ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1797-9783
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Murdoch University
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Murdoch University School of Veterinary and Life Sciences
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-4431.2012.00801.X
Abstract: The primary objective was to determine if venous plasma lactate is affected by struggling during venipuncture in clinically normal, healthy cats. Additional objectives were to evaluate the effects of venipuncture site, age, sex, and time (0-24 h) on plasma lactate concentrations in healthy cats. Prospective clinical study. Private veterinary referral center. Twenty-one healthy, privately owned, sexually altered, adult cats. Blood was collected via jugular or medial saphenous venipuncture at the time of study entry and at 6 and 24 hours later. In healthy cats, there were no significant differences in lactate concentrations statified by degree of struggling at time 0 (P = 0.33), time 6 (P = 0.23), or at time 24 (P = 0.41), venipuncture site (P = 0.58), age (P = 0.62), sex (P = 0.06), or time (P = 0.13). Most cats had mild to moderate struggling scores. Venous plasma lactate concentrations for this group of healthy adult cats had a mean of 1.63 mmol/L 95% CI: 1.34-1.92, SD: 0.62, and a minimum-maximum range of 0.37-2.81 mmol/L. The occurrence of mild to moderate struggling during venipuncture, venipuncture site, age, sex, and time did not affect plasma lactate concentrations in this group of healthy cats. Our results suggest that plasma lactate can be reliably measured in cats. Further studies are warranted in sick cats to determine if plasma lactate measurements can be utilized as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1053/J.TCAM.2014.09.007
Abstract: Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is a common emergency condition in large and giant breed dogs that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Dogs with GDV classically fulfill the criteria for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and can go on to develop multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Previously reported organ dysfunctions in dogs with GDV include cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, coagulation and renal dysfunction. Cardiovascular manifestations of GDV include shock, cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction. Respiratory dysfunction is also multifactorial, with contributory factors including decreased respiratory excursion due to gastric dilatation, decreased pulmonary perfusion and aspiration pneumonia. Gastrointestinal dysfunction includes gastric necrosis and post-operative gastrointestinal upset such as regurgitation, vomiting, and ileus. Coagulation dysfunction is another common feature of MODS in dogs with GDV. Disseminated intravascular coagulation can occur, putting them at risk of complications associated with thrombosis in the early hypercoagulable state and hemorrhage in the subsequent hypocoagulable state. Acute kidney injury, acid-base and electrolyte disturbances are also reported in dogs with GDV. Understanding the potential for systemic effects of GDV allows the clinician to monitor patients astutely and detect such complications early, facilitating early intervention to maximize the chance of successful management.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 06-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2020
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12993
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-01-2021
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.13049
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-11-2022
DOI: 10.3390/ANI12233304
Abstract: Animals with tick paralysis often require mechanical ventilation (MV) but previous publications have identified knowledge gaps regarding the development of bacterial pneumonia, and the specific pathogens involved. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical course and culture and susceptibility profiles of bacteria isolated from airway s les of dogs and cats mechanically ventilated for tick paralysis that had positive airway cultures. Medical records were reviewed, and cases included if they had a positive airway s le culture during MV for tick paralysis. Twenty-four dogs and two cats were included. Most (85%) received empirical antimicrobials before airway s ling. The most common organisms isolated included Staphylococcus spp. (11), Klebsiella spp. (9), Enterococcus faecalis (8), Escherichia coli (6), Enterococcus faecium (3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4), and Mycoplasma spp. (3). Evidence of aspiration pneumonia was present in 22/25 (88%) cases that had thoracic radiographs performed. Seventy-seven percent of cases received antimicrobials to which the cultured bacteria were susceptible during hospitalisation. The median duration of MV was 4 days (range 1–10). Most (77%) survived to discharge, 19% were euthanised, and one died. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis it was identified that selection of antimicrobials to which the causative bacteria are susceptible was associated with survival to discharge (Odds ratio 45.8, p = 0.014 95%CI 1.98–14,808), as was length of MV, with every day an animal is ventilated associated with a 4.7 times increased chance of survival (p = 0.015 95% CI 1.21–78.4).
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-10-2018
Abstract: We investigated the effect of pyometra on kaolin-activated thromboelastography (TEG). Eighteen client-owned dogs with pyometra and 8 healthy spayed dogs were recruited. TEG parameters and packed cell volume were determined. Results from spayed females and from intact females with pyometra were compared using a Student t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Bitches with pyometra were hypercoagulable compared to spayed bitches as evidenced by elevated maximum litude, G, and alpha angle. There were no significant group differences in R time, K time, or clot lysis at 30 or 60 min. Dogs with pyometra should be anticipated to have hypercoagulable TEG variables, and this should be addressed when planning surgical and medical therapy.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-09-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-02-2019
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12814
Abstract: To investigate the association between synthetic colloids and biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs with hemorrhagic shock. Experimental interventional study. University. Twenty-four healthy ex-racing Greyhounds. Anesthetized Greyhounds subjected to hemorrhage for 60 min were resuscitated with 20 mL/kg of fresh whole blood (FWB), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, 4% succinylated gelatin (GELO), or 80 mL/kg of isotonic crystalloid (CRYST) over 20 min (n = 6 per treatment). Concentrations of biomarkers of AKI were measured at baseline, end of hemorrhage, and at 40 (T60), 100 (T120), and 160 (T180) min after fluid bolus. Biomarkers included neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in urine and serum (uNGAL sNGAL), and urine cystatin C (uCYSC), kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM), clusterin (uCLUST), osteopontin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (uMCP), interleukin-6, interleukin-8, protein (uPROT), hyaluronan, and F In dogs treated with GELO, uNGAL fold-change was markedly greater compared with all other groups at T60, T120, and T180 (all P<0.001), and uCYSC was greater at T60 compared with CRYST (P<0.001), and at T120 and T180 compared with all other groups (all P<0.001). Smaller, albeit significant, between-group differences in uKIM, uCLUST, uMCP, and urine protein concentration were observed across the FWB, GELO, and HES groups, compared with CRYST. The GELO group more frequently had marked tubular microvesiculation than the other groups (P = 0.015) although tubular injury scores were comparable. In dogs with hemorrhagic shock, GELO was associated with greater magnitude increases in urine biomarkers of AKI and more frequent marked tubular microvesiculation, compared with FWB, CRYST, and HES.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2020
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.13008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1939-1676.2011.0713.X
Abstract: There is a need for diagnostic biomarkers that can rapidly differentiate dogs with sepsis from dogs with noninfectious forms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (NSIRS). To compare serum NT-pCNP concentrations among dogs with various forms of sepsis, NSIRS, and healthy controls and to evaluate the use of serum NT-pCNP for the diagnosis of various forms of sepsis in dogs. One hundred and twelve dogs including 63 critically ill dogs (sepsis n = 29 NSIRS n = 34) and 49 healthy control dogs. Prospective clinical investigation. Serum s les were collected for NT-pCNP measurement from dogs with sepsis or NSIRS within 24 hours of intensive care unit admission or at the time of presentation for healthy dogs. Dogs with sepsis were subclassified based on the anatomic region of infection. Serum NT-pCNP concentrations were compared among sepsis, NSIRS and healthy groups as well as among sepsis subgroups. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity for identifying dogs with sepsis were determined. Using a cut-off value of 10.1 pmol/L, AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of NT-pCNP for differentiating dogs with sepsis from dogs with NSIRS or healthy control dogs were 0.71 (95% CI, 0.58-0.85), 65.5% (45.7-82.1%), and 89.2% (80.4-94.9%), respectively. Serum NT-pCNP had poor sensitivity for peritoneal sources of sepsis AUC [0.92 (0.81-1.0)], sensitivity [94% (71-100%)], and specificity [89% (80-95%)] improved when these dogs were excluded. Serum NT-pCNP concentration was not associated with survival in the sepsis group. Serum NT-pCNP is a promising diagnostic biomarker for sepsis but is a poor indicator of septic peritonitis.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-04-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-07-2020
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12989
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-09-2017
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12667
Abstract: To assess abnormalities in concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lactate, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in relation to arrhythmias, echocardiographic measurements, and survival in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV). Prospective observational study. University hospital. Twenty-two dogs with naturally occurring GDV. Concentrations of cTnI, plasma lactate, and NT-proBNP were recorded at presentation to the emergency room, the time closest to echocardiography, and the highest recorded concentrations during hospitalization. None. Cardiac rhythms were categorized on a 0-4 scale (0 = no ventricular premature complexes [VPCs], 1 = single VPCs, 2 = bigeminy or trigeminy, 3 = couplets or triplets, and 4 = R-on-T phenomenon or ventricular tachycardia). Echocardiography was performed 6-18 hours postoperatively. Fifteen dogs had ventricular arrhythmias during hospitalization (Grade 1 [n = 9], Grade 4 [n = 6]). The highest recorded cTnI concentration was significantly higher in the dogs with Grade 4 (P = 0.002) or Grade 1 (P = 0.001) arrhythmias compared to dogs without arrhythmias. Plasma lactate was significantly correlated with left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (r = -0.52, P = 0.01) and systole (r = -0.57, P = 0.006), left ventricular free wall in diastole (LWDd, r = 0.59, P = 0.004), and interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVDs, r = 0.65, P = 0.001). Dogs that did not survive to 1 week postdischarge (3/22) had a significantly thicker LVWd (P = 0.04) and IVSd (P = 0.05), and received significantly less fluids in the first 24 (P = 0.02) and 48 hours (P = 0.03) of hospitalization. Concentrations of cTnI and NT-proBNP increased during hospitalization, but only cTnI concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with a higher arrhythmia grade. Additional research on the potential role of serial measurement of biomarkers in dogs with GDV is warranted.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 15-09-2014
Abstract: Objective —To evaluate the clinical course of dogs with hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and to determine whether factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C) was associated with severity of clinical signs and outcome. Design —Survey study. S le —Respondent information for 39 client-owned dogs with FVIII deficiency. Procedures —Information was obtained via a survey distributed to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine and American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care email list serves and to the Veterinary Information Network community to identify dogs with hemophilia A (FVIII:C ≤ 20%). Severity of FVIII deficiency was classified as mild (FVIII:C, 6% to 20%), moderate (FVIII:C, 2% to 5%), or severe (FVIII:C, 2%). Results —Data for 39 dogs (38 males and 1 female) were compiled. Mixed-breed dogs, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers were most commonly affected. In most (34/39) dogs, disease was diagnosed at 1 year of age. Bleeding associated with teething, minor trauma, vaccination, and elective surgical procedures most commonly prompted FVIII:C testing. Affected dogs had similar signs of spontaneous hemorrhage regardless of the magnitude of FVIII deficiency. Four dogs were euthanized without treatment at the time of diagnosis. Thirty dogs received ≥ 1 blood transfusion FVIII:C did not appear to influence transfusion requirements. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results indicated that dogs with hemophilia A have variations in clinical course of the disease and may have a good long-term prognosis. Residual FVIII:C may not be useful for predicting severity of clinical signs, transfusion needs, or long-term prognosis.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 13-11-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-02-2019
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.15441
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 26-11-2018
Abstract: New technologies capable of sequencing the genetic material in any given biological s le, combined with computer-based algorithms for sequence assembly and analysis, have revolutionised infectious disease research. The rate at which novel viruses are being discovered now exceeds our understanding of their clinical relevance. Novel viruses may contribute to diseases that are major causes of feline morbidity and mortality, including cancer and chronic kidney disease. The identification of new viral pathogens raises the prospect of not only improved patient outcomes through specific treatment but even disease prevention through viral control measures. It can be difficult to determine the role of a novel virus in disease development. Disease may be an occasional outcome, often years after infection. A high prevalence of infection in the general population can make disease associations harder to identify and almost impossible to rule out. Host cofactors such as immune dysfunction, genetic background or coinfections may be required for manifestation of disease, and one virus species may be linked to a range of pathological sequelae. Establishing causality relies on evaluating accumulating evidence from multiple investigations, which is often hard to access by practitioners. The worldwide distribution of gammaherpesvirus and morbillivirus infections in domestic cats underlines the potential of these viruses to negatively impact feline health and welfare globally. This review relies on grade Ia–III evidence.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 02-2014
Abstract: Objective —To determine hospital admission variables for dogs with trauma including values determined with scoring systems (animal trauma triage [ATT], modified Glasgow coma scale [MGCS], and acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation [APPLE] scores) and the usefulness of such variables for the prediction of outcome (death vs survival to hospital discharge). Design —Prospective, multicenter, cohort study. Animals —315 client-owned dogs. Procedures —By use of a Web-based data capture system, trained personnel prospectively recorded admission ATT, MGCS, and APPLE scores clinical and laboratory data and outcome (death vs survival to discharge) for dogs with trauma at 4 veterinary teaching hospitals during an 8-week period. Results —Cause of injury was most commonly blunt trauma (173/315 [54.9%]) followed by penetrating trauma (107/315 [34.0%]), or was unknown (35/315 [11.1%]). Of the 315 dogs, 285 (90.5%) survived to hospital discharge. When 16 dogs euthanized because of cost were excluded, dogs with blunt trauma were more likely to survive, compared with dogs with penetrating trauma (OR, 8.5). The ATT (OR, 2.0) and MGCS (OR, 0.47) scores and blood lactate concentration (OR, 1.5) at the time of hospital admission were predictive of outcome. Surgical procedures were performed for 157 (49.8%) dogs surgery was associated with survival to discharge (OR, 7.1). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results indicated ATT and MGCS scores were useful for prediction of outcome for dogs evaluated because of trauma. Penetrating trauma, low blood lactate concentration, and performance of surgical procedures were predictive of survival to hospital discharge. The methods enabled collection of data for a large number of dogs in a short time.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-11-2018
Abstract: Prior to 1990 papillomaviruses (PVs) were not recognised to infect or cause disease in domestic cats. Since this time, the use of histology, immunohistochemistry and, more recently, molecular techniques has revealed that PVs almost certainly cause feline viral plaques and Bowenoid in situ carcinomas, oral papillomas and feline sarcoids. In addition, there is increasing evidence that PVs play a significant role in the development of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, one of the most common skin cancers of cats. Recent studies have also revealed that most cats are asymptomatically infected with PVs. This raises a critical question that is currently unanswered: why do only a small proportion of infected cats develop disease? In the future it may be possible to prevent PV-induced diseases by using a vaccine to prevent PV infection. Alternatively, novel therapies may be developed that prevent PVs from causing clinical disease by stimulating the host immune response. A recognition of the skin diseases caused by PVs is important to more accurately predict disease progression. Unfortunately, there are currently no non-surgical treatments that have been proven to be beneficial in cats and clinical management of PV-induced skin disease in cats can be challenging. PVs have a worldwide distribution and negatively impact feline health and welfare globally. This review is aimed at clinicians, especially those who regularly treat cats with skin disease. The review will also be useful to oncologists and researchers who have an interest in how cancer develops in cats. In producing this update the authors have drawn on recently published peer-reviewed literature.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-10-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JVP.12083
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and adverse effect profile of single-dose oral bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in healthy cats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined following a single mean ± SD oral dose of 3.2 ± 0.6 mg/kg of bosentan in 6 adult cats. Blood was collected for quantification of bosentan via high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Blood and urine were evaluated for CBC, plasma biochemical profile, and urinalysis, and repeat physical examinations were performed to evaluate for adverse effects. The mean terminal half-life of bosentan was 20.4 ± 17.2 h. The mean peak plasma concentration was 0.49 ± 0.24 g/mL, and the mean time to maximum plasma concentration was 6.8 ± 8.6 h. The area under the curve was 5.14 ± 3.81 h·μg/mL. Oral bosentan tablets were absorbed in cats, and no clinically important adverse events were noted. Further evaluation of repeat dosing, investigation into the in vivo efficacy of decreasing endothelin-1 concentrations in cats, as well as safety in conjunction with other medications is warranted.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-4431.2011.00669.X
Abstract: To describe the application of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IIPV) in dogs with lower motor neuron disease (LMND). Multi-institutional, retrospective study (2003-2009). Intensive care units at multiple university teaching hospitals. Fourteen dogs with LMND that underwent IIPV. None. The ventilatory logs of 4 teaching hospitals were searched for dogs undergoing IIPV in association with a diagnosis of acute LMND. The medical records were evaluated for signalment, specific LMND, ventilatory management and duration, complications associated with ventilation, duration of hospitalization, and outcome. Descriptive statistics were used as indicated. Fifteen records were evaluated, 1 dog was excluded since it experienced cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) before commencement of IIPV. The median age was 7.0 years (range 10 mo to 12 y). There were 5 Labrador retrievers, 4 mixed breeds, and 5 other breeds were each represented once. Five dogs were diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, 4 dogs with polyradiculoneuritis, and 5 dogs had an undetermined LMND. Clinical signs of weakness before ventilation were present for a median of 36 hours (range 6 h to 14 d). Dogs were ventilated for a median of 109 hours (range 5-261 h). Nine dogs had temporary tracheostomies performed, and 8 dogs received nutritional support. Five dogs developed ventilator associated pneumonia. Six dogs were successfully weaned from the ventilator with a median ventilatory time of 49 hours (range 25-192 h). Three dogs survived to discharge. No single LMND was associated with a better outcome. High euthanasia rates and iatrogenic complications limit the ability to accurately prognosticate for affected dogs in this retrospective study, but in dogs with LMND that is severe enough to require IIPV, support may be required days to weeks.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-11-2022
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.13152
Abstract: The primary objective of this study was to document coagulation factor activity in canine “NEVER‐FROZEN” and “THAWED” refrigerated plasma for the purposes of defining recommended expiration dates. We hypothesized that NEVER‐FROZEN and THAWED refrigerated plasma would maintain % activity of coagulation factors V (FV), VII (FVII), VIII (FVIII), IX (FIX), X (FX), and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF) and a concentration of fibrinogen above the lower bound of the reference interval ( .982 g/L) for greater than 14 days but less than 42 days. Prospective laboratory‐based study. University teaching hospital blood bank. Ten canine plasma units derived from healthy client‐owned blood donors. Serial s ling (days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 28, 32, 35, 39, 42) from NEVER‐FROZEN and THAWED refrigerated canine plasma units was conducted for measurement of activities of FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, vWF, and fibrinogen concentrations using the ACL TOP 300. Plasma was defined as “suitable for transfusion” at a given time point if the entire 95% confidence interval for each factor was above 50% activity and above a fibrinogen concentration of 0.982 g/L. The lower bounds of the FVIII and vWF confidence intervals were above 50% up to and including day 32 for NEVER‐FROZEN refrigerated plasma and day 28 for THAWED refrigerated plasma. Confidence intervals for FV, FVII, FIX, and FX remained above 50% activity at all time points. The lower bound of the fibrinogen concentration was .982 g/L on day 39 for NEVER‐FROZEN refrigerated plasma and on day 35 for THAWED refrigerated plasma. Refrigerated canine plasma from these 10 dogs retained coagulation factor activity above the limit that we defined as suitable for transfusion for up to 32 days when NEVER‐FROZEN and 28 days when THAWED. Further studies should evaluate the clinical outcomes and effects on coagulation factor activity of dogs receiving refrigerated plasma transfusions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-03-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1939-1676.2012.00895.X
Abstract: Identifying biomarkers to aide in the diagnosis and prognostication of sepsis in dogs would be valuable to veterinarians. To compare plasma inflammatory mediator concentrations among dogs with sepsis, noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (NSIRS), and healthy dogs. Dogs with sepsis (n = 22), NSIRS (n = 23), and healthy dogs (n = 13) presenting to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a veterinary teaching hospital. Prospective observational study. Clinical parameters were recorded for each dog and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) bioactivity and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)-8 and IL-10 were determined at ICU presentation. Dogs with sepsis and NSIRS were significantly more likely to have measurable TNF activity (sepsis 20/22 NSIRS 19/20 healthy 0/13) and IL-6 concentration (sepsis 12/22 NSIRS 15/23 healthy 2/13), than healthy dogs. Healthy dogs (9/13) were significantly more likely to have measurable plasma IL-10 concentrations than dogs with sepsis (4/19), but not NSIRS (7/20). None of the inflammatory mediators evaluated had optimal sensitivity or specificity for the diagnosis of sepsis. Twelve of 22 dogs with sepsis and 15/23 dogs with NSIRS survived to discharge none of the measured biomarkers correlated with survival to discharge. Sepsis and NSIRS are associated with increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-6. In addition, sepsis is associated with decreased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Despite this, plasma TNF, IL-6, CXCL-8, and IL-10 measured at ICU presentation do not appear to be valuable biomarkers to differentiate sepsis from NSIRS, or predict hospital outcome.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFMS.2009.12.014
Abstract: Directed, effective therapies for feline sepsis are needed to reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. We investigated the anti-endotoxin effects of polymyxin B (PMB) in a blinded, placebo controlled fashion, both ex vivo in a feline whole blood culture system and in vivo, using a low-dose endotoxin infusion in cats. Serial measures of systemic inflammation, and hemodynamic stability, were compared between groups. Ex vivo, PMB significantly decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production from whole blood. PMB (1 mg/kg over 30 min) demonstrated anti-endotoxin effects in vivo, including decreased peak plasma TNF activity ( P .001) and increased white blood cell count ( P=0.019), with no adverse effects. Given the apparent safety and anti-endotoxin effects of PMB in this endotoxemia model, a carefully designed, randomized, blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial evaluating the use of PMB in naturally occurring Gram-negative feline sepsis should be considered.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1053/J.TCAM.2013.06.005
Abstract: This article reviews the approach to a patient with respiratory distress, with a focus on clues obtained from the physical examination. Respiratory distress is a common reason for presentation of a companion animal to a veterinarian on an emergency basis, and thus the clinician should have a comfort level with the approach to these patients. Our discussion includes a basic review of respiratory pathophysiology and the differential diagnoses for hypoxemia. In the majority of cases, physical examination should allow localization of the cause of the respiratory problem to the upper airways, lower airways, pleural space, or pulmonary parenchyma. Such localization, coupled with signalment and historical clues, guides additional diagnostics and therapeutics based on the most likely differential diagnoses. Although managing a patient with respiratory distress can be challenging, a systematic approach such as the one presented here should ensure appropriate intervention in a timely fashion and maximize the chance of a good outcome.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-06-2023
DOI: 10.3390/ANI13122040
Abstract: Thawed plasma (TP) refers to defrosted fresh frozen plasma stored refrigerated. TP is used in human medicine for the rapid provision of coagulation factors and resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock, but its use in dogs is poorly described. The objectives of this historical case series were to describe the reasons for TP transfusion, treatment outcomes, and adverse events associated with canine TP transfusions in a veterinary teaching hospital. We hypothesised that TP would be used most commonly for the treatment of haemorrhage secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication and trauma. Blood bank plasma transfusion logs were searched to identify dogs that received at least one unit of TP between December 2015 and June 2021. Briefly, 166 dogs received a total of 262 units of TP. Anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication (37/166, 22.3%) was the most common reason for transfusion, followed by traumatic haemorrhage (23, 13.9%) and spontaneous haemoperitoneum (22, 13.2%). The majority of dogs received one unit of TP (111/166, 67.1%) and pRBCs were commonly simultaneously transfused with TP (65, 39.2%). Severe prolongations of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were reduced following TP transfusions. Allergic reactions were the most common transfusion reaction (19/166, 11.4%). Most dogs survived to discharge (101/166, 60.8%).
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 07-06-2019
Abstract: Dogs are an unparalleled natural model for investigating the genetics of health and disease, particularly for complex diseases like cancer. Comprehensive genomic annotation of regulatory elements active in healthy canine tissues is crucial both for identifying candidate causal variants and for designing functional studies needed to translate genetic associations into disease insight. Currently, canine geneticists rely primarily on annotations of the human or mouse genome that have been remapped to dog, an approach that misses dog-specific features. Here, we describe BarkBase, a canine epigenomic resource available at barkbase.org. BarkBase hosts data for 27 adult tissue types, with biological replicates, and for one s le of up to five tissues s led at each of four carefully staged embryonic time points. RNA sequencing is complemented with whole genome sequencing and with assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), which identifies open chromatin regions. By including replicates, we can more confidently discern tissue-specific transcripts and assess differential gene expression between tissues and timepoints. By offering data in easy-to-use file formats, through a visual browser modeled on similar genomic resources for human, BarkBase introduces a powerful new resource to support comparative studies in dogs and humans.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.16487
Abstract: Prestorage leukoreduction of red blood cell (RBC) bags prevents accumulation of pro‐inflammatory mediators and experimentally attenuates post‐transfusion inflammation in healthy dogs. However, the effect of leukoreduction on post‐transfusion inflammation in critically ill dogs is unclear. Dogs transfused with leukoreduced (LR) RBC will have lower concentrations of leukocytes, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) within 24 hours of post‐transfusion compared to dogs transfused with nonleukoreduced (NLR) RBC. Sixty‐one RBC‐transfused dogs (LR = 34, NLR = 27). Randomized, blinded, controlled preliminary clinical trial. Blood bag processing was randomized to create identically appearing LR and NLR bags. Group allocation occurred with transfusion of the oldest compatible RBC bag. Blood s les were collected pretransfusion and at 8 and 24 hours post‐transfusion for leukocyte count, IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1, and CRP. Data were analyzed on an intention‐to‐treat basis using linear mixed effects models. Significance was set at P .05. No significant differences were found between groups in concentrations of leukocytes ( P = .93), IL‐6 ( P = .99), IL‐8 ( P = .75), MCP‐1 ( P = .69), or CRP ( P = .18) over time. Eleven LR dogs (32%) and 4 NLR dogs (15%) were euthanized in the hospital ( P = .14). No natural deaths occurred. No differences in inflammation biomarker concentrations were detected over time between dogs transfused with LR or NLR RBC, but heterogeneity likely h ered the ability to detect a difference with this s le size. The novel randomization and enrollment protocol was successfully implemented across 2 participating institutions and will be easily scaled up for a future multicenter clinical trial.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-02-2023
Abstract: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is associated with recipient inflammation and infection, which may be triggered by excessive circulating iron. Iron chelation following transfusion may reduce these risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of deferoxamine on circulating iron and inflammation biomarkers over time and in vitro growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) following RBC transfusion in dogs with atraumatic hemorrhage. Anesthetized dogs were subject to atraumatic hemorrhage and transfusion of RBCs, then randomized to receive either deferoxamine or saline placebo of equivalent volume (n = 10 per group) in a blinded fashion. Blood was s led before hemorrhage and then 2, 4, and 6 h later. Following hemorrhage and RBC transfusion, free iron increased in all dogs over time (both p 0.001). Inflammation biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL6), CXC motif chemokine-8 (CXCL8), interleukin-10 (IL10), and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) increased in all dogs over time (all p 0.001). Logarithmic growth of E. coli clones within blood collected 6 h post-transfusion was not different between groups. Only total iron-binding capacity was different between groups over time, being significantly increased in the deferoxamine group at 2 and 4 h post-transfusion (both p 0.001). In summary, while free iron and inflammation biomarkers increased post-RBC transfusion, deferoxamine administration did not impact circulating free iron, inflammation biomarkers, or in vitro growth of E. coli when compared with placebo.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 30-05-2022
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X221100082
Abstract: The relationship between blood group antigens and disease has been studied in humans. Blood types have been associated with both decreased and increased rates of various infections. In addition, blood group expression has been shown to vary with some cancers and gastrointestinal diseases. The objective of this study was to explore whether there is a relationship between blood type and retroviral infections in cats. Case records from a veterinary research laboratory, veterinary teaching hospitals and veterinary blood banks were retrospectively searched for cats where both blood type and retroviral status (feline leukemia [FeLV], feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV] or both) were listed (part 1). In addition, a s le of 33 cats with confirmed FIV infection was genotyped to determine blood groups (part 2). In part 1, 709 cats were identified, 119 of which were positive for retroviral infection. Among all cases, 621 were type A (87.6%), 68 were type B (9.6%) and 20 were type AB (2.8%). There was no relationship between overall retroviral status (positive/negative) and blood type ( P = 0.43), between FeLV status and blood type ( P = 0.86) or between FIV status and blood type ( P = 0.94). There was no difference in the distribution of blood types between cats that were healthy and typed as possible blood donors vs sick cats that were typed prior to a possible transfusion ( P = 0.13). In part 2, of the 33 FIV-infected cats, all blood group genotypes were identified, although this test did not discriminate type A from type AB. No relationship was identified between feline retroviral status and blood type in this study. The relationship between blood type and other disease states requires further study in veterinary patients.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 04-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-05-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JSAP.12235
Abstract: A brachycephalic dog was presented with an acute onset of retching and abdominal discomfort. The dog had a chronic history of stertor and exercise intolerance suggestive of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. Radiographs were consistent with a Type II hiatal hernia. The dog was referred and within hours of admission became acutely painful and developed tympanic abdominal distension. A right lateral abdominal radiograph confirmed gastric dilatation and volvulus with herniation of the pylorus through the hiatus. An emergency exploratory coeliotomy was performed, during which the stomach was derotated, and an incisional gastropexy, herniorrhaphy and splenectomy were performed. A staphylectomy was performed immediately following the exploratory coeliotomy. The dog recovered uneventfully. Gastric dilatation and volvulus is a potentially life-threatening complication that can occur in dogs with Type II hiatal hernia and should be considered a surgical emergency.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-09-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.14823
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-4431.2011.00670.X
Abstract: To determine agreement in bacterial culture and susceptibility (BC&S) between deep oral swab (DOS) and routine transoral tracheal wash (TOTW) in dogs with pneumonia. Prospective study, performed between 2008 and 2010 with no follow-up period. University teaching hospital. Five puppies and 5 adult dogs with community or hospital-acquired pneumonia. A DOS was collected from each patient dogs were then briefly anesthetized with propofol(a) for a routine TOTW. Routine microbiology techniques were used for culture. Positive culture results were obtained from all 20 swabs. Results of BC&S were compared between the 2 sites. In all puppies, there was no agreement between DOS and TOTW. In adult dogs, 2 patients with hospital-acquired infection (HAI) had complete agreement between the BC&S results from DOS and TOTW. Two adult dogs had some similarity in BC&S results, and the final dog had no relationship between cultures. DOS is not an appropriate alternative to TOTW to obtain s les for BC&S in puppies with pneumonia. In adult dogs, traditional TOTW remains the gold standard, but DOS may be considered in dogs with suspected HAI. Further work is needed to confirm this preliminary finding.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2014
Publisher: American Animal Hospital Association
Date: 05-2014
Abstract: Treatment for hemorrhagic shock secondary to a spontaneous hemoperitoneum includes restoration of IV volume and surgical control of hemorrhage. This study was designed to determine if limited fluid volume resuscitation (LFVR) with hypertonic saline (HS) and hyperoncotic fluids (hydroxyethylstarch [HES]) results in more rapid cardiovascular stabilization in dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum versus conventional resuscitation (CR) with large volume resuscitation. Eighteen client-owned dogs presenting in hemorrhagic shock with a spontaneous hemoperitoneum were enrolled. Dogs were randomized to be fluid resuscitated with up to 90 mL/kg of an isotonic crystalloid (CR group) or up to 8 mL/kg of 7.2% Na chloride (i.e., HS) combined with up to 10 mL/kg of 6% HES. Measurements of vital signs, lactate, packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), and blood pressure were made at standard time points. The primary end point was time to stabilization of hemodynamic parameters (measured in min). Dogs in the LFVR group achieved hemodynamic stabilization significantly faster (20 min range, 10–25 min) than those in the CR group (35 min range, 15–50 min P = .027). Future studies are warranted to further investigate potential benefits associated with LFVR in dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-07-2016
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12510
Abstract: To determine if the concentrations of ammonia and inflammatory mediators in feline stored whole blood (SWB) increase with duration of storage. Prospective ex vivo study. University Teaching Hospital. Thirteen cats, recruited from the hospital feline donor pool, deemed healthy based on the predonation donor screening process. One unit (30 mL) of whole blood was collected from 13 unique blood donor cats, anticoagulated with citrate-phosphate-dextrose, and stored at 4°C. Concentrations of ammonia, interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-10 were measured in 5 units weekly for 4 weeks. Presence of chemokine ligand (CXCL) 8 was measured weekly in 8 other units in the same manner. The ammonia concentration increased nonlinearly with duration of storage, from a median of 48 μmol/L (range 25-74 μmol/L) on day 0 and 417 μmol/L (324-457 μmol/L) on day 28. IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were below the lower limits of detection of the assay used (IL-6 < 31.2 pg/mL and IL-10 < 125 pg/mL). CXCL-8 was detected in 4 of 8 SWB units at all time points. Ammonia concentration increases with storage time in feline SWB. The clinical significance of this finding is yet to be determined. The presence of the proinflammatory chemokine CXCL-8 in feline SWB warrants further research to determine whether it can incite an inflammatory response in the recipient. Further research evaluating the epidemiology of transfusion reactions in cats should evaluate the effect of unit age, and should include the possible impact of the presence of CXCL-8.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12795
Abstract: To systematically examine the evidence for use of a specific protocol (dose, frequency, route) of selected antithrombotic drugs, in comparisons to no therapy or to other antithrombotic therapies, to reduce the risk of complications or improve outcomes in dogs and cats at risk for thrombosis. Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor), and development of consensus on conclusions via a Delphi-style survey for application of the concepts to clinical practice. Academic and referral veterinary medical centers. Databases searched included Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts. Eight different antithrombotic drugs were investigated using a standardized Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) question format both for dogs and cats, including aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, unfractionated heparin (UFH), dalteparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban, generating a total of 16 worksheets. Most studies identified were experimental controlled laboratory studies in companion animals (LOE 3) with only four randomized controlled clinical trials in companion animals (LOE 1). Overall, evidence-based recommendations concerning specific protocols could not be formulated for most antithrombotic drugs evaluated, either because of the wide range of dosage reported (eg, aspirin in dogs) or the lack of evidence in the current literature. However, clopidogrel administration in dogs and cats at risk of arterial thrombosis, notably in cats at risk of cardiogenic thromboembolism, is supported by the literature, and specific protocols were recommended. Comparably, aspirin should not be used as a sole antithrombotic in cats with cardiomyopathy. Using the available safety profile information contained in the literature, the panel reached consensus on suggested dosage schemes for most antithrombotics. Significant knowledge gaps were highlighted, which will hopefully drive novel research.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-07-2021
Abstract: Resveratrol has been shown to preserve organ function and improve survival in hemorrhagic shock rat models. This study investigated whether seven days of oral resveratrol could improve hemodynamic response to hemorrhage and confer benefits on risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) without inducing coagulopathy in a canine model. Twelve greyhound dogs were randomly allocated to receive oral resveratrol (1000 mg/day) or placebo for seven days prior to inducing hemorrhage until a targeted mean blood pressure of ≤40 mmHg was achieved. AKI biomarkers and coagulation parameters were measured before, immediately following, and two hours after hemorrhage. Dogs were euthanized, and renal tissues were examined at the end of the experiment. All investigators were blinded to the treatment allocation. A linear mixed model was used to assess effect of resveratrol on AKI biomarkers and coagulation parameters while adjusting for volume of blood loss. A significant larger volume of blood loss was required to achieve the hypotension target in the resveratrol group compared to placebo group (median 64 vs. 55 mL/kg respectively, p = 0.041). Although histological evidence of AKI was evident in all dogs, the renal tubular injury scores were not significantly different between the two groups, neither were the AKI biomarkers. Baseline (pre-hemorrhage) maximum clot firmness on the Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) was stronger in the resveratrol group than the placebo group (median 54 vs. 43 mm respectively, p = 0.009). In summary, seven days of oral resveratrol did not appear to induce increased bleeding risk and could improve greyhound dogs’ blood pressure tolerance to severe hemorrhage. Renal protective effect of resveratrol was, however, not observed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2021
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.13045
Abstract: To systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for the prevention of transfusion reactions and monitoring of transfusion administration in dogs and cats. Evidence evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline searches through Pubmed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. Evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. Evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines for prevention and monitoring were generated based on the synthesis of the evidence. Consensus on the final recommendations and a proposed transfusion administration monitoring form was achieved through Delphi‐style surveys. Draft recommendations and the monitoring form were made available through veterinary specialty listservs and comments were incorporated. Twenty‐nine guidelines and a transfusion administration monitoring form were formulated from the evidence review with a high degree of consensus This systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended prevention and monitoring guidelines and a proposed transfusion administration form. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-07-2013
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12076
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2021
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.13044
Abstract: To use a systematic, evidence‐based consensus process to develop definitions for transfusion reactions in dogs and cats. Evidence evaluation of the literature was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. Reaction definitions were generated based on synthesis of human and veterinary literature. Consensus on the definitions was achieved through Delphi‐style surveys. Draft recommendations were made available through industry specialty listservs and comments were incorporated. Definitions with imputability criteria were developed for 14 types of transfusion reactions. The evidence review and consensus process resulted in definitions that can be used to facilitate future veterinary transfusion reaction research.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12794
Abstract: To systematically review the evidence for therapeutic monitoring of antithrombotic drugs in small animals, develop guidelines regarding antithrombotic monitoring, and identify knowledge gaps in the field. First, a standardized, systematic literature review was conducted to address predefined PICO (Population/Patient, Intervention, Control, Outcome) questions, with categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality. Preliminary guidelines were developed by PICO worksheet authors and the domain chair. Thereafter, a Delphi-style survey was used to develop consensus on guidelines regarding therapeutic monitoring of antithrombotics in dogs and cats. Academic and referral veterinary medical centers. PICO questions regarding the utility of therapeutic monitoring were developed for 6 different antithrombotic drugs or drug classes, including aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, unfractionated heparin, the low molecular weight heparins, and rivaroxaban, The majority of the literature pertaining to therapeutic monitoring of antithrombotic drugs was either performed in experimental animal models of disease or involved studies of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy laboratory animals. There was a paucity of high level of evidence studies directly addressing the PICO questions, which limited the strength of recommendations that could be provided. The final guidelines recommend that therapeutic monitoring should be performed when using warfarin or unfractionated heparin in dogs and cats at risk of thrombosis. There is insufficient evidence to make strong recommendations for therapeutic monitoring of aspirin or low molecular weight heparin in dogs and cats at this time. As in other CURATIVE domains, significant knowledge gaps were highlighted, indicating the need for substantial additional research in this field. Ongoing investigation of the role of therapeutic monitoring of antithrombotic therapies will undoubtedly facilitate improved outcomes for dogs and cats at risk of thrombosis.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2021
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.13043
Abstract: To systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of transfusion‐associated reactions in dogs and cats. Standardized and systemic evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline via PubMed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. The available evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. The evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines, diagnostic, and treatment algorithms were generated based on the evaluation of the evidence. Consensus on the final guidelines was achieved through Delphi‐style surveys. Draft recommendations were disseminated through veterinary specialty listservs for review and comments, which were evaluated and integrated prior to final publication. Medline via PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched. There were 14 Population Intervention Comparison Outcome questions identified and corresponding worksheets were developed focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of transfusion‐associated reactions in dogs and cats. Fourteen guidelines and four algorithms were developed with a high degree of consensus. This systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended diagnostic and treatment algorithms for use in practice. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.
Publisher: American Association for Laboratory Animal Science
Date: 08-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-07-2015
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12350
Abstract: To summarize the signalment, clinical signs, prevalence of decreased blood glucose concentration (BG), prevalence of increased liver values, treatment, and outcome in dogs known to have ingested xylitol. Retrospective study from December 2007 to February 2012 SETTING: Three university teaching hospitals. One hundred ninety-two client-owned dogs with known or suspected xylitol ingestion. None. The median ingested xylitol dose was 0.32 g/kg (range 0.03-3.64 g/kg). Clinical signs were present in 39 (20%) dogs on presentation to the veterinary teaching hospitals. The most common clinical sign was vomiting (n = 25), followed by lethargy (12). The median duration of clinical signs prior to presentation was 93 minutes (range 0-5,040 minutes). Dogs that developed clinical signs ingested a significantly higher dose of xylitol than those that were asymptomatic. Thirty dogs became hypoglycemic (BG ≤ 3.3 mmol/L [60 mg/dL]) at some time point during their hospitalization. When evaluating all dogs, there was a significant difference between the initial and lowest BGs. Thirty dogs had increased alanine aminotransferase activity or total serum bilirubin concentration. Dogs with increases in alanine aminotransferase activity or total serum bilirubin concentration had a significantly lower nadir BG. All dogs survived to discharge and 158 were known to be alive at 28 days. The rest were lost to follow up. The prognosis for dogs evaluated by a veterinarian that ingest lower doses of xylitol and do not develop liver failure is excellent. Dogs ingesting xylitol should be hospitalized and monitored for variations in BG, because BG drops in most dogs following presentation. Additional studies are needed in dogs ingesting higher doses of xylitol before correlations between dose and the development of clinical signs or liver failure can be established. Treatment and prognosis for these dogs warrants further investigation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-02-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-4431.2011.00613.X
Abstract: To describe the common clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities, treatment, and prognosis associated with acute aldicarb toxicosis in dogs. Retrospective observational study from 2001 to 2009. Urban referral hospital. Fifteen client-owned dogs. None. The most common clinical signs associated with acute aldicarb toxicosis were vomiting, ptyalism, diarrhea, and tremors. Of the 15 dogs, 11 were admitted to the hospital for treatment, 2 were euthanized at presentation and 2 were discharged against medical advice following minimal treatment and lost to follow-up. Laboratory abnormalities included lactic acidosis and hyperglycemia in 12 and 9 patients, respectively. Treatment of hospitalized dogs included induction of emesis with apomorphine (4 dogs), activated charcoal (5), IV fluids (11), atropine (7), methocarbamol (3), diazepam (1), pralidoxime (1) and diphenhydramine (1). Ten of 11 hospitalized dogs survived to discharge 1 was euthanized following a respiratory arrest after 36 hours of hospitalization. One patient received mechanical ventilation and treatment for pneumonia before discharge from the hospital. The median duration of hospitalization was 22 hours (range 12-168 h). Acute aldicarb toxicosis carries a good prognosis for survival and hospital discharge with treatment. Supportive care should be considered for at least 18-24 hours to monitor for response to therapy and development of respiratory failure.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-06-2021
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.13101
Abstract: This retrospective observational study reports the enteric organisms detected in dogs in Western Australia that had a faecal PCR (fPCR) submitted to a commercial veterinary laboratory. Of 2025 fPCR results, Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene was most frequently detected (87.2%), followed by C ylobacter spp. (37.8%), canine parvovirus (10.5%), Giardia spp. (9.7%), Salmonella spp. (7.0%), canine enteric coronavirus (2.3%), and canine distemper virus (0.3%). C.perfringens alpha toxin gene and C ylobacter spp. were the most common organisms co‐detected. There was no statistically significant seasonal variation. Further studies are required to elucidate the role these organisms play in gastrointestinal disease in dogs.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 15-02-2019
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of urinary bladder lavage on in-hospital recurrence of urethral obstruction (UO) and durations of urinary catheter retention and hospitalization for male cats. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS 137 male cats with UO. PROCEDURES Following random allocation, cats either did (flush group n = 69) or did not (no-flush group 68) undergo urinary bladder lavage with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution after alleviation of the obstruction and placement of a urethral catheter. Signalment, prior history of UO, presence of crystalluria, difficulty of urinary tract catheterization, in-hospital UO recurrence rate, and durations of urinary catheter retention and hospitalization were compared between the flush and no-flush groups. RESULTS Baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment groups. The in-hospital UO recurrence rate (9/69 [13%]) and median durations of urinary catheter retention (37 hours range, 3 to 172 hours) and hospitalization (3 days range, 0.5 to 12 days) for the flush group did not differ significantly from the in-hospital UO recurrence rate (13/68 [19%]) and median durations of urinary catheter retention (36 hours range, 1 to 117 hours) and hospitalization (3 days range, 1 to 9 days) for the no-flush group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that, for male cats with UO, urinary bladder lavage at the time of urethral catheterization had no significant effect on in-hospital recurrence rate of the condition, duration of urinary catheter retention, or duration of hospitalization however, additional studies are necessary to validate or refute these findings.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-10-2022
DOI: 10.3390/ANI12192691
Abstract: Synthetic colloid fluids containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES) have been associated with impairment of coagulation in dogs. It is unknown if HES causes coagulation impairment in dogs with naturally occurring critical illness. This study used banked plasma s les from a blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing HES and balanced isotonic crystalloid for bolus fluid therapy in 39 critically ill dogs. Blood was collected prior to fluid administration and 6, 12, and 24 h thereafter. Coagulation biomarkers measured at each time point included prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen concentration, and the activities of coagulation factors V, VII, VIII, IX, and X, von Willebrand factor antigen, antithrombin, and protein C. Given the links between coagulation and inflammation, cytokine concentrations were also measured, including interleukins 6, 8, 10, and 18, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Data were analyzed with linear mixed effects models. No significant treatment-by-time interactions were found for any biomarker, indicating that the pattern of change over time was not modified by treatment. Examining the main effect of time showed significant changes in several coagulation biomarkers and keratinocyte-derived chemokines. This study could not detect evidence of coagulation impairment with HES.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-06-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.12119
Abstract: There is a need for biomarkers for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis for asthma in cats. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway diseases in other species but not the cat. To conduct a prospective experimental study to show that experimentally asthmatic cats, but not control cats without airway inflammation, would have increased concentrations of ET in BALF. Eleven healthy, adult research cats. Prospective experimental study. Six healthy cats without airway inflammation were used as controls. Asthma was induced using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) in 5 cats. Collection of BALF for total nucleated cell and differential counts was performed. The concentration of ET-1 in cell-free BALF s les was determined. Data were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney U-test with P < .05 considered significant. The median [range] BALF total cell numbers, eosinophil numbers, and eosinophil percentages were significantly higher in the cats following experimental induction of asthma (1,870 cells/μL [1,450-3,440], 711 cells/μL [356-1,686] and 38% [20-49]) compared to baseline control parameters (462 cells/μL [239-780], 18 cells/μL [18-62] and 3.5% [0-8]) (P < .01). The median [range] BALF ET concentration was also significantly higher after induction of asthma (1.393 fmol/mL[0.977-2.247]) compared to healthy control cats (0.83250 fmol/mL [0.625-1.038]) (P = .012). This study suggests that BAL ET-1 concentration can be used to differentiate normal cats from those with experimentally induced asthma. If the same holds true for cats with naturally developing asthma, BAL ET-1 may prove a useful diagnostic biomarker for asthma.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-08-2020
DOI: 10.3390/ANI10091448
Abstract: Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a clinically relevant infectious disease in shelter cats, with in idual and population-level welfare implications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of famciclovir in reducing clinical signs of URTD in shelter cats during a therapeutic period of up to 21 days. Cats at two Northeastern United States animal shelters with URTD clinical signs were enrolled in a pragmatic, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cats received either famciclovir (n = 11, target dose range 40–90 mg/kg) or placebo (n = 11), administered orally twice daily for up to 21 days with once-daily clinical scoring. At enrollment, conjunctival and oropharyngeal s les were collected for respiratory pathogen identification by RT-PCR. Zero-inflated Poisson regression was used to evaluate the treatment group effects and changes in clinical scoring over time. With each day of treatment, cats in both groups were less likely to experience worsening clinical scores however, the risk of worsening scores with each day of treatment was significantly less in the famciclovir group compared to placebo (p = 0.006). Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) DNA was detected in 11/21 cats. The findings justify further pragmatic studies to determine whether famciclovir treatment can contribute to a clinically relevant reduction in URTD morbidity in shelter cats.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-12-2013
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12008
Abstract: To describe a unique cause of septic pericarditis in a cat and detail the successful case management strategy. A 6-year-old sexually intact female Ragdoll cat was evaluated for a 7-day history of progressive lethargy, anorexia, and vaginal discharge. Thoracic radiographs revealed a markedly globoid cardiac silhouette and pleural effusion while the initial echocardiogram showed moderate volume pericardial effusion. Following pericardiocentesis, cytologic evaluation of the pericardial effusion revealed septic suppurative inflammation with intra- and extracellular Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. Abdominal ultrasound demonstrated a moderate amount of echogenic uterine fluid accumulation with a right-sided uterine horn mass. After stabilization with pericardiocentesis, IV fluid therapy and IV antimicrobials, the cat underwent ovariohysterectomy and partial pericardiectomy. Histopathology confirmed a diagnosis of pyometra and septic pericarditis. Uterine and pericardial fluid bacterial culture yielded Escherichia coli with identical antimicrobial sensitivity spectrums. Septic pericarditis is a rare cause of pericardial effusion in the cat. Previous reported cases have either suggested the cause to be secondary to transient bacteremia resulting from a local infection seeding the pericardium or for the cause to remain unknown. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first veterinary report of septic pericarditis resulting from hematogeneously spread bacteria originating from a urogenital infection. It is also the first report of successful surgical management of septic pericarditis in the cat.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12206
Abstract: To describe a population of critically ill dogs receiving dalteparin monitored with an anti-Xa assay, to assess the potential utility of serial monitoring, and to investigate the association between pre-treatment thromboelastography (TEG) and the ability to achieve targeted anti-Xa activity. Descriptive retrospective study. Veterinary teaching hospital. Thirty-eight client-owned dogs receiving dalteparin and monitored with an anti-Xa assay. None. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for signalment, underlying disease, clinicopathological data, occurrence of thromboembolic events, complications, and outcome. Thirty-eight dogs receiving dalteparin were monitored with an anti-Xa assay. Diseases included hematological disease, protein-losing disease, neoplastic disease, and septic processes. Pretreatment hypercoagulability was present in 34/35 dogs by assessment of TEG. Five cases of thromboembolism were confirmed prior to starting treatment and 4 cases occurred during hospitalization. Bleeding complications were rare (3/38) and 29/38 dogs survived to discharge. Interpretation of the anti-Xa assay allowed for dose adjustment although reliable achievement of target anti-Xa activity was not demonstrated. Dogs with higher G values on pretreatment TEG were significantly less likely to achieve the target anti-Xa activity (ie, be above or below the target range). Dalteparin was well tolerated in a heterogeneous population of dogs. However, dose adjustment in response to anti-Xa activity interpretation inconsistently resulted in subsequent attainment of the target anti-Xa range. Development of guidelines may be warranted to more consistently achieve the target range. Dogs that appear more hypercoagulable on pre-treatment TEG may require closer monitoring and greater dose adjustment to achieve the target anti-Xa range.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 04-2011
Abstract: Objective —To compare clinical findings and inflammatory mediator production among cats with sepsis, cats with noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and healthy cats. Design —Case-control study. Animals —Cats with sepsis (n = 16) or SIRS (19) and 8 healthy control cats. Procedures —Clinical variables were recorded for each cat, and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1β activities and IL-6 and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)-8 concentrations were determined at initial evaluation. Results —Clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with sepsis in cats included a high band neutrophil percentage, eosinopenia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. When the sepsis and SIRS groups were compared, the only significant differences in the CBC and plasma biochemical findings were band neutrophil percentage and albumin concentration. Cats with sepsis had significantly greater plasma TNF activity than did healthy cats and were more likely to have detectable concentrations of IL-6 than were cats with SIRS or healthy cats. Plasma IL-1β activity did not differ among groups, and CXCL-8 was not detectable in most (32/43) cats. Mortality rate was not significantly greater for cats with sepsis (7/16) than for cats with SIRS (5/19). Plasma IL-1β activity and IL-6 and chloride concentrations were the only variables correlated with nonsurvival in the sepsis group. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Cats with sepsis may have various clinicopathologic abnormalities but are more likely to have a high band neutrophil percentage and hypoalbuminemia than cats with noninfectious SIRS. Plasma interleukin-1β activity and plasma IL-6 and chloride concentrations may be useful prognostic biomarkers for septic cats.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-10-2018
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12766
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12801
Abstract: To systematically review available evidence and establish guidelines related to the risk of developing thrombosis and the management of small animals with antithrombotics. Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature (identified by searching Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts) was carried out in 5 domains (Defining populations at risk Defining rational therapeutic use Defining evidence-based protocols Refining and monitoring antithrombotic therapies and Discontinuing antithrombotic therapies). Evidence evaluation was carried out using Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome generated within each domain questions to address specific aims. This was followed by categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Synthesis of these data led to the development of a series of statements. Consensus on the final guidelines was achieved via Delphi-style surveys. Draft recommendations were presented at 2 international veterinary conferences and made available for community assessment, review, and comment prior to final revisions and publication. Academic and referral veterinary medical centers. Over 500 studies were reviewed in detail. Worksheets from all 5 domains generated 59 statements with 83 guideline recommendations that were refined during 3 rounds of Delphi surveys. A high degree of consensus was reached across all guideline recommendations. Overall, systematic evidence evaluations yielded more than 80 recommendations for the treatment of small animals with or at risk of developing thrombosis. Numerous significant knowledge gaps were highlighted by the evidence reviews undertaken, indicating the need for substantial additional research in this field.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12202
Abstract: To determine thawing times of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and to evaluate the activity of hemostatic proteins (coagulation factors V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and fibrinogen), clotting times (prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time), and sterility of canine plasma stored refrigerated. Prospective laboratory-based study. Veterinary teaching hospital blood bank. Phase 1: Six units of canine FFP were retrieved from the blood bank and thawed in idually in a warm water bath. Time for thaw was recorded in minutes and reported as mean ± SD. Phase 2: One unit of fresh whole blood was collected from 9 dogs and processed routinely. Resulting plasma was ided into 2 aliquots, 1 stored as refrigerated plasma (RP) and 1 as frozen plasma. S les from the RP were taken at 0, 1, 5, 7, and 14 days and from the FFP at days 0 and 14 for determination of clotting factor activity (V, VII, VIII, IX, and X and fibrinogen) and clotting times. Coagulation factors and clotting times were analyzed using a mixed effects linear model for ANOVA, comparing changes over time as well as differences between groups. For all comparisons, a P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Batch bacterial aerobic and anaerobic cultures of the RP s les were submitted on days 7 and 14 and from the frozen plasma on day 14. Time to thaw for FFP units was 34.7 ± 1.38 minutes. Refrigerated storage resulted in significant decreases in the activity of all clotting factors and a subsequent prolongation in clotting times. However, no values were outside of the reference interval. All bacterial cultures yielded no growth. Refrigerated storage results in only minor loss of coagulation factor activity in canine plasma. The use of RP, therefore, may be a viable option in high-volume veterinary hospitals for rapid correction of coagulopathy in critical care patients.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-07-2015
DOI: 10.1111/VCO.12052
Abstract: Thymidine kinase (TK1) is a biomarker that correlates well with diagnosis and prognosis in certain canine cancers. Canine C-reactive protein (cCRP) is a widely accepted marker of inflammation correlated with increased risk and severity of various diseases. We evaluated serum TK1 and cCRP concentrations in apparently healthy dogs (n = 360). All dogs were followed up for a minimum of 6 months by health questionnaire. All dogs with cancer were identified using a proprietary dual-biomarker algorithm [termed Neoplasia Index (NI)]. Specificity of positive NI is 0.91 and high positive is 0.98. All-cause mortality was 20% in dogs with elevated cCRP and 3% in dogs with low cCRP. The performance of serum TK1 and cCRP as tools for screening for occult cancer is improved when evaluated together. Serum TK1 and cCRP (unified in the NI) are useful in the screening of occult canine cancer. cCRP is useful in screening for other serious diseases.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-03-2021
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.13056
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2011
DOI: 10.1136/VR.D5137
Abstract: The aim of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the differences in plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations between dogs with sepsis and those with non-infectious forms of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Eighteen dogs with sepsis, 20 dogs with SIRS and 29 healthy control dogs were enrolled. Blood s les were obtained from the dogs within 12 hours of admission to the University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (MU VMTH) Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in lithium heparin blood tubes. Plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations were measured using the Greiss reaction. Plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations at presentation, clinical parameters, organ dysfunction and in-hospital mortality were compared between groups. Plasma total nitrate/nitrite was significantly greater in the sepsis group compared with the control group (P=0.005) and SIRS group (P=0.037). There was no statistical difference in plasma nitrate/nitrite concentration between the SIRS and control groups (P=0.489). The sensitivity was 66.7 per cent (95 per cent CI, 41 to 87 per cent) and the specificity was 75.5 per cent (95 per cent CI, 61 to 87 per cent) for differentiating dogs with sepsis from dogs without sepsis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETIMM.2009.06.002
Abstract: Sepsis is a common problem in feline patients and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. There has been little research investigating the physiologic response to bacterial infection in cats, in part because appropriate models have not been developed. The objective of this study was to characterize the response to low-dose LPS infusion in conscious, healthy cats. Measures of systemic inflammation, hemodynamic stability, coagulation, metabolic function, and organ damage were compared between placebo and low-dose LPS infusion (2mcg/kg/hx4h, IV) in cats, with each cat serving as its own control. Markers of systemic inflammation including temperature, plasma TNF activity, IL-6, CXCL-8 and IL-10 concentrations were significantly increased and white blood cell counts were significantly decreased after LPS infusion. A biphasic hypotensive response was observed after initiation of LPS infusion without concurrent tachycardia. Additionally, LPS administration significantly increased blood glucose, lactate and creatinine concentrations. Patchy alveolar congestion, multifocal acute alveolar epithelial necrosis, and mild pulmonary edema were noted in the lungs along with acute centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis, and mild lymphocyte apoptosis in the spleen and/or intestinal Peyer's patches. No biologically significant alterations in coagulation parameters developed after LPS infusion. Low-dose LPS infusion in cats induced systemic inflammation, hemodynamic derangement, metabolic alterations and mild organ damage. Low-dose endotoxin infusion is a viable pre-clinical model to study naturally developing sepsis in cats.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 31-10-2023
DOI: 10.1177/10406387221133543
Abstract: A 14-y-old, castrated male, diabetic, domestic longhaired cat was presented for investigation of anemia. General examination revealed widespread cutaneous erythematous macules and patches. Hematology and bone marrow aspiration revealed severe regenerative anemia and marked erythroid hyperplasia, respectively. Low numbers of intermediate-to-large, atypical lymphocytes were observed in the blood smear and bone marrow aspirates. Various imaging modalities demonstrated a diffuse pulmonary bronchial pattern, multifocal mural thickening of the urinary bladder, splenomegaly, and mild tri-cavitary effusion. Skin biopsies and cytologic examination of the pleural effusion demonstrated round-cell neoplasia consistent with lymphoma. Autopsy confirmed disseminated T-cell lymphoma, mostly affecting the urinary bladder, stomach, lymph nodes, and interscapular subcutis and muscles. Angiocentrism and nerve infiltration were present. The cutaneous erythematous patches, characterized by perivascular neoplastic lymphocytic infiltrates and angiodestruction, were a manifestation of the disseminated lymphoma in this cat, similar to the lesions reported in humans affected by angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-5829.2011.00298.X
Abstract: Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a soluble biomarker associated with DNA synthesis. This prospective study evaluated serum TK1 activity in dogs presenting with hemoabdomen and a splenic mass. An ELISA using azidothymidine as a substrate was used to evaluate TK1 activity. Sixty-two dogs with hemoabdomen and 15 normal controls were studied. Serum TK1 activity was significantly higher in dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) than in normal dogs (mean ± SEM = 17.0 ± 5.0 and 2.01 ± 0.6, respectively), but not dogs with benign disease (mean ± SEM = 10.0 ± 3.3). Using a cut-off of 6.55 U/L, TK activity demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.52, specificity of 0.93, positive predictive value of 0.94 and negative predictive value of 0.48 for distinguishing HSA versus normal. When interval thresholds of 7.95 U/L were used together, diagnostic utility was increased. Serum TK1 evaluation may help to discriminate between benign disease and HSA in dogs with hemoabdomen and a splenic mass.
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 04-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-4431.2012.00753.X
Abstract: To systematically examine the evidence on basic life support (BLS) in veterinary CPR and to determine knowledge gaps. Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice. Relevant questions were answered on a worksheet template and reviewed by the Reassessment C aign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) BLS domain members, by the RECOVER committee and opened for comments by veterinary professionals for 30 days. Academia, referral practice, and general practice. Sixteen worksheets were prepared to evaluate techniques for chest compression and ventilation strategies as well as identification of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Major recommendations arising from this evidence review include performing chest compressions at a rate of at least 100/min at a compression depth of one-third to half the width of the chest with minimal pauses, and early instigation of ventilation at a rate of 8-10 breaths/min in intubated patients, or using a 30:2 compression/ventilation ratio in nonintubated patients. Although veterinary clinical trials are lacking, much of the experimental literature on BLS utilized canine models. The major conclusions from this analysis of the literature are the importance of early identification of CPA, and immediate initiation of BLS in these patients. Many knowledge gaps exist, most importantly in our understanding of the optimal hand placement and technique for chest compressions, warranting coordinated future studies targeted at questions of relevance to differences between veterinary species and humans.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-02-2019
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12804
Abstract: To illustrate the application of the Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) guidelines to the management of dogs and cats at risk of developing thrombosis using a case-based approach. Dogs and cats become at risk of developing thrombosis from a wide range of conditions. These conditions often involve a specific insult followed by an inflammatory response and when combined with other contributing factors (eg, hypercoagulability, vascular endothelial injury, hemodynamic changes) create favorable conditions for thrombosis. Development of thrombosis in small animals remains challenging to demonstrate. Compatible clinical signs, the presence of known risk factors, and supporting diagnostic tests may be highly suggestive of the development of thrombosis. Therapeutic recommendations in accordance with the CURATIVE guidelines for dogs and cats are described in specific case vignettes presented. Discussion is centered on antithrombotic drug choices and dosing protocols, as outlined in Domains 2 and 3 of the CURATIVE guidelines. Where appropriate, guidelines related to therapeutic monitoring (Domain 4) and discontinuation of antithrombotics (Domain 5) were included. In small animals at risk of developing thrombosis, overall prognosis may be improved by following consensus-based recommendations on the use of antithrombotics as outlined in the CURATIVE guidelines. Whether such interventions have any impact on outcome requires further investigation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12803
Publisher: Baghdad University College of Veterinary Medicine
Date: 28-06-2023
Abstract: Lymphoma is a cancer arising from B or T lymphocytes that are central immune system components. It is one of the three most common cancers encountered in the canine lymphoma affects middle-aged to older dogs and usually stems from lymphatic tissues, such as lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue, or spleen. Despite the advance in the management of canine lymphoma, a better understanding of the subtype and tumor aggressiveness is still crucial for improved clinical diagnosis to differentiate malignancy from hyperplastic conditions and to improve decision-making around treating and what treatment type to use. This study aimed to evaluate a potential novel biomarker related to iron metabolism, embryonic haemoglobin (HBE), for early diagnosis. Archived s les in combination with prospective s les collected from dogs with and without lymphoma were used in this study for the retrospective analyses of this tumor based on the same biomarker lified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The HBE mRNA was aberrantly expressed in canine B and T cell lymphoma compared to the normal lymph node tissue and hyperplastic lymph nodes. In conclusion, this study identified a novel potential biomarker for improving lymphoma diagnosis and treatment in dogs. Further studies with larger s le sizes are needed to confirm the suitability of this biomarker for canine lymphoma diagnosis.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-02-2020
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12932
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-07-2016
DOI: 10.1111/VCO.12101
Abstract: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is important in bone health as well as many diseases including cancer. Supplementation may increase responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Serum 25(OH)D, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and canine C-reactive protein (c-CRP) were measured in healthy dogs and dogs with haemoabdomen. Regression analysis determined optimal 25(OH)D concentrations. In healthy dogs (n = 282), mean iPTH concentrations correlated inversely (r(2) = 0.88, P 150 ng mL(-1) . Relative risk of cancer increased with decreasing 25(OH)D concentrations [RR = 3.9 for 25(OH)D below 40 ng mL(-1) (P = 0.0001)]. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs vary widely, and are influenced by dietary VitD content. Serum vitD measurement can identify dogs for which supplementation may improve health and response to cancer therapy.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 16-02-2012
Abstract: Thirty-five cases of spontaneous pneumothorax were reviewed. In contrast to dogs, cats with an established etiology all had spontaneous pneumothorax associated with lung disease. Underlying diseases identified in affected cats included inflammatory airway disease, neoplasia, heartworm infection, pulmonary abscess and lungworm infection. Many cats were managed successfully with observation alone or needle thoracocentesis and specific therapy for their primary lung disease. Cats who present with spontaneous pneumothorax may be treated successfully with non-surgical therapies and appear to have a better prognosis than previously extrapolated from canine studies.
Publisher: American Animal Hospital Association
Date: 09-2017
Abstract: The objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the effects of cricoarytenoid (CA) joint preservation versus disarticulation on rima glottidis (RG) area with the epiglottis open and closed under both low and high suture tension. Canine cadaver larynges were used. A unilateral arytenoid lateralization (UAL) was performed with low or high suture tension and with the CA joint preserved or disarticulated. Rima glottidis area was measured with the epiglottis in an open and closed position. Results indicated that RG area was increased over baseline when UAL was performed with both low and high suture tension when the epiglottis was in an open position. High suture tension resulted in a greater increase in RG area compared to low suture tension, both when the CA was preserved and disarticulated. There was no difference in RG area when the CA was disarticulated versus preserved at either suture tension. Rima glottidis area was not significantly increased over baseline when the epiglottis was in a closed position except in the group with CA joint preservation and high suture tension. Although this study suggests that UAL can be performed with or without CA disarticulation, further studies are warranted before UAL without CA disarticulation can be recommended clinically.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 07-2016
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis in cats hospitalized in a veterinary teaching hospital. DESIGN Observational study. ANIMALS 246 client-owned cats. PROCEDURES During a 3-month period, daily treatment records were evaluated for all hospitalized cats. Information extracted included signalment, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, diagnostic test results, diagnosis, duration of hospitalization, and outcome (survival or death). Cats were classified into 1 of 4 disease categories (sepsis [confirmed infection and SIRS], infection [confirmed infection without SIRS], noninfectious SIRS [SIRS without a confirmed infection], and no SIRS [no SIRS or infection]). RESULTS Of the 246 cats, 26 and 3 were hospitalized 2 and 3 times, respectively thus, 275 hospitalizations were evaluated. When SIRS was defined as the presence of ≥ 2 of 4 SIRS criteria, 17 cats had sepsis, 16 had infections, 81 had noninfectious SIRS, and 161 were classified in the no SIRS category at hospital admission. The prevalence of sepsis at hospital admission was 6.2 cases/100 admissions. Four cats developed sepsis while hospitalized, resulting in a sepsis incidence rate of 1.5 cases/100 hospital admissions. Four of 17 cats with sepsis at hospital admission and 3 of 4 cats that developed sepsis while hospitalized died or were euthanized, resulting in a mortality rate of 33.3% for septic cats 239 hospitalizations resulted in survival, 28 resulted in euthanasia, and 8 resulted in death. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that many hospitalized cats have evidence of SIRS and some have sepsis. In cats, sepsis is an important clinical entity with a high mortality rate.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 15-10-2006
Abstract: Case Description —A dog was referred for treatment after ingestion of quick-dissolve chlorine granules intended for use in a swimming pool. Clinical Findings —At evaluation 18 hours after ingestion of the granules, the dog had tachypnea, signs of depression, approximately 5% dehydration, oral mucositis, and a productive cough. Increased respiratory tract sounds and wheezes were ausculted in all lung fields. Complete blood count revealed erythrocytosis and lymphopenia. Serum biochemical analyses revealed mildly high activities of hepatic enzymes and creatine kinase. Arterial blood gas concentrations were consistent with hypoxemia and hyperventilation. Thoracic radiography revealed widespread pulmonary alveolar infiltrates predominantly affecting the ventral portions of both lungs, consistent with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema secondary to aspiration of the granulated chlorine. Treatment and Outcome —Initial treatment included IV administration of an electrolyte solution with supplemental KCl, ranitidine, furosemide, cefotaxime, buprenorphine, and supplemental oxygen. Subsequent treatment included administration of meloxicam and an endoscopically placed percutaneous gastrostomy tube. Endoscopic examination revealed esophagitis and mild gastritis therefore, metoclopramide and sucralfate were also administered. Fifteen days later, the gastrostomy tube was removed prior to discharge endoscopic examination revealed grossly normal esophageal and gastric mucosa, and thoracic radiography revealed complete resolution of the lung lesions. Clinical Relevance —Although ingestion of granulated chlorine is rare in veterinary patients, the resulting disease processes are common and can be treated successfully.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12259
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-06-2014
DOI: 10.3390/ANI4020331
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-4431.2010.00522.X
Abstract: To describe the successful management of an alpaca with severe hypoventilation and hypercapnia, suspected to be secondary to an anesthesia-related event. A 3-year-old, female alpaca underwent a routine eye enucleation under general anesthesia after traumatic globe perforation. Severe hypoventilation and associated hypercapnia developed postoperatively resulting in a severe primary respiratory acidosis. The awake alpaca was supported with positive-pressure ventilation for approximately 20 hours before successful weaning. Recovery to hospital discharge occurred over the subsequent 5 days with the alpaca regaining apparently normal respiratory function. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report describing positive-pressure ventilation of an alpaca in the veterinary literature. In this case of severe hypoventilation, ventilatory support was essential to the positive outcome. As South American camelids continue to increase in popularity there may be an increased demand for high-quality and sophisticated veterinary care for these animals. Mechanical ventilation can be used to help restore and maintain normal PO2, PCO2, and respiratory acid-base status in alpacas with ventilatory dysfunction.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2016
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12496
Abstract: To document the incidence of hyperlactatemia in sick cats hospitalized for emergency care and to evaluate the prognostic utility of serial lactate measurements in cats with hyperlactatemia. Prospective observational study over a 10-month period (July 2010-May 2011). Private veterinary referral center with 24-hour hospital care. One hundred and twenty-three privately owned cats admitted to a private referral center. Blood was collected by direct venipuncture from the jugular or medial saphenous vein at the time of hospital admission and at 6 and 24 hours following admission. The median plasma lactate concentration for all cats at admission (T0) was 1.89 mmol/L (17.0 mg/dL) (range: 0.3-12.48). Twenty-three percent (28/123) of cats admitted were hyperlactatemic (ie, >2.87 mmol/L >25.86 mg/dL) upon admission. Lactate concentration at presentation and serial lactate measurements were not found to be related with survival to discharge or correlated with duration of hospitalization. The overall survival rate of all cats in this study was 81%. This study demonstrated that the incidence of hyperlactatemia in sick cats being admitted for hospitalization in a private referral center was 23%, and that lactate concentration on admission and serial lactate measurements over time were not prognostic in this group of hospitalized cats. Future studies are needed to evaluate the prognostic utility of lactate and serial lactate measurements in specific disease states and in a larger population of critically ill cats.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1476-4431.2009.00485.X
Abstract: (1) To evaluate whether total calcium (tCa) correlates with ionized calcium (iCa) in hypoalbuminemic dogs (2) to evaluate whether calcium adjusted for albumin (Alb), or total protein (TP), or both accurately predict iCa concentrations and hence can be used to monitor calcium homeostasis in critically ill hypoalbuminemic dogs and (3) to evaluate factors associated with any potential discrepancy in calcium classification between corrected total and ionized values. Prospective observational clinical study. Small animal intensive care unit in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. Twenty-eight client-owned dogs with hypoalbuminemia. None. iCa was determined using ion-specific electrode methodology, on heparinized plasma. The tCa concentration was adjusted for Alb and TP using published equations. In total 29% (8/28) of the hypoalbuminemic, critically ill dogs in this study were hypocalcemic at intensive care unit admission, as determined by iCa measurement. Corrected calcium values failed to accurately classify calcium status in 67.9% and 64.3% of cases, according to whether the Alb-adjusted or TP-adjusted values, respectively, were used. The sensitivity and specificity of the tCa to evaluate hypocalcemia was 100% and 47%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the correction formulae were 37.5% and 79% for the Alb-adjusted values and 37.5% and 74% for TP-adjusted values. tCa overestimated the presence of hypocalcemia and underestimated the presence of normocalcemia, while corrected calcium values overestimated the presence of normocalcemia and underestimated the presence of hypocalcemia. Calcium homeostasis in hypoalbuminemic critically ill dogs should be evaluated by iCa concentrations rather than tCa or calcium adjusted for Alb or TP. Given that tCa has 100% sensitivity for detecting hypocalcemia in this population it is recommended that all hypoalbuminemic and critically ill patients with low tCa should be evaluated with an iCa measurement.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFMS.2010.05.012
Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of a cysteinyl-leukotriene-1 (cys-LT-1) receptor antagonist, zarfirlukast, during feline endotoxemia. Six adult, sexually intact male cats received either placebo or zarfirlukast (10 mg, PO) and endotoxin (2 μg/kg/h q 6 h) in a cross-over design. Rectal temperature, heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure, plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity, interleukin (IL)-6 concentration and urine cys-LT to creatinine ratio were evaluated. The rectal temperature, plasma TNF activity and IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher and systolic arterial blood pressure and heart rate significantly lower after endotoxin infusion. Cats treated with zafirlukast had a significantly higher blood pressure at 4 h (P=0.002) compared to placebo. Urine cys-LT to creatinine ratio was significantly greater in the cats treated with zafirlukast compared to placebo (P=0.02). Zafirlukast administration ameliorated the acute hypotensive response to endotoxin in cats, but failed to significantly alter rectal temperature, heart rate or production of TNF and IL-6.
Location: Australia
No related grants have been discovered for Claire Sharp.