervention. The Resident Classification Scale measured functional dependency. Prescribed diet, fluids, oral hygiene status and allied health referrals were obtained by chart audit. Approximately half the residents were well nourished with 49.4% moderately or severely malnourished. Residents in the intervention group were more likely to maintain or improve their nutritional status compared with the control group who were more likely to experience a deterioration (P=0.027). The odds of the control group being malnourished post test was 1.6 times more likely compared with the intervention group but this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.1). The results of the study encourage the implementation of a Nutrition Coordinator program to maintain nutritional status of aged care residents. Nevertheless, malnutrition rates continue to be unacceptably high. In a rapidly aging society, the aged care sector needs to confront malnutrition and provide better resources for staff to take measures against this problem.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-08-2019
Abstract: The evidence associating diet and risk of multiple sclerosis is inconclusive. We investigated associations between dietary patterns and risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination, a common precursor to multiple sclerosis. We used data from the 2003–2006 Ausimmune Study, a case–control study examining environmental risk factors for a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination, with participants matched on age, sex and study region. Using data from a food frequency questionnaire, dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Conditional logistic regression models ( n = 698, 252 cases, 446 controls) were adjusted for history of infectious mononucleosis, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, smoking, race, education, body mass index and dietary misreporting. We identified two major dietary patterns – healthy (high in poultry, fish, eggs, vegetables, legumes) and Western (high in meat, full-fat dairy low in wholegrains, nuts, fresh fruit, low-fat dairy), explaining 9.3% and 7.5% of variability in diet, respectively. A one-standard deviation increase in the healthy pattern score was associated with a 25% reduced risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (adjusted odds ratio 0.75 95% confidence interval 0.60, 0.94 p = 0.011). There was no statistically significant association between the Western dietary pattern and risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination. Following healthy eating guidelines may be beneficial for those at high risk of multiple sclerosis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.BBI.2018.01.002
Abstract: Observational studies suggest that dietary patterns may impact mental health outcomes, although biologically plausible pathways are yet to be tested. We aimed to elucidate the longitudinal relationship between dietary patterns, adiposity, inflammation and mental health including depressive symptoms in a population-based cohort of adolescents. Data were provided from 843 adolescents participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study at 14 and 17 years (y) of age. Structural equation modelling was applied to test our hypothesised models relating dietary patterns, energy intake and adiposity (body mass index) at 14 y to adiposity and the pro-inflammatory adipokine (leptin) and inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein - hs-CRP) at 17 y, and these inflammatory markers to depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) and Internalising and Externalising Behavioral Problems (Child Behavior Check List Youth Self- Report) at 17 y. We further tested a reverse hypothesis model, with depression at 14 y as a predictor of dietary patterns at the same time-point. The tested models provided a good fit to the data. A 'Western' dietary pattern (high intake of red meat, takeaway, refined foods, and confectionary) at 14 y was associated with higher energy intake and BMI at 14 y, and with BMI and biomarkers of inflammation at 17 y (all p < .05). A 'Healthy' dietary pattern (high in fruit, vegetables, fish, whole-grains) was inversely associated with BMI and inflammation at 17 y (p < .05). Higher BMI at 14 y was associated with higher BMI (p < .01), leptin (p < .05), hs-CRP (p < .05), depressive symptoms (p < .05) and mental health problems (p < .05), all at 17 y. A 'Western' dietary pattern associates with an increased risk of mental health problems including depressive symptoms in adolescents, through biologically plausible pathways of adiposity and inflammation, whereas a 'Healthy' dietary pattern appears protective in these pathways. Longitudinal modelling into adulthood is indicated to confirm the complex associations of dietary patterns, adiposity, inflammation and mental health problems, including depressive symptoms.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
DOI: 10.1093/JN/NXAB180
Abstract: Low vitamin D status is a global public health issue that vitamin D food fortification and biofortification may help to alleviate. We investigated the effect of vitamin D food fortification and biofortification on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. We expanded the scope of earlier reviews to include adults and children, to evaluate effects by vitamin D vitamer, and investigate linear and nonlinear dose-response relations. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and gray and unpublished literature sites for randomized controlled trials, including people of all ages, with the criteria: absence of illness affecting vitamin D absorption, duration ≥4 wk, equivalent placebo food control, dose quantification, dose ≥5 μg/d, baseline and endpoint or absolute change in 25(OH)D concentrations reported, random allocation, and participant blinding. Quality was assessed using the Jadad Scale. Data from 34 publications (2398 adults: 1345 intervention, 1053 controls 1532 children: 970 intervention, 562 controls) were included. Random-effects meta-analysis of all studies combined (mean dose 16.2 μg/d) indicated a pooled treatment effect of 21.2 nmol/L (95% CI: 16.2, 26.2), with a greater effect for studies using cholecalciferol than ergocalciferol. Heterogeneity was high (I2 > 75%). Metaregression analyses for all studies combined suggested positive effect differences for baseline circulating 25(OH)D concentrations <50 nmol/L, dose ≥10 μg/d and a negative effect difference when the intervention arm included a calcium dose ≥500 mg/d greater than the control arm. Dose-response rates were found to be nonlinear (Wald test for nonlinearity P < 0.001). For all studies combined, a threshold occurred at ∼26 nmol/L for a dose of ∼21 μg/d. These results support use of vitamin D food fortification to improve circulating 25(OH)D circulations in populations. This work was registered with PROSPERO as CRD42020145497.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-02-2008
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-07-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10070876
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 22-11-2021
Abstract: balanced approach toward sun exposure and protection is needed by young people. Excessive sun exposure increases their risk for skin cancers such as melanoma, whereas some exposure is necessary for vitamin D and healthy bones. We have developed a new iOS smartphone app—Sun Safe—through a co-design process, which aims to support healthy and balanced decision-making by young teenagers (aged 12-13 years). he aim of this study was to test the capacity of Sun Safe to improve sun health knowledge and behaviors of young teenagers in 3 pilot intervention studies completed in 2020. oung teenagers (aged 12-13 years N=57) were recruited through the web or through a local school via an open-access website and given access to Sun Safe (29/57, 51%) or a placebo (SunDial) app (28/57, 49%). Participants completed sun health questionnaires and knowledge quizzes before and after the 6-week intervention (either on the web or in class) and rated the quality of the app they used via a survey. f the 57 participants, 51 (89%) participants (26, 51% for placebo arm and 25, 49% for the Sun Safe arm) completed these studies, with most (& %) reporting that they used a smartphone to access their designated app either “once a fortnight” or “once/twice in total.” Improved sun health knowledge—particularly about the UV Index—was observed in participants who were given access to Sun Safe compared with those who used the placebo (−6.2 [percentage correct] difference in predicted means, 95% CI –12.4 to –0.03 i P /i =.049 2-way ANOVA). Unexpectedly, there were significantly more sunburn events in the Sun Safe group (relative risk 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-1.8 i P /i =.02 Fisher exact test), although no differences in time spent outdoors or sun-protective behaviors were reported. COVID-19 pandemic–related community-wide shutdowns during April 2020 (when schools were closed) reduced the time spent outdoors by & minutes per day (–105 minutes per day difference in predicted means, 95% CI –150 to –59 minutes per day i P /i =.002 paired 2-tailed Student i t /i test). Sun Safe was well-rated by participants, particularly for information (mean 4.2, SD 0.6 out of 5). ccess to the Sun Safe app increased sun health knowledge among young teenagers in these pilot intervention studies. Further investigations with larger s le sizes are required to confirm these observations and further test the effects of Sun Safe on sun-protective behaviors.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-06-2016
DOI: 10.3390/NU8060356
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 24-01-2019
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114519000151
Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is recognised as a public health problem globally, and a high prevalence of deficiency has previously been reported in Australia. This study details the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a nationally representative s le of Australian adults aged ≥25 years, using an internationally standardised method to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and identifies demographic and lifestyle factors associated with vitamin D deficiency. We used data from the 2011–2013 Australian Health Survey ( n 5034 with complete information on potential predictors and serum 25(OH)D concentrations). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by a liquid chromatography-tandem MS that is certified to the reference measurement procedures developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Ghent University and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were defined as serum 25(OH)D concentrations nmol/l and 50 to nmol/l, respectively. Overall, 20 % of participants (19 % men 21 % women) were classified as vitamin D deficient, with a further 43 % classified as insufficient (45 % men 42 % women). Independent predictors of vitamin D deficiency included being born in a country other than Australia or the main English-speaking countries, residing in southern (higher latitude) states of Australia, being assessed during winter or spring, being obese, smoking (women only), having low physical activity levels and not taking vitamin D or Ca supplements. Given our increasingly indoor lifestyles, there is a need to develop and promote strategies to maintain adequate vitamin D status through safe sun exposure and dietary approaches.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-02-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-05-2022
Abstract: Low vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration 50 nmol/L) is prevalent in Australia, ranging between 15% and 32% in the adolescent and adult populations. Vitamin D intakes are also low across the population and were recently estimated at 1.8–3.2 µg/day on average, assuming equal bioactivity of the D vitamers. In combination, these findings strongly suggest that data-driven nutrition policy is needed to increase vitamin D intake and improve status in the Australian population. Food fortification is a potential strategy. We used up-to-date vitamin D food composition data for vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, vitamin D2, and 25(OH)D2, and nationally representative food and supplement consumption data from the 2011–2013 Australian Health Survey, to model a fortification scenario of 0.8 µg/100 mL vitamin D for fluid dairy milks and alternatives. Under the modelled fortification scenario, the mean vitamin D intake increased by ~2 µg/day from baseline to 4.9 µg/day from food only (7.2 µg/day including supplements). Almost all in idual intakes remained substantially below 10 µg/day, which is the Estimated Average Requirement in North America. In conclusion, this modelling showed that fortification of fluid milks/alternatives with vitamin D at the current permitted level would produce a meaningful increase in vitamin D intake, which could be of potential benefit to those with a low vitamin D status. However, this initial step would be insufficient to ensure that most of the population achieves the North American EAR for vitamin D intake. This approach could be included as an effective component of a more comprehensive strategy that includes vitamin D fortification of a range of foods.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-03-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JHN.13002
Abstract: Nearly one in four Australian adults is vitamin D deficient (serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations [25(OH)D] 50 nmol L –1 ) and current vitamin D intakes in the Australian population are unknown. Internationally, vitamin D intakes are commonly below recommendations, although estimates generally rely on food composition data that do not include 25(OH)D. We aimed to estimate usual vitamin D intakes in the Australian population. Nationally representative food consumption data were collected for Australians aged ≥ 2 years ( n = 12,153) as part of the cross‐sectional 2011–2013 Australian Health Survey (AHS). New analytical vitamin D food composition data for vitamin D 3 , 25(OH)D 3 , vitamin D 2 and 25(OH)D 2 were mapped to foods and beverages that were commonly consumed by AHS participants. Usual vitamin D intakes (µg day –1 ) by sex and age group were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Assuming a 25(OH)D bioactivity factor of 1, mean daily intakes of vitamin D ranged between 1.84 and 3.25 µg day –1 . Compared to the estimated average requirement of 10 µg day –1 recommended by the Institute of Medicine, more than 95% of people had inadequate vitamin D intakes. We estimated that no participant exceeded the Institute of Medicine's Upper Level of Intake (63–100 µg day –1 , depending on age group). Usual vitamin D intakes in Australia are low. This evidence, paired with the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Australia, suggests that data‐driven nutrition policy is required to safely increase dietary intakes of vitamin D and improve vitamin D status at the population level.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSBMB.2019.105437
Abstract: Accurately detecting vitamin D deficiency (defined as concentration in blood of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), <20 ng/mL) is important for both clinicians and researchers. Drawing blood may be difficult in some populations, such as infants and children. We thus explored the development of a method to measure 25(OH)D concentrations in saliva, using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Using 25(OH)D
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-04-2021
DOI: 10.1111/HEX.13226
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease with no known cure. Numerous diets are promoted to reduce symptoms or even cure MS, despite insufficient evidence for any therapeutic diet. There are few qualitative studies exploring the experiences of people with MS in relation to diet, and no use of theory to explain the findings. To explore the experiences of adults with MS when navigating dietary advice, their attitudes when making dietary decisions, and their needs regarding dietary resources and education. In this qualitative study, we conducted six focus groups with people with MS (n = 33 plus one spouse without MS). Groups were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Primary analysis used a general inductive approach with thematic analysis. Secondary analysis aligned themes with the constructs of the self‐determination theory. Six themes emerged: (a) confusion about where to seek dietary advice (b) scepticism towards national dietary guidelines (c) personalized approaches to dietary change (d) barriers to dietary changes (e) judging if dietary changes work and (f) wanting dietary guidelines for MS. People with MS are highly motivated to make dietary changes and improve their health. The self‐determination theory explained why people with MS make dietary modifications, and the varying levels of motivation. MS‐specific dietary resources and nutrition education need to incorporate ways to increase autonomous forms of motivation. Future dietary intervention studies could use the self‐determination theory as a framework to improve long‐term adherence to healthier diets.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-03-2023
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 20-02-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2540052/V1
Abstract: The interplay between diet and the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis (MS) is poorly understood. We conducted a case-control study to assess an interrelationship between diet, the gut microbiota, and MS by including 95 participants (44 pediatric-onset MS cases, 51 unaffected controls) enrolled from the Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Network study. All had completed a food-frequency questionnaire ≤ 21-years of age, and 59 also provided a stool s le. A 1-point increase in a Mediterranean diet score was associated with 37% reduced MS odds (95%CI: 10–53%). Higher fiber and iron intakes were also associated with reduced MS odds. Diet, not MS, explained inter-in idual gut microbiota variation. Several gut microbes abundances were associated with both the Mediterranean diet score and MS presence, and these microbes were potential mediators of the protective associations of a healthier diet. Findings suggest that the potential interaction between diet and the gut microbiota is relevant in MS.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-09-2019
Abstract: The role of omega-3 fatty acid in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility is unclear. To determine whether fish/seafood intake or genetic factors that regulate omega-3 fatty acids levels are associated with MS risk. We examined the association of fish and shrimp consumption and 13 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FADS1, FADS2, and ELOV2 with risk of MS in 1153 in iduals from the MS Sunshine Study, a case-control study of incident MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), recruited from Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Consuming fish/seafood at least once a week or at least once a month with regular fish oil use was associated with 44% reduced odds of MS/CIS (adjusted OR = 0.56 95% CI = 0.41–0.76 p = 0.0002) compared with consuming fish/seafood less than once a month and no fish oil supplementation. Two FADS2 SNPs (rs174611 and rs174618) were independently associated with a lower risk of MS (adjusted ORs = 0.74, 0.79, p = 0.0056, 0.0090, respectively). Association of FADS2 SNPs with MS risk was confirmed in an independent dataset. These findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acid intake may be an important modifiable risk factor for MS. This is consistent with the other known health benefits of fish consumption and complementary genetic studies supporting a key role for omega-3 regulation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-03-2016
DOI: 10.1002/FSN3.355
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.MSARD.2019.101889
Abstract: Obesity is common in the United States and is associated with a higher risk of relapse and comorbidities, and increased disease progression, in people with MS. We examined the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the MS Sunshine Study, a matched case-control study of multiple sclerosis in Southern California (470 cases, 519 controls). We reported the proportion of participants who adopted a specific diet for nutrition or weight loss purposes, and identified independent predictors of dieting. In the total population, 32% and 37% were overweight and obese, respectively. Case participants were no more likely to adopt a specific diet for nutrition or weight loss purposes than control participants (10% and 11%, respectively). Being obese, younger, female or non-Hispanic were independently associated with dieting. Despite the evidence that obesity can worsen MS prognosis, and the high prevalence of overweight/obesity, case participants were no more likely to adopt a specific diet than control participants. Improved nutrition education may help people with MS make healthy dietary changes for nutrition or weight loss purposes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 20-03-2018
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-10-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9101154
Abstract: Current dietary supplement use in Australia is not well described. We investigated the prevalence and predictors of supplement use in the Australian population (n = 19,257) using data from the 2014–2015 National Health Survey. We reported the prevalence of supplement use by sex and age group and investigated the independent predictors of supplement use in adults, adolescents, and children using multiple logistic regression models. A total of 43.2% of adults (34.9% of males, 50.3% of females), 20.1% of adolescents (19.7% of males, 20.6% of females), and 23.5% of children (24.4% of males, 22.5% of females) used at least one dietary supplement in the previous two weeks. The most commonly used supplements were multivitamins and/or multiminerals and fish oil preparations. In adults, independent predictors of supplement use included being female, increasing age, being born outside Australia and other main English-speaking countries, having a higher education level, having a healthy BMI compared to those who were obese, being physically active, and being a non-smoker. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed investigation of dietary supplement use in a nationally-representative s le of the Australian population. Future studies investigating the contribution of supplements to overall dietary intakes of vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids are warranted.
No related grants have been discovered for Lucinda Black.