ORCID Profile
0000-0003-2222-2627
Current Organisations
Faculty of Materials Science and Technology
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Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 05-03-2021
Abstract: Highly-threatened seabirds connect many countries and the high seas and therefore depend on coordinated ocean governance.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 25-03-2010
DOI: 10.3354/AB00225
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2001
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-04-2014
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 29-09-2010
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS08752
Publisher: Wildlife Disease Association
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.7589/2012-10-247
Abstract: Influenza A viruses infect a wide range of hosts, including many species of birds. Avian influenza A virus (AIV) infection appears to be most common in Anseriformes (ducks, geese, and swans) and some Charadriiformes (shorebirds and gulls), but many other birds also serve as hosts of AIV. Here, we evaluated the role of seabirds as hosts for AIV. We tested 3,160 swab s les from 13 seabird species between May 2008 and December 2011 in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. We also tested 156 serum s les for evidence of previous infection of AIV in Common Murres (Uria aalge) and Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica). Avian influenza A virus was detected in breeding Common Murres and nonbreeding Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia), and Common Murres also had high antibody prevalence (44%). From these findings, combined with other studies showing AIV infection in murres, we conclude that murres are important for the ecology of AIV. For other species (Razorbill, Alca torda Leach's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla Atlantic Puffin) with good coverage (>100 s les) we did not detect AIV. However, serology indicates infection does occur in Atlantic Puffins, with 22% antibody prevalence found. The possibility of virus spread through dense breeding colonies and the long distance movements of these hosts make a more thorough evaluation of the role for seabirds as hosts of AIV important.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 26-10-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.MARENVRES.2018.09.021
Abstract: In Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, reports indicate that Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) are vulnerable to bycatch in the fisheries for Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). We modeled the potential current and future impacts the expanding halibut fishery may have on fulmar populations in the region using population viability analysis. By varying age-specific bycatch vulnerability, detectability, and the size of the at-risk population, we tested how different scenarios may influence population trajectories. From 2011 to 2015, the bycatch rate of fulmars was approximately 212 (SD ± 111) in iduals per year. This could cause declines (-12%) over three generations (66 years) at the three colonies closest to the fishing grounds. However, declines could be as high as -33% over this same period if unobservable bycatch is considered, and as low as -0.4% if bycatch is distributed among a larger population. Several uncertainties we modeled could be reduced by improving how bycatch data are recorded by at-sea observer programs.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 30-10-2009
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS08223
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1890/ES14-00182.1
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 19-10-2011
Abstract: Animal tracking provides new means to assess far-reaching environmental impacts. In the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico, a long-distance migrant, the northern gannet ( Morus bassanus ) suffered the highest oiling among beach-wrecked birds recovered. Analysis of bird-borne tracking data indicated that 25 per cent of their North American population from multiple colonies in eastern Canada migrated to the pollution zone. Findings contrasted sharply with available mark-recapture (band recovery) data. The timing of movement into and out of the Gulf indicates that immature birds would have absorbed most oil-induced mortality. Consequently, one of two outcomes is likely: either a lagged (likely difficult to assess) population decrease, or an undetectable population response buffered by age-related life-history adaptations. Tracking research is especially useful when little information on animal distributions in pollution zones is available, as is the case in the Gulf of Mexico. Ongoing research highlights current risks and conservation concerns.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 20-09-2006
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS322291
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2018
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 18-03-2019
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.1071/WR96121
Abstract: Dissection and measurement of the carcasses of shy albatrosses, Diomedea cauta cauta, provided morphometric data from known-sex birds from fledgling age to adulthood. These data were used to determine the efficacy of external measures for reliably identifying the sex of birds in the field. As fledglings were smaller than adults and subadults in all measures, separate age-specific equations were developed for assigning their sex. Sexual dimorphism was evident in all head, beak and leg measurements for the adult and subadult birds, with males being significantly larger than females, while there were no sex differences in measures of the wings and tail. Beak and head measurements, along with the weight of fledglings, were taken, and sex differences were evident for all parameters. A stepwise discriminant function analysis of the seven head and beak measures (head length, head width, basal bill width, culmen length, basal bill depth, minimum bill depth and upper bill depth) indicated that 98% of adult and subadult birds could be correctly sexed by measuring the upper bill depth and head width, whilst the sex of 89% of fledglings could be discerned by measuring head length and width and the minimum bill depth. Discriminant scores overlapped less for adults–subadults than for fledglings, indicating that external measurements may be used more reliably to sex this age-class. Data from three experienced observers indicated significant differences in the morphometric measures taken from the same in idual albatrosses. The extent of these differences, however, varied greatly depending on the measure taken (i.e. beak v. wing measures), with head and beak measures showing the least inter-observer differences. Such differences resulted in a decrease in the success rate of the adult–subadult discriminant function analysis from 98 to 90%. When working with breeding birds, sex-allocation errors can be reduced by measuring both members of a pair and allowing the relative size of the discriminant score to identify the in iduals concerned.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS229221
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 29-10-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FMARS.2021.683071
Abstract: Every year, billions of birds undertake extensive migrations between breeding and non-breeding areas, facing challenges that require behavioural adjustments, particularly to flight timing and duration. Such adjustments in daily activity patterns and the influence of extrinsic factors (e.g., environmental conditions, moonlight) have received much more research attention in terrestrial than marine migrants. Taking advantage of the widespread deployment in recent decades of combined light-level geolocator-immersion loggers, we investigated diel organisation and influence of the moon on flight activities during the non-breeding season of 21 migrant seabird species from a wide taxonomic range (6 families, 3 orders). Migrant seabirds regularly stopped (to either feed or rest) during migration, unlike some terrestrial and wetland birds which fly non-stop. We found an overall increase for most seabird species in time in flight and, for several species, also in flight bout duration, during migration compared to when resident at the non-breeding grounds. Additionally, several nocturnal species spent more of the day in flight during migration than at non-breeding areas, and vice versa for diurnal species. Nocturnal time in flight tended to increase during full moon, both during migration and at the non-breeding grounds, depending on species. Our study provides an extensive overview of activity patterns of migrant seabirds, paving the way for further research on the underlying mechanisms and drivers.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-04-2022
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.16171
Abstract: Seabird population size is intimately linked to the physical, chemical, and biological processes of the oceans. Yet, the overall effects of long‐term changes in ocean dynamics on seabird colonies are difficult to quantify. Here, we used dated lake sediments to reconstruct ~10,000‐years of seabird dynamics in the Northwest Atlantic to determine the influences of Holocene‐scale climatic oscillations on colony size. On Baccalieu Island (Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada)—where the world's largest colony of Leach's storm‐petrel ( Hydrobates leucorhous Vieillot 1818) currently breeds—our data track seabird colony growth in response to warming during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (ca. 9000 to 6000 BP). From ca. 5200 BP to the onset of the Little Ice Age (ca. 550 BP), changes in colony size were correlated to variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). By contrasting the seabird trends from Baccalieu Island to millennial‐scale changes of storm‐petrel populations from Grand Colombier Island (an island in the Northwest Atlantic that is subjected a to different ocean climate), we infer that changes in NAO influenced the ocean circulation, which translated into, among many things, changes in pycnocline depth across the Northwest Atlantic basin where the storm‐petrels feed. We hypothesize that the depth of the pycnocline is likely a strong bottom‐up control on surface‐feeding storm‐petrels through its influence on prey accessibility. Since the Little Ice Age (LIA), the effects of ocean dynamics on seabird colony size have been altered by anthropogenic impacts. Subsequently, the colony on Baccalieu Island grew at an unprecedented rate to become the world's largest resulting from favorable conditions linked to climate warming, increased vegetation (thereby nesting habitat), and attraction of recruits from other colonies that are now in decline. We show that although ocean dynamics were an important driver of seabird colony dynamics, its recent influence has been modified by human interference.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-04-1996
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-11-2007
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 23-08-2013
Abstract: In 1992, the eastern Canadian gillnet fisheries for northern cod and Atlantic salmon were largely closed. These large-scale fishery closures resulted in the removal of tens of thousands of gillnets known to inflict high levels of seabird mortality. We used this unprecedented opportunity to test the effects of gillnet removal on seabird populations. Consistent with predictions, we show that the breeding populations of ers (auks, gannets susceptible to gillnet bycatch) have increased from pre-closure levels, whereas the populations of scavenging surface-feeders (gulls low vulnerability to gillnet bycatch but susceptible to removal of fisheries discards) have decreased. Using the most complete series of seabird census data for the species most vulnerable to bycatch, we demonstrate a positive population response of common murres to reduction in gillnet fishing within its foraging range. These findings support the widespread but seldom documented contention that fisheries bycatch negatively impacts populations of non-target large vertebrates.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Apple Academic Press
Date: 28-08-2015
DOI: 10.1201/B18864
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1139/A09-013
Abstract: Systematic monitoring of seabird populations in Canada has been ongoing since the 1920s and the monitoring of diets and other biological indicators of ecosystem change started in the 1970s. Long-term monitoring of population parameters began in the 1980s. These studies originally were conducted mainly by the Canadian Wildlife Service, but subsequently have involved several universities and nongovernment organization groups. We review the results of this monitoring from the 1970s onwards for six oceanographic regions to assess population trends among Canadian seabirds and correlated trends in diets, phenology, and other breeding biology variables. Within regions, trends in most variables studied have been broadly congruent, but there was often variation among regions. In particular, seabird populations in the Pacific coast zone affected by the California Current upwelling system have shown generally negative trends since the 1980s, whereas trends for populations of the same species to the north of this zone have been mainly positive. Likewise, on the east coast, trends at Arctic colonies have been decoupled from those at colonies around Newfoundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, especially since the major cold water event of the early 1990s. Several long-term studies have shown an association between population events and diet and phenology changes. Diet and indicators of condition (chick growth, reproductive success) sometimes responded very rapidly to oceanic changes, making them excellent signals of ecosystem perturbations. The review highlights the effects of decadal-scale regime shifts on Canadian seabirds, confirms the value of long-term studies and supports the applicability of single-site observations to regional populations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1998
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1139/Z09-060
Abstract: The Grand Bank ecosystem has undergone significant shifts during the past two decades owing to oceanographic and fishing effects. Effects on upper trophic level seabirds (dietary shifts, reduced reproductive performance) have been mediated through changes in the biology and behaviour of capelin ( Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776)), the focal forage species. To explore for effects at lower trophic levels, we combine dietary (1987–1988, 2003–2006) and distributional (1966–1990, 1998–1999) data for Leach’s storm-petrel ( Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818)), a small, abundant, and highly pelagic seabird. Fish and crustaceans formed the bulk of nestling diet at two colonies, with fish dominating in all s ling periods and years (occurrence %, reconstructed mass %). Five families were represented, but mature myctophids (glacier lanternfish ( Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt, 1837)), horned lanternfish ( Ceratoscopelus maderensis (Lowe, 1839)), Protomyctophum arcticum (Lütken, 1892)) and sandlance (genus Ammodytes L., 1758) dominated. Crustaceans occurred frequently but typically comprised ≤10% by mass Hyperia galba (Montagu, 1813) dominated this prey class. General diet composition was similar through time with birds relying heavily on myctophid fishes in 1987–1988 and 2003–2006. Crustacean ersity, however, declined with fewer species of hyperiid hipods and no small euphausiids (genus Thysanoessa Brandt, 1851) consumed in 2003–2006. The latter parallels changes in spring diets of capelin and winter diets of murres (genus Uria Brisson, 1760) in the region. Associations of storm-petrels with deep water are consistent with the predominance of mesopelagic prey in their diets.
Publisher: Resilience Alliance, Inc.
Date: 26-08-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JOFO.12071
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1997
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-01-2016
DOI: 10.1111/DDI.12411
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 2001
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS224267
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 25-02-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FMARS.2022.816659
Abstract: The global population of Leach’s Storm-Petrels ( Hydrobates leucorhous ), the smallest and most abundant breeding seabird species in eastern Canada, has declined substantially in recent decades. The species is listed as “Threatened” by the Committee On the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) and as “Vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Fatal attraction to anthropogenic light is a major risk for Leach’s Storm-Petrels and many other nocturnal seabirds. From May to September each year, Leach’s Storm-Petrels in eastern Canada breed in island colonies and travel many hundreds of kilometers to obtain prey for themselves and their chick. At the species’ largest colonies in eastern Newfoundland, brightly illuminated oil production platforms intersect breeding storm-petrels’ foraging paths. The level of risk posed by these platforms is poorly understood. GPS tracking from 2016 to 2021 at one of the world’s largest colonies revealed considerable similarity in foraging trip distance, location, and behavior (inferred from Hidden Markov Models) among years, and a decrease in trip distance and duration between incubation and chick-rearing. Leach’s Storm-Petrels flew within the light catch-basin of an oil platform in 17.5% of trips, and the birds tended to transit rapidly past platforms during the day when light attraction is minimal. Exposure to oil platforms at night occurred in only 1.1% of trips. Despite our findings, Leach’s Storm-Petrels are known to strand on oil platforms in large numbers, especially during the fledging period. In addition, storm-petrels migrate over great distances and are likely exposed to brightly illuminated oceanic oil platforms outside the breeding season. Our results emphasize the need to focus conservation research on risks during migration and winter, and on juveniles and immature birds.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-08-2014
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-01-2014
Publisher: Resilience Alliance, Inc.
Date: 2013
Publisher: The Arctic Institute of North America
Date: 07-09-2011
DOI: 10.14430/ARCTIC4120
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1139/A10-900
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-05-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-07-2019
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.5416
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 09-01-2013
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS10053
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 22-05-2017
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 15-03-2006
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS309263
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-03-2015
DOI: 10.1002/AQC.2551
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-07-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-023-38900-Z
Abstract: Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with in idual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 19-07-2019
DOI: 10.1017/S0959270919000248
Abstract: Despite the global significance of the Leach’s Storm-petrel Hydrobates leucorhous colony on Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, the estimate of 3.36 million breeding pairs reported for 1984 by Sklepkovych and Montevecchi stands as the single published population estimate for the world’s largest colony. This study increases knowledge of this population by analysing data from additional independent surveys conducted in 1984 and 1985, and by updating the population status with a survey conducted in 2013. Population estimates were derived by extrapolating occupied burrow densities to the estimated occupied area of four main habitat types (heath, forest, grass and fern), which in turn were based on proportions of habitats observed in plots (1984 and 1985) or by using a Geographic Information System approach (2013). Based on these surveys, the Leach’s Storm-petrel breeding population size on Baccalieu Island was estimated at 5.12 ± 0.73 (SE) and 4.60 ± 0.42 (SE) million pairs in 1984 and 1985 respectively, representing estimates 37–51% greater than the original 1984 survey. While discrepancies among these estimates were largely driven by the way occupied areas were estimated, our study confirms that Baccalieu Island hosts the largest Leach’s Storm-petrel colony in the world. Results from the 2013 survey estimate the current breeding Leach’s Storm-petrel population at 1.95 ± 0.14 (SE) million pairs, representing a 42% decline over 29 years (-1.4% per year), relative to the original published estimate of 3.36 ± 0.12 (SE) million pairs. The most prominent change has occurred in the density of storm-petrel burrows found in forest habitat which dropped by 70% despite forest remaining the second most abundant habitat available to nesting storm-petrels on Baccalieu Island. The cause of this decline remains unknown and is likely multi-faceted. Future research focusing on demographic studies is required to understand what is driving the population decline of this internationally important colony.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-08-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-11-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-53860-5
Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 08-03-2012
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS09538
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-1997
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-05-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2023
Abstract: In the Arctic, chemical contaminants, shipping, oil pollution, plastic pollution, changing habitats in relation to climate change and fisheries have been identified as environmental stressors to seabirds such as Fulmarus glacialis (northern fulmar qaqulluk ᖃᖁᓪᓗᖅ), but rarely have these stressors been considered within a cumulative effects framework in this species which is currently showing a declining populations trend. As a novel tool to understand cumulative effects within a conservation context, we applied a fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) approach that allows experts to arrange key factors and their interrelationships, organizing their understanding of the components of a complex issue into a graphical representation a ‘cognitive map’. This process was grounded in local environment concerns as documented in several Nunavut‐specific reports and discussions, and worked with western‐trained seabird experts with knowledge of northern fulmar populations to assess the inter‐related environmental threats to fulmars as a way to combine these stressors in a cumulative effects framework and identify conservation actions and knowledge gaps. We found strong agreement that the main stressors affecting northern fulmar populations in Canada include pollution (11% total influence (TI)), shipping activities (16% TI), hunting and fishing (18% TI) and mining/oil and gas exploitation activities (22% TI). The indirect influence of threats on northern fulmar population size (57% TI) exceeded the total direct influence (43% TI), emphasizing the value of cognitive mapping in cumulative effects assessment for a more holistic understanding of interacting stressors. Participants expressed substantial uncertainty regarding the strong relationships leading from the concepts, commercial fishing activity in the BBDS and the North Atlantic fisheries activity, indicating that these potential stressors require more research. Similarly, uncertainty was expressed about the potential effects of zodiac traffic, ship strikes of northern fulmar, number of oil spills and magnitude of oil spills on northern fulmar. By characterizing in idual factors as manageable or not, we determined that stressors are largely manageable with enforcement of existing policies (58% TI)—importantly, fishing activities were both highly influential on fulmars and deemed manageable, which will inform ongoing co‐management planning in the region.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 15-10-2012
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS09975
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF00239055
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-06-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-44695-1
Abstract: The Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem supports high levels of bio ersity and endemism and is one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world. Despite the important role marine predators play in structuring ecosystems, areas of high ersity where multiple predators congregate remains poorly known on the Patagonian Shelf. Here, we used biotelemetry and biologging tags to track the movements of six seabird species and three pinniped species breeding at the Falkland Islands. Using Generalized Additive Models, we then modelled these animals’ use of space as functions of dynamic and static environmental indices that described their habitat. Based on these models, we mapped the predicted distribution of animals from both s led and uns led colonies and thereby identified areas where multiple species were likely to overlap at sea. Maximum foraging trip distance ranged from 79 to 1,325 km. However, most of the 1,891 foraging trips by 686 animals were restricted to the Patagonian Shelf and shelf slope, which highlighted a preference for these habitats. Of the seven candidate explanatory covariates used to predict distribution, distance from the colony was retained in models for all species and negatively affected the probability of occurrence. Predicted overlap among species was highest on the Patagonian Shelf around the Falkland Islands and the Burdwood Bank. The predicted area of overlap is consistent with areas that are also important habitat for marine predators migrating from distant breeding locations. Our findings provide comprehensive multi-species predictions for some of the largest marine predator populations on the Patagonian Shelf, which will contribute to future marine spatial planning initiatives. Crucially, our findings highlight that spatially explicit conservation measures are likely to benefit multiple species, while threats are likely to impact multiple species.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2014.04.044
Abstract: Marine birds have been found to ingest plastic debris in many of the world's oceans. Plastic accumulation data from necropsies findings and regurgitation studies are presented on 13 species of marine birds in the North Atlantic, from Georgia, USA to Nunavut, Canada and east to southwest Greenland and the Norwegian Sea. Of the species examined, the two surface plungers (great shearwaters Puffinus gravis northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis) had the highest prevalence of ingested plastic (71% and 51%, respectively). Great shearwaters also had the most pieces of plastics in their stomachs, with some in iduals containing as many of 36 items. Seven species contained no evidence of plastic debris. Reporting of baseline data as done here is needed to ensure that data are available for marine birds over time and space scales in which we see changes in historical debris patterns in marine environments (i.e. decades) and among oceanographic regions.
No related grants have been discovered for April Hedd.