ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4425-9589
Current Organisations
Ghent University
,
Deakin University
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Criminology | Causes and Prevention of Crime | Correctional Theory, Offender Treatment and Rehabilitation | Combinatorics and Discrete Mathematics (excl. Physical Combinatorics) | Social and Cultural Geography | Vocational Education and Training Curriculum and Pedagogy | Crime Policy | Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Crime Prevention | Law Enforcement | Rehabilitation and Correctional Services | Education and Training not elsewhere classified | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Development and Welfare | Injury Control | Health not elsewhere classified
Related Links
Publications
Using social network analysis to study crime
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Public Attitudes in Australia to the Reintegration of ex-Offenders: Testing a Belief in Redeemability (BiR) scale
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-10-2017
On the relationship between goals, membership and network design in multi-agency “fusion” centres
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 10-06-2018
DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-05-2018-0070
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to adopt an organisational network perspective to examine the structural properties underpinning the design and governance of multi-agency fusion centres and related environments, focussing particularly on how they are formed and internally managed. The authors conducted several focus groups and follow-up interviews with executive and operational members of Australia’s principal fusion centres and related environments. The authors argue that in order to understand the internal dynamics of fusion centres, and the ways in which they form and function, the analysis of interrelationships between partners and potential partners is critical. The authors have demonstrated that a network model can assist in this type of analysis. For ex le, hub-and-spoke network structures appear to be a particularly effective solution to the centralisation-density trade-off for such inter-agency networks. The authors use a novel approach that combines a goal-oriented network framework with the existing literature on fusion centres to synthesise key features of the network structure of fusion centres and associated processes of information sharing.
Poly-drug trafficking: Estimating the scale, trends and harms at the Australian border
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGPO.2016.01.005
Abstract: International drug law enforcement agencies have identified an apparent rise in high level drug traffickers choosing to deal in multiple different drugs. It is hypothesised that this may be a "deliberate modus operandi" and that the formation of "portfolios of trades" may make such traffickers more profitable, harmful and resilient to changes in drug supply and policing. In this paper we provide the first exploration of the extent, nature and harms of poly-drug trafficking at Australian borders. Two different methods were used. First, we used Australian Federal Police (AFP) data on all commercial level seizures at the Australian border from 1999 to 2012 to identify the proportion of seizures that were poly-drug and trends over time. Second, we used unit-record data on a sub-set of 20 drug trafficking cases and linked-cases (defined as the original drug trafficking case and all other criminal cases that were connected via common offenders and/or suspects) to compare the profiles of poly-drug and mono-drug traffickers, including: the total weight and type of drug seized, the value of assets seized, and the level of involvement in other crime (such as money laundering and corruption). Between 5% and 35% of commercial importations at the Australian border involved poly-drug trafficking. Poly-drug trafficking occurred in almost every year of analysis (1999-2012), but it increased only slightly over time. Compared to mono-drug traffickers poly-drug traffickers were characterised by: larger quantities of drugs seized, larger networks, longer criminal histories and more involvement in other types of serious crime. Some fears about poly-drug traffickers may have been overstated particularly about the inherent escalation of this form of trafficking. Nevertheless, this suggests poly-drug traffickers are likely to pose added risks to governments and law enforcement than mono-drug traffickers. They may necessitate different types of policy responses.
Retail price as an outcome measure for the effectiveness of drug law enforcement
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGPO.2009.12.001
Abstract: One outcome measure of law enforcement effectiveness is the reduction in drug consumption which occurs as a result of law enforcement interventions. A theoretical relationship between drug consumption and retail price has promoted the use of retail price as a surrogate measure for consumption. In the current article, retail price is examined as a potential outcome measure for the effectiveness of law enforcement. The predictions regarding the relationship between law enforcement intensity and price are only partially supported by research. Explanations for the disconnect between the drug law enforcement activity and retail price include: rapid adaptation by market players, enforcement sw ing, assumptions of rational actors, short-run versus long-run effects, structure of the illicit market, simultaneous changes that affect price in perverse ways, the role of violence in markets, and data limitations. Researchers who use retail price as an outcome measure need to take into account the complex relationship between drug law enforcement interventions and the retail price of illicit drugs. Viable outcome measures which can be used as complements to retail price are worth investigation.
The source and diversion of pharmaceutical drugs for non-medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2018.02.010
Abstract: The non-medical use (NMU) of pharmaceutical drugs is an increasing public health concern. This systematic review consolidates current knowledge about how pharmaceutical drugs are obtained for NMU and the processes and people involved in ersion. Peer-reviewed and grey literature databases were searched for empirical studies published between 1996 and 2017 that examined the source or ersion of pharmaceutical opioids, sedatives or stimulants for NMU in countries with reported misuse problems. Pooled prevalence meta-analyses using random effects models were used to estimate the prevalence of medical and non-medical sourcing reported by end-users, and gifting, selling and trading by various populations. This review synthesizes the findings of 54 cross-sectional studies via meta-analyses, with a remaining 95 studies examined through narrative review. Pharmaceutical drugs are primarily sourced for NMU from friends and family (57%, 95% CI 53%-62%, I Pharmaceutical drugs for NMU are primarily sourced by end-users through social networks. Future research should examine how dealers source pharmaceutical drugs.
The influence of gruesome verbal evidence on Mock Juror verdicts
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2004
Taking crime guns seriously
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-11-2022
Abstract: This article argues that guns, as objects used in and for crime, have received insufficient criminological attention. It proposes a socio-material perspective for taking crime guns seriously as material agents in the ways many serious crimes are planned and executed. Drawing in part upon affordance theory, the perspective links the ‘objective’ physical properties of guns to their allure and take up for the purposes of carrying out crime. Guns are powerful organising objects in the commission of crime, it is argued, capable of provoking as well as enabling a range of threatening and harmful activities. The perspective is developed drawing upon interview data from a large qualitative study of convicted gun criminals. These data enable the notion of materiality to be considered at different stages of criminal career, particularly prior to first criminal gun use through to enforced or voluntary desistance. The article concludes with a consideration of policy options suggested by the socio-material perspective. In a post-Covid 19 world in which guns have gained greater salience in many countries, it is argued that the need to ‘dematerialise’ gun attraction and use has never been greater.
Evolution of a drug trafficking network
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-04-2016
Does Coerced Treatment of Substance-Using Offenders Lead to Improvements in Substance Use and Recidivism? A Review of the Treatment Efficacy Literature
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2012
The belief in redeemability- version 2 (BiR-2) scale and its relation to desistance.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 04-12-2017
DOI: 10.1108/JCRPP-06-2017-0018
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between the belief in redeemability – Version 2 (BIR-2) Scale and desistance from crime. It also seeks to explore how patterns of responding on the BIR-2 with offenders compare to previous patterns of responding in the general public. The authors report the results of a study of offenders using the belief in redeemability – Version 2 (BiR-2) scale. In total, 180 offenders under the supervision of the Community Corrections Service (formerly the Probation and Parole Service) of New South Wales completed the ten-item questionnaire and when these data were combined with demographic and reoffending data collected by Corrective Services New South Wales, 168 sets of useable data were collected. Scores on the BIR-2 scale were compared to Level of Service Inventory – Revised (LSI-R) score, Most Serious Offence category, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, number of custodial sentences in previous five years, age, gender and reoffending. Results showed that the s le overall was closely representative of the caseload from which the study s le was drawn (a metropolitan community corrections office) and that BIR-2 scores showed a small, significant, negative correlation with LSI-R scores. Analysis of re-offending data indicated a small, positive, but non-significant correlation with BIR-2. Implications of this are discussed and future research outlined. The paper suggests that it is worth attempting to measure belief in redeemability in the broader context of a narrative approach to desistance. This is the first time that a scale has been used to test the importance of a belief in redeemability quantitatively and to permit the use of multivariate analysis.
Caffeine consumption and weekly sleep patterns in us seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 2003
Abstract: Objective. To survey caffeine use by seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders and relate its use to age, sex, sleep characteristics, and day of week Methods. Students kept a daily, 2-week diary of their sleep times and use of caffeine containing drinks and foods. Data were analyzed by fitted multiple regression models Results. A total of 191 students participated. Caffeine intake ranged between 0 and 800 mg/d. Mean use over 2 weeks ranged up to 379.4 mg/d and averaged 62.7 mg/d (corrected for underrepresentation in our s le of boys, who consumed more caffeine). Higher caffeine intake in general was associated with shorter nocturnal sleep duration, increased wake time after sleep onset, and increased daytime sleep Sleep Patterns. Mean bedtime was 10:57 pm, and mean wake time was at 7:14 am. Older children delayed bedtime longer on weekends, and younger ones had longer nightly sleep durations. Sleep duration lengthened on weekends, reflecting the combined effects of the circadian timing system and a mechanism that regulates the duration of sleep. Caffeine (soda) consumption also increased on weekends, for reasons that may be primarily social Conclusions. Regardless of whether caffeine use disturbed sleep or was consumed to counteract the daytime effect of interrupted sleep, caffeinated beverages had detectable pharmacologic effects. Limitation of the availability of caffeine to teenagers should therefore be considered.
Substance Use Among Sexual Offenders and their Victims: A Descriptive Analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2010
Innovations in research on illicit networks
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2020
Assessing variation in co-offending networks
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 10-07-2023
The Use of Actor-Level Attributes and Centrality Measures to Identify Key Actors: A Case Study of an Australian Drug Trafficking Network
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 14-10-2015
Abstract: Social network analysis (SNA) conducted on criminal networks can identify key players and shed light on important patterns of connectivity. This information can be used to develop interventions to dismantle or disrupt criminal networks. Drawing upon the network capital construct, this study demonstrates that integrating centrality measures (such as degree or betweenness centrality) with other in idual attributes related to functional roles and access to tangible and intangible resources will enhance efforts to identify critical actors. Using a drug trafficking network that operated in Australia in the 1990s, we identify actors who are key to the network by virtue of their position in the network, their attributes, and combinations of these factors. Implications for law enforcement practice are discussed.
“The usual suspects”: media representation of ethnicity in organised crime
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-10-2015
Reconceptualising organised (cyber)crime: The case of ransomware
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 26-09-2023
Co-offending networks among members of outlaw motorcycle gangs across types of crime
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-10-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S12117-022-09467-W
Abstract: Outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) have become synonymous with organised crime through engagement in criminal activities including illicit drug production and distribution, firearms trafficking, and serious violent crime. These crimes contribute significant social and economic harms in countries that feature a presence from these groups. The current paper uses network analytics to analyse the extent of co-offending within and across established clubs in Australia, including the relative involvement of senior, or office bearing, members. The majority of affiliates in this s le co-offended with another OMCG affiliate within the s le period, with office bearers, members, nominees and associates represented proportionally among co-offending networks to in the s le at large. However, within these clubs, criminal activities were conducted in small cliques or components of affiliates. This research supports the role of OMCGs as important facilitators of crime, and the role of co-offending in the criminal offending of affiliates. The findings hold important implications for understanding how offending is organised among OMCGs, differences between groups, differing levels of engagement from the club hierarchy.
Multilevel determinants of collaboration between organised criminal groups
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Transnational Organized Crime
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 05-07-2017
The State, the unemployed, and the communist party in Calgary, 1930-5
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 12-1997
DOI: 10.3138/CHR.78.4.537
Structural and functional changes in an Australian high-level drug trafficking network after exposure to supply changes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Illuminating dark networks: a social network analysis of an Australian drug trafficking syndicate
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-11-2011
Consumer valuation of carbon labeled protein-enriched burgers in European older adults
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Technology and law enforcement: The transformation of the Calgary police force, 1900-1940
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.7202/1016383AR
Abstract: As was the case in cities across North America, Calgary’s police force underwent a transformation in the early twentieth century. In particular, new technologies were embraced and utilized, notably in the fields of training, communication, identification, and records. Yet while this process of modernization certainly eased the day-to-day operations of Calgary’s law enforcers, it provided mixed results in increasing the rate of conviction across a wide range of offences. As such, this article offers a caution against equating modernization and professionalization, per se, with improvements in effective policing.
How profitable is methamphetamine dealing in Australia?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2011.09.028
Abstract: The illicit drug trade is the largest in value among global illicit commodities, at some $320 billion US dollars, according to the UN World Drug Report. Endeavours to control such a large illicit market would be enhanced by improved understanding of the economics of the trade. However, due to its illicit nature many aspects of the illicit drug market are largely unknown. This study explored one economic aspect of illicit drug dealing, profitability, with the aim of developing a better picture of the financial gains from illicit drug dealing. Data were obtained from judges sentencing remarks, key informants from law enforcement, and other published reports which detail the prices paid for meth hetamine in Australia. The financial margins attained from non-crystal meth hetamine dealing in Australia were calculated by examining the best fit for the relationship between prices and quantities: in this case a power law. If it is assumed that a single deal is ided ("cut") between 4 times and 20 times before selling to the next customer, the mark-ups can range from 24% to 59%. The mark-ups appear low compared with those found in US research, but similar to those found in UK research. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to analyse profitability of meth hetamine dealing in Australia. The findings of this study will help in understanding the motivations and decisions of drug dealers, and potentially assist drug law enforcement agencies to design better strategies to dismantle supply chain linkages which generate excessive profits.
Just doing a favor for a friend: The social supply of ecstasy through friendship networks
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-04-2017
Abstract: The current project focused on the “not for profit” supply of illicit drugs within social networks. The aims of the study were to (a) explore the characteristics of social supply of ecstasy and the typical ways in which social dealing occurs, and (b) explore the benefits of social supply as perceived by those who engage in social supply. Overall, the results suggest that social supply of ecstasy occurs in dense, closely knit friendship networks and that mutual supply may be common. Users within friendship networks source ecstasy independently and concurrently supply to members of the group to ensure consistent supply of quality product and to minimize risks of health harms and criminal justice consequences. Social dealing produces little or no financial profit, yet the majority of participants in this study purchased ecstasy in amounts that expose them to significant criminal justice penalties.
Typologies of Alcohol Consumption on a Saturday Night Among Young Adults
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-05-2014
DOI: 10.1111/ACER.12400
Abstract: Alcohol policies and interventions seek to curtail risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD) and the negative health and public order consequences. Yet RSOD behaviors are not easily defined since people can drink excessively at a variety of locations and drink a range of products. The current study examines the presence and correlates of different typologies or classes of drinking behavior on 1 Saturday night to facilitate a nuanced policy response to harmful drinking. Data from 1,883 adults aged 18 to 30 were collected using an online survey. Latent class analysis was used to categorize respondents into mutually exclusive classes based on the quantity, type, and unit cost of alcohol consumed plus location of alcohol consumption on the past Saturday night. Significant correlates and predictors of latent class membership were then identified using regression analysis. Seven distinct classes were identified that represent qualitatively distinct profiles of Saturday night drinking behavior among young adults. Multivariate analyses indicated that alcohol risk (measured using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), age, and recent (past 12 months) stimulant use were strong predictors of heavier drinking. The heaviest drinkers also consumed some of the cheapest alcohol and consumed alcohol at multiple locations over the course of the night. Given the large degree of heterogeneity among drinking behaviors, policy makers need to be cognizant that alcohol type and drinking location-specific policies may be less effective in targeting some groups of the population.
Networks within networks: using multiple link types to examine network structure and identify key actors in a drug trafficking operation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-05-2015
The role of off-licence outlets in binge drinking: A survey of drinking practices last Saturday night among young adults in Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-11-2014
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.12073
Abstract: To examine where young adults purchase their alcohol on Saturday nights and how this relates to binge drinking. This study used an online survey of a non-probability-based quota s le of 2013 Australians aged 18-30 years who had consumed alcohol in the past year. Participants who purchased alcohol from off-licence outlets the Saturday night before answering the survey were compared with participants who purchased only from on-licence outlets with regard to how much they drank (binge drinking was defined as five or more drinks), how much they spent on alcohol, where they drank, their risk of an alcohol use disorder and other demographic factors. Of participants who drank the previous Saturday night (n=1106), 46% bought alcohol only from off-licence outlets (e.g. bottle shops), 19% bought from both off-licence and on-licence outlets (e.g. clubs, bars), and 23% bought only from on-licence outlets. Participants who bought alcohol from off-licence outlets were equally likely to binge-drink as participants who bought only from on-licence outlets (B=-0.02, P=0.912), but they drank more cheaply and usually drank at home. Participants who bought alcohol from both off-licence and on-licence outlets were more likely to binge-drink (B=1.39, P<0.001), drank both at home and in public places, were at higher risk of an alcohol use disorder and were more likely to have used stimulants the previous Saturday night. Off-licence outlets were a major source of alcohol in this s le of young Australian adults, many of whom binge-drank in private homes.
Effectiveness of a Sex Offender Treatment Programme: A Risk Band Analysis
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 15-01-2011
Abstract: This article reports an evaluation of a New South Wales Department of Corrective Services custody-based treatment programme for adult male sexual offenders. A risk band analysis was used to compare observed and predicted sexual and violent reci ism rates in a s le of 117 treated and released offenders. Risk bands and predicted reci ism were determined using the Static-99 risk assessment measure. Results demonstrated that during an average follow-up period of 3.75 years, observed sexual reci ism rates were lower than Static-99 predictions for the overall s le (8.5% vs. 26%). The same pattern was observed for violent reci ism (12.8% vs. 36%). At each Static-99 level of risk (low, low—moderate, moderate—high, and high), observed sexual and violent reci ism rates were lower than predicted rates. These findings were consistent with the general consensus that well-implemented cognitive—behavioural treatment can have a positive effect on offending behaviour.
Identity, self-story and desistance from crime
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 10-08-2015
Abstract: – The purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for a narrative study of desistance that is both qualitative and quantitative. – The review traces the strands of research that have made self-story an important theme in the study of desistance with particular reference to work since 2001. – The importance of an agentic self-story in the process of desistance from crime came to prominence in the work of Shadd Maruna (1997, 2001). Since then authors have attempted to formulate: first, an integrated theoretical view of desistance incorporating agency and second, a clinically useful understanding of how self-story is important. The clinical studies have almost always been qualitative, relying on extensive life history interviews which yield great richness of detail but few, if any, testable hypotheses. To date, such studies have not provided the empirical foundation on which to develop policy in correctional environments. – If it is found that a measure of self-belief correlates with desistance from crime, it may be possible to devise psychological interventions to enhance and change self-belief. – The paper proposes adding a quantitative approach to the measurement of self-concept in order to estimate the likelihood of desistance.
A systematic review of methamphetamine precursor regulations
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-09-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1360-0443.2011.03582.X
Abstract: To assess the effectiveness of meth hetamine precursor regulations in reducing illicit meth hetamine supply and use. A systematic review of 12 databases was used to identify studies that had evaluated the impact of meth hetamine precursor regulations on meth hetamine supply and/or use. The guidelines of the Effective Practice and Organization of Care Group (EPOC) of The Cochrane Collaboration were used to determine which study designs were included and assess their quality. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated 15 interventions (13 regulations and two related interdiction efforts), all of which were located in North America. Interventions had consistent impacts across various indicators of meth hetamine supply and use. Seven of the 15 interventions produced reductions in meth hetamine indicators (ranging from 12% to 77%). Two of the largest impacts were seen following interdiction efforts, involving the closure of rogue pharmaceutical companies. There was no evidence of a shift into other types of drug use, or injecting use, although the impact on the synthetic drug market was not examined. Null effects were related largely to the existence of alternative sources of precursor chemicals or the availability of imported meth hetamine. Meth hetamine precursor regulations can reduce indicators of meth hetamine supply and use. Further research is needed to determine whether regulations can be effective outside North America, particularly in developing countries, and what impact they have on the broader synthetic drug market. Improved data on precursor ersion are needed to facilitate the evaluation of precursor regulations.
Exploring interrelationships between high-level drug trafficking and other serious and organised crime: an Australian study
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-05-2019
Exploring the hidden social networks of ‘lone actor’ terrorists
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-06-2020
Themes in sentencing young adults charged with serious violent crime involving alcohol and other drugs
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 16-03-2020
Abstract: The majority of young people in custody have alcohol and other drug problems and over 90% report past-year experiences of high-risk drinking and illicit drug use. Despite a strong link between drug use and violent offending, there is a dearth of information about how this relationship plays out in sentencing young adult offenders. This study examines themes in the sentencing of drug-using young adults facing court for serious violent crime and describes how judges discuss rehabilitation as a consideration for this high-risk group. This research contributes to the literature by bridging law and social science through a cross sectional analysis of n = 507 sentencing remarks from New South Wales higher courts. Substance use involvement was indicated in more than three-quarters (77%) of violent offence cases. Among young adults sentenced for violent crimes involving substance use (n = 51) robbery and homicide were the most common offences, and alcohol and meth hetamine were the most frequently involved substances. Two themes emerged around judges’ reasons for sentencing, one emphasising offender agency and choice and another more compassionate position acknowledging the influence of drug dependence on offending behaviour. Despite this ide, addressing substance use dependence was commonly seen as key for the successful rehabilitation of young people who commit violent crime involving alcohol and other drugs.
Disrupting and dismantling dark networks
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 23-07-2015
Abstract: Some of the most important international security threats stem from terror groups, criminal enterprises, and other violent non-state actors (VNSAs). Because these groups are often structured as complex, dark networks, analysts have begun to use network science to study them. However, standard network tools were originally developed to examine companies, friendship groups, and other transparent networks. The inherently clandestine nature of dark networks dictates that conventional analytical tools do not always apply. Data on dark networks is incomplete, inaccurate, and often just difficult to find. Moreover, dark networks are often organized to undertake fundamentally different tasks than transparent networks, so resources and information may follow different paths through these two types of organizations. Given the distinctive characteristics of dark networks, unique tools and methods are needed to understand these structures. Illuminating Dark Networks explores the state of the art in methods to study and understand dark networks.
Australian prison vocational education and training and returns to custody among male and female ex-prisoners: A cross-jurisdictional study
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-06-2018
Abstract: The current study examined the impact of vocational education and training in the custody setting on returns to custody among Australian adult prisoners from selected jurisdictions. Vocational education and training, education, and behavioural change programme participation in custody and demographic and risk assessment data were provided by correctional services in four Australian states for 10,834 Australian prisoners released from custody in 2010–2011. This information was used to predict returns to custody by 2015–2016. Overall, the results showed that participating in vocational education and training in custody contributed to the likelihood of remaining custody free at two and five years post-release for both male and female prisoners. However, for males the relationship was moderated by risk level. These findings are discussed in the context of developing vocational education and training in prison settings to address the specific needs of in iduals and expectation of the wider community.
Using social network analysis to design crime prevention strategies: A case study of methamphetamine manufacture and traffi cking
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 28-08-2017
Disrupting and dismantling dark networks: Lessons from social network analysis and law enforcement simulations
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 23-07-2015
Evolution of a treatment programme for sex offenders: Changes to the NSW custody-based intensive treatment (CUBIT)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2008
On the Durability of Terrorist Networks: Revealing the Hidden Connections between Jihadist Cells
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-09-2018
Examining supply changes in Australia's cocaine market
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-09-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1465-3362.2011.00350.X
Abstract: Media attention to cocaine use and supply has increased following some of the largest cocaine seizures in Australia's history. Whether there has been an expansion in supply remains unclear. This paper examines the evidence behind assertions of increased supply in Australia and the scale and nature of any apparent increase, using proxy indicators of cocaine importation, distribution and use. Eight proxies of cocaine importation, distribution and use were adopted, including amount of importation, mode of importation and supply flows to Australia. Each proxy indicator was sourced using publicly available and Australia-wide data, including information on the total weight of border seizures, mode of detection and country of embarkation of in idual seizures. Data permitting, trends were examined for up to a 12 year period (1997-1998 to 2009-2010). Since 2006-2007 there was evidence of increased cocaine importation, albeit less than between 1998-1999 and 2001-2002. There were further signs that the 2006-2007 expansion coincided with a ersification of trafficking routes to and through Australia (beyond the traditional site of entry-Sydney) and shifts in the geographic distribution of use. The congruity between indicators suggests that there has been a recent expansion in cocaine supply to and distribution within Australia, but that the more notable shift has concerned the nature of supply, with an apparent growth in importation and distribution beyond New South Wales. The ersification of cocaine supply routes may increase risks of market entrenchment and organised crime throughout Australia.
Recreational drug use and binge drinking: Stimulant but not cannabis intoxication is associated with excessive alcohol consumption
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-06-2014
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.12147
Abstract: Binge drinking is elevated among recreational drug users, but it is not clear whether this elevation is related to intoxication with recreational drugs. We examined whether stimulant intoxication and cannabis intoxication were associated with binge drinking among young adults. An online survey of 18- to 30-year-old Australians who had drunk alcohol in the past year (n = 1994) were quota s led for: (i) past year ecstasy use (n = 497) (ii) past year cannabis (but not ecstasy) use (n = 688) and (iii) no ecstasy or cannabis use in the past year (alcohol-only group, n = 809). Binge drinking last Saturday night (five or more drinks) was compared for participants who took stimulants (ecstasy, cocaine, hetamine or meth hetamine) or cannabis last Saturday night. Ecstasy users who were intoxicated with stimulants (n = 91) were more likely to binge drink than ecstasy users who were not (n = 406) (89% vs. 67%), after adjusting for demographics, poly-drug use and intoxication with cannabis and energy drinks (adjusted odds ratio 3.1, P = 0.007), drinking a median of 20 drinks (cf. 10 drinks among other ecstasy users). Cannabis intoxication was not associated with binge drinking among cannabis users (57% vs. 55%) or ecstasy users (73% vs. 71%). Binge drinking was more common in all of these groups than in the alcohol-only group (34%). Stimulant intoxication, but not cannabis intoxication, is associated with binge drinking among young adults, compounding already high rates of binge drinking among people who use these drugs.
Criminal network vulnerabilities and adaptations
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-09-2017
Social network analysis of Australian poly-drug trafficking networks: How do drug traffickers manage multiple illicit drugs?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Investigating the methods and characteristics of the trafficking of performance and image enhancing drugs in Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-09-2023
DOI: 10.1111/DAR.13751
Australian trends in drug user and drug dealer arrest rates: 1993 to 2006-07
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2011
Assessing variation in co-offending networks
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2022
Illicit Network Dynamics: The Formation and Evolution of a Drug Trafficking Network
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-03-2018
Investigating the Dynamics of Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Co-Offending Networks: The Utility of Relational Hyper Event Models
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-07-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S10940-023-09576-X
Abstract: Approaches to the study of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs OMCGs tend to focus on offending at the in idual level, with limited focus on the nature and extent of co-offending among these affiliates. We aim to examine co-offending by using relational hyper event models (RHEM) to determine what additional insights can be discerned on co-offending above and beyond more traditional network approaches. Using de-identified police recorded incident data for affiliates of OMCGs in New South Wales, Australia, including their rank and club affiliation, we examined the positioning of OMCG affiliates in co-offending network structures. The data comprised 2,364 nodes and 12,564 arrest events. We argue that Relational Hyperevent Models (RHEM) are the optimal analytical strategy for co-offending data as it overcomes some of the limitations of traditional co-offending analyses. We conducted RHEM modelling and found that co-offending networks were stable over time, whereby actors tended to repeatedly co-offend with the same partners. Lower ranked members were more likely to engage in co-offending compared with office bearers. Results provide some support for the scenario in which OMCGs operate as criminal organisations, but also the protection and distance from offending that is afforded to office bearers. We review implications of the results for law enforcement policy and practice and for the scholarship of OMCGs.
Mock juror decision making in a civil negligence trial: The impact of gruesome evidence, injury severity, and information processing route
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-09-2011
Gruesome evidence and emotion: Anger, blame, and jury decision-making
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 04-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S10979-006-9027-Y
Abstract: Judges assume that gruesome evidence can influence juror verdicts, but little is known about the manner in which the influence is manifested. In a 2 x 3 study that varied the gruesome content of photographic and verbal evidence, gruesome verbal evidence did not influence mock juror emotional states, and had no impact on the conviction rate. Mock jurors who saw gruesome photographs, compared with those who saw no photographs, reported experiencing significantly more intense emotional responses, including greater anger at the defendant. The conviction rate when visual evidence in the form of gruesome or neutral photographs was included was significantly higher than the conviction rate without photographic evidence. Mean ratings of the inculpatory weight of prosecution evidence by mock jurors presented with gruesome photographs were significantly higher than those by mock jurors who did not view any photographs. Further analyses revealed that mock juror anger toward the defendant mediated the influence of the gruesome photographs in enhancing the weight of inculpatory evidence.
“I Know a Guy and He’s Got Guns Galore”: Accessing Crime Guns in the Australian Illicit Firearms Market
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-06-2022
Measuring offenders’ belief in the possibility of desistance
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 22-05-2018
Abstract: This article describes the use of a questionnaire to measure offenders’ belief in the likelihood of their making a successful re-entry into society after having committed crime, a “belief in redeemability” (BIR) as described by Maruna and King. The 37 items for the scale were taken from statements by offenders about their prospects of making good. This set of items was tested with a pilot group of offenders recruited from clients on parole or on supervised bonds at community corrections offices in metropolitan Sydney, Australia, and their responses were coded to yield a score we called the “BIR” score. We found that scores displayed variance skewed toward an optimistic view, and we then used the items in a card sort task with a panel of graduate psychologists to explore whether the panel could identify underlying components of the broader BIR. There was a measure of agreement on three underlying components and these were further tested using five raters. We called the components that emerged the following: Belonging, Agency, and Optimism Cronbach’s alphas for these indicated acceptable internal consistency. The results are discussed in terms of their congruence with findings in the literature and their use in correctional practice.
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