ORCID Profile
0000-0002-7787-7201
Current Organisation
University of Tasmania TAS AU
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Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 17-02-2023
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2023.1119726
Abstract: Improvements in global public health require universal health care supported by a health workforce with competencies appropriate for local population needs–the right capabilities, in the right place, and at the right time. Health inequities persist in Tasmania, and Australia more broadly, most notably for those people living in rural and remote areas. The article describes the curriculum design thinking approach being used to codesign and develop a connected system of education and training to target intergenerational change in the allied health (AH) workforce capacity in Tasmania, and beyond. A curriculum design thinking process is engaging AH participant groups (faculty, AH professionals, and leaders across health, education, aged and disability sectors) in a series of focus groups and workshops. The design process deals with four questions: What is? What if? What wows? and What works? It also involves Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver phases that continue to inform the development of the new suite of AH education programs. The British Design Council's Double Diamond model is used to organize and interpret stakeholder input. During the initial design thinking discover phase, stakeholders identified four overarching problems: rurality, workforce challenges, graduate skill set shortfalls, and clinical placements and supervision. These problems are described in terms of relevance to the contextual learning environment in which AH education innovation is occurring. The develop phase of design thinking continues to involve working collaboratively with stakeholders to codesign potential solutions. Solutions to date include AH advocacy, a transformative visionary curriculum, and an interprofessional community-based education model. In Tasmania, innovative educational innovations are catalyzing attention and investment in the effective preparation of AH professionals for practice to deliver improved public health outcomes. A suite of AH education that is deeply networked and engaged with Tasmanian communities is being developed to drive transformational public health outcomes. These programs are playing an important role in strengthening the supply of allied health professionals with the right capabilities for metropolitan, regional, rural, and remote Tasmania. They are situated in a broader AH education and training strategy that supports the ongoing development of the AH workforce to better meet the therapy needs of people in Tasmanian communities.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Publisher: OMICS Publishing Group
Date: 30-04-2015
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1159/000321968
Abstract: An understanding of physical growth and maturation is relevant to many disciplines, including exercise and sport science, anthropology, human biology, medicine, psychology and education. Growth and maturation is governed by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. There is increasing evidence that physical activity plays an important role in normal growth, development, health and well-being of children and youth, however, caution is required in the activity setting so that growth and maturation is not jeopardized. To appreciate the impact of physical activity and/or exercise on growth and maturation, a thorough understanding of the general principles of auxology is useful. Following an introduction to terminology, an overview of physical growth and development is provided in the context of morphological changes. Detailed information is provided regarding in idual variability in growth and development along with sexual dimorphism. A small degree of sexual dimorphism exists at birth however striking differences develop during the pubertal years. Sexual dimorphism in body composition is largely regulated by endocrine factors with critical roles played by growth hormone and gonadal steroids.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-02-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JCM10040835
Abstract: Exposure to untreated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, and increased adiposity in GDM-exposed infants is suggested as a plausible mediator of this increased risk of later-life metabolic disorders. Evidence is equivocal regarding the impact of good glycaemic control in GDM mothers on infant adiposity at birth. We systematically reviewed studies reporting fat mass (FM), percent fat mass (%FM) and skinfold thicknesses (SFT) at birth in infants of mothers with GDM controlled with therapeutic interventions (IGDMtr). While treating GDM lowered FM in newborns compared to no treatment, there was no difference in FM and SFT according to the type of treatment (insulin, metformin, glyburide). IGDMtr had higher overall adiposity (mean difference, 95% confidence interval) measured with FM (68.46 g, 29.91 to 107.01) and %FM (1.98%, 0.54 to 3.42) but similar subcutaneous adiposity measured with SFT, compared to infants exposed to normal glucose tolerance (INGT). This suggests that IGDMtr may be characterised by excess fat accrual in internal adipose tissue. Given that intra-abdominal adiposity is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders, future studies should distinguish adipose tissue distribution of IGDMtr and INGT.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-02-2013
Abstract: Exercise could indirectly affect body weight by exerting changes on various components of appetite control, including nutrient and taste preferences, meal size and frequency, and the drive to eat. This review summarizes the evidence on how exercise affects appetite and eating behavior and in particular answers the question, “Does exercise induce an increase in food intake to compensate for the increase in energy expenditure?” Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that there is no automatic increase in food intake in response to acute exercise and that the response to repeated exercise is variable. The review will also identify areas of further study required to explain the variability. One limitation with studies that assess the efficacy of exercise as a method of weight control is that only mean data are presented—the in idual variability tends to be overlooked. Recent evidence highlights the importance of characterizing the in idual variability by demonstrating exercise-induced changes in appetite. In iduals who experience lower than theoretically predicted reductions in body weight can be characterized by hedonic (eg, pleasure) and homeostatic (eg, hunger) features.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-10-2012
Publisher: Sri Lanka Journals Online (JOL)
Date: 05-12-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-08-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-11-2015
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 19-05-2012
Abstract: Does exercise promote weight loss? One of the key problems with studies assessing the efficacy of exercise as a method of weight management and obesity is that mean data are presented and the in idual variability in response is overlooked. Recent data have highlighted the need to demonstrate and characterise the in idual variability in response to exercise. Do people who exercise compensate for the increase in energy expenditure via compensatory increases in hunger and food intake? The authors address the physiological, psychological and behavioural factors potentially involved in the relationship between exercise and appetite, and identify the research questions that remain unanswered. A negative consequence of the phenomena of in idual variability and compensatory responses has been the focus on those who lose little weight in response to exercise this has been used unreasonably as evidence to suggest that exercise is a futile method of controlling weight and managing obesity. Most of the evidence suggests that exercise is useful for improving body composition and health. For ex le, when exercise-induced mean weight loss is <1.0 kg, significant improvements in aerobic capacity (+6.3 ml/kg/min), systolic (-6.00 mm Hg) and diastolic (-3.9 mm Hg) blood pressure, waist circumference (-3.7 cm) and positive mood still occur. However, people will vary in their responses to exercise understanding and characterising this variability will help tailor weight loss strategies to suit in iduals.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2010.10.015
Abstract: The effects of 30 min of exercise on postprandial lipaemia in the overweight and obese are unknown as previous studies have only investigated bouts of at least 60 min in lean, healthy in iduals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a single 30-min bout of resistance, aerobic or combined exercise at moderate-intensity would decrease postprandial lipaemia, glucose and insulin levels as well as increase resting energy expenditure and increase fat oxidation following a high fat meal consumed 14 h after the exercise bout, in overweight and obese in iduals compared to no exercise. We also compared the effects of the different exercise modalities. This study was a randomized cross-over design which examined the postprandial effects of 30 min of different types of exercise in the evening prior to a breakfast meal in overweight and obese men and women. Participants were randomized on four occasions, each one-week apart, to each condition either no exercise, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or a combination of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise. An acute bout of combination training did not have any significant effect on postprandial measurements compared to no exercise. However, aerobic exercise significantly reduced postprandial triglyceride levels by 8% compared to no exercise (p=0.02) and resistance exercise decreased postprandial insulin levels by 30% compared to aerobic exercise (p=0.01). These results indicate that a single moderate-intensity 30 min bout of aerobic or resistance exercise improves risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease in overweight and obese in iduals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-10-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-03-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0264744
Abstract: Many factors can negatively impact perinatal outcomes, including inappropriate gestational weight gain (GWG). Despite having the greatest potential to influence maternal and infant health, there is a lack of consensus regarding the GWG consistent with a healthy pregnancy. To date, GWG in Northern Tasmania remains understudied. We investigated how maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is related to weight gain during pregnancy and weight retention post-partum, and how maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is related to the mode of delivery. Approximately 300 Tasmanian mothers (n = 291 for mode of delivery and n = 282 for GWG) were included in this study. Analysis of variance and chi square tests were conducted to assess differences in BW of mothers across BMI categories and differences between categorical variables respectively. Based on pre-pregnancy BMI, mothers were assigned to one of three groups, with healthy weight ( kg m -2 ), with overweight (25–29.9 kg m -2 ), or with obesity ( kg m -2 ). Pre-pregnancy BMI and body weight (BW) were significantly associated (p .001) with post-partum BW at 3 and 6 months. Only 25% of mothers with a normal weight BMI, 34% with overweight and 13% with obesity, achieved the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation for GWG. Interestingly, a number of women in our cohort lost weight during gestation (1.5, 9 and 37% in , 25–29.9 and kg m -2 groups, respectively). Further, women with obesity showed the lowest level of BW fluctuation and retained less weight post-partum. The highest number of caesarean sections were observed in mothers who exceeded GWG recommendations. Most mothers either exceeded or failed to achieve IOM recommendations for GWG. To improve the generalisability of these findings, this study should be replicated in a larger representative s le of the Tasmanian maternal population.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-01-2017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 31-05-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511001681
Abstract: Overweight and obesity in Asian children are increasing at an alarming rate therefore a better understanding of the relationship between BMI and percentage body fat (%BF) in this population is important. A total of 1039 children aged 8–10 years, encompassing a wide BMI range, were recruited from China, Lebanon, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. Body composition was determined using the 2 H dilution technique to quantify total body water and subsequently fat mass, fat-free mass and %BF. Ethnic differences in the BMI–%BF relationship were found for ex le, %BF in Filipino boys was approximately 2 % lower than in their Thai and Malay counterparts. In contrast, Thai girls had approximately 2·0 % higher %BF values than in their Chinese, Lebanese, Filipino and Malay counterparts at a given BMI. However, the ethnic difference in the BMI–%BF relationship varied by BMI. Compared with Caucasian children of the same age, Asian children had 3–6 units lower BMI at a given %BF. Approximately one-third of the obese Asian children (%BF above 25 % for boys and above 30 % for girls) in the study were not identified using the WHO classification and more than half using the International Obesity Task Force classification. Use of the Chinese classification increased the sensitivity. Results confirmed the necessity to consider ethnic differences in body composition when developing BMI cut-points and other obesity criteria in Asian children.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-11-2019
DOI: 10.1002/PATH.5348
Abstract: Molecular signalling mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt axis is a key regulator of cellular functions. Importantly, alteration of the PI3K-Akt signalling underlies the development of different human diseases, thus prompting the investigation of the pathway as a molecular target for pharmacologic intervention. In this regard, recent studies showed that small molecule inhibitors of PI3K, the upstream regulator of the pathway, reduced the development of inflammation during acute pancreatitis, a highly debilitating and potentially lethal disease. Here we investigated whether a specific reduction of Akt activity, by using either pharmacologic Akt inhibition, or genetic inactivation of the Akt1 isoform selectively in pancreatic acinar cells, is effective in ameliorating the onset and progression of the disease. We discovered that systemic reduction of Akt activity did not protect the pancreas from initial damage and only transiently delayed leukocyte recruitment. However, reduction of Akt activity decreased acinar proliferation and exacerbated acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) formation, two critical events in the progression of pancreatitis. These phenotypes were recapitulated upon conditional inactivation of Akt1 in acinar cells, which resulted in reduced expression of 4E-BP1, a multifunctional protein of key importance in cell proliferation and metaplasia formation. Collectively, our results highlight the critical role played by Akt1 during the development of acute pancreatitis in the control of acinar cell proliferation and ADM formation. In addition, these results harbour important translational implications as they raise the concern that inhibitors of PI3K-Akt signalling pathways may negatively affect the regeneration of the pancreas. Finally, this work provides the basis for further investigating the potential of Akt1 activators to boost pancreatic regeneration following inflammatory insults. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publisher: Indonesian Nutrition Association
Date: 30-09-2023
DOI: 10.25220/V07.S1.0024
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-08-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514001718
Abstract: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and isotope dilution technique have been used as reference methods to validate the estimates of body composition by simple field techniques however, very few studies have compared these two methods. We compared the estimates of body composition by DXA and isotope dilution ( 18 O) technique in apparently healthy Indian men and women (aged 19–70 years, n 152, 48 % men) with a wide range of BMI (14–40 kg/m 2 ). Isotopic enrichment was assessed by isotope ratio mass spectroscopy. The agreement between the estimates of body composition measured by the two techniques was assessed by the Bland–Altman method. The mean age and BMI were 37 ( sd 15) years and 23·3 ( sd 5·1) kg/m 2 , respectively, for men and 37 ( sd 14) years and 24·1 ( sd 5·8) kg/m 2 , respectively, for women. The estimates of fat-free mass were higher by about 7 (95 % CI 6, 9) %, those of fat mass were lower by about 21 (95 % CI − 18, − 23) %, and those of body fat percentage (BF%) were lower by about 7·4 (95 % CI − 8·2, − 6·6) % as obtained by DXA compared with the isotope dilution technique. The Bland–Altman analysis showed wide limits of agreement that indicated poor agreement between the methods. The bias in the estimates of BF% was higher at the lower values of BF%. Thus, the two commonly used reference methods showed substantial differences in the estimates of body composition with wide limits of agreement. As the estimates of body composition are method-dependent, the two methods cannot be used interchangeably.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.MCE.2015.09.014
Abstract: Energy restriction induces physiological effects that hinder further weight loss. Thus, deliberate periods of energy balance during weight loss interventions may attenuate these adaptive responses to energy restriction and thereby increase the efficiency of weight loss (i.e. the amount of weight or fat lost per unit of energy deficit). To address this possibility, we systematically searched MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PubMed and Cinahl and reviewed adaptive responses to energy restriction in 40 publications involving humans of any age or body mass index that had undergone a diet involving intermittent energy restriction, 12 with direct comparison to continuous energy restriction. Included publications needed to measure one or more of body weight, body mass index, or body composition before and at the end of energy restriction. 31 of the 40 publications involved 'intermittent fasting' of 1-7-day periods of severe energy restriction. While intermittent fasting appears to produce similar effects to continuous energy restriction to reduce body weight, fat mass, fat-free mass and improve glucose homeostasis, and may reduce appetite, it does not appear to attenuate other adaptive responses to energy restriction or improve weight loss efficiency, albeit most of the reviewed publications were not powered to assess these outcomes. Intermittent fasting thus represents a valid--albeit apparently not superior--option to continuous energy restriction for weight loss.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 12-06-2023
DOI: 10.3389/FPED.2023.1108031
Abstract: Sleep difficulties are a common sleep-related problem among children and adolescents. However, the association between eating habits and sleep difficulties has not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between eating habits and sleep difficulties in children and adolescents. This study utilized cross-sectional data from the 2013/2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey. A total of 213,879 young adolescents provided self-reported information on their weekday and weekend breakfast consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, sweet and soft drink consumption, and sleep difficulties. Covariates such as sex, age, family affluence, physical activity, and body mass index were also assessed. Multilevel generalized linear modelling was used to analyse the association between independent and dependent. Results were reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Of all study participants, approximately 50% were girls. Regression models indicated that more frequent breakfast consumption was associated with fewer sleep difficulties (e.g., consuming breakfast on weekdays for 5 days: OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.45–1.54). Fruit and vegetable consumption once a week or more was also linked to fewer sleep difficulties (all OR & 1.08, ≥ 1.07). In addition, consuming fewer sweets and soft drinks was generally associated with fewer sleep difficulties. This study provides evidence supporting the association between healthier eating habits and reduced sleep difficulties in children and adolescents. Future research using longitudinal or experimental designs is encouraged to confirm or negate these findings. Additionally, this study offers practical guidance for nutritional counselling professionals and sleep health promotion practitioners.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-04-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-020-08461-7
Abstract: There is little information about the diet, lifestyle and parental characteristics associated with habitual sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in Asian children. The aim of the present study was to assess cross-sectional associations between habitual SSB consumption and preschoolers’ diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour as well as parental and child characteristics in Malaysian preschoolers aged 3 to 6 y. A total of 590 preschoolers, comprising 317 boys and 273 girls were included. Pre-pilot parental questionnaires were used to assess diet, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour practices and anthropometry was assessed in preschoolers and their parents. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that preschoolers with more frequent weekly intake of snacks [OR 2.7 95% CI, 1.6–4.4 p 0.001] and monthly fast food consumption [OR 3.5 95% CI, 1.9–6.3 p 0.001], were associated with higher SSB intake (≥5 days in a week), after adjustments of potential confounders. Preschoolers with higher daily fruit and vegetable intake had lower SSB intake [OR 0.4 95% CI, 0.2–0.8 p = 0.011]. A positive association of higher weekly vigorous PA [OR 2.0 95% CI, 1.1–3.7 p = 0.030] and daily screen-based practices [OR 2.0 95% CI, 1.2–3.6 p 0.001] on habitual SSBs intake was also substantiated. Multiple diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour factors were significantly associated with SSB intake among Malaysian preschoolers. Continued effort is required to encourage healthier beverage choices, as well as healthy diet and active lifestyle practices among children during the critical early years of growth and development.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2013
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-05-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-05-2017
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12538
Abstract: The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyse the associations between parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) and, when included, postpartum weight retention (PPWR). Papers reporting associations between parity and BMI and/or GWG in adult women were eligible: 2,195 papers were identified, and 41 longitudinal studies were included in the narrative synthesis 17 studies were included in a meta-analysis. Findings indicated that parity was associated positively with pre-pregnancy BMI. In contrast, the role of parity in GWG was less clear both positive and negative relationships were reported across studies. Parity was not associated directly with PPWR. This pattern of results was supported by our meta-analysis with the only significant association between parity and pre-pregnancy BMI. Overall, parity was associated with higher pre-pregnancy BMI however, the role of parity in GWG and PPWR remains unclear, and it is likely that its influence is indirect and complex. Further research to better understand the contribution of parity to maternal obesity is warranted.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.PCAD.2022.01.008
Abstract: Traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) have long been the focus of preventive strategies. The impact of family stress, depression, anxiety, hostility, pessimism, job strain, social isolation, lack of purpose in life and social support, are well recognized risks for CVD development, however they are under-appreciated in clinical practice guidelines. The purpose of this article is to review the impact of acute and chronic stress on CVD risk, elaborate repositioning in guidelines, with emphasis to approaches for stress reduction. Regular exercise, both aerobic and resistance, leads to better adaptiveness to other types of stress, however, it remains unknown whether the total amount of stress one can receive before negative health effects is unlimited. Evidently, marked reductions in stress related disorders are shown following formal cardiac rehabilitation programs. Attendance of cardiac rehabilitation is highly recommended for the stress-related mortality risk reduction. Innovative approaches to offset the broad challenges that CVD pose, augmented by sustained exposure to stress, are desperately needed, but hindered by a lack of successful population-level interventions that promote lasting change.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2013.10.022
Abstract: Increasing levels of physical activity in mothers have long-term health benefits for the mother and family. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a six-month, physical activity RCT for mothers of young children. Women were recruited via playgroups and randomly assigned to intervention (n=394) or control group (n=322). The intervention group received a six-month multi-strategy programme delivered via playgroups in Perth, Australia. measures were mean minutes per week of moderate (M) and vigorous (V) intensity physical activity (PA), and number of days/week of muscle strength exercises. The intervention had a significant effect on mean time for vigorous (p=0.008), moderate (p=0.023) and total physical activity (p=0.001) when compared to the control group. The intervention group increased their vigorous activity by a mean of 24min/week, moderate activity by 23min/week and total physical activity by 72min/week. A relatively minimum home based intervention was able to demonstrate modest but statistically significant improvements in physical activity in a hard to reach group. These changes if maintained over a longer period are likely to improve the health of mothers and have a positive impact on their partners and children. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12609000735257.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 15-10-2013
DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00777.2013
Abstract: Lean body mass (LBM) and muscle mass remain difficult to quantify in large epidemiological studies due to the unavailability of inexpensive methods. We therefore developed anthropometric prediction equations to estimate the LBM and appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Healthy volunteers ( n = 2,220 36% women age 18-79 yr), representing a wide range of body mass index (14–44 kg/m 2 ), participated in this study. Their LBM, including ALST, was assessed by DXA along with anthropometric measurements. The s le was ided into prediction (60%) and validation (40%) sets. In the prediction set, a number of prediction models were constructed using DXA-measured LBM and ALST estimates as dependent variables and a combination of anthropometric indices as independent variables. These equations were cross-validated in the validation set. Simple equations using age, height, and weight explained % variation in the LBM and ALST in both men and women. Additional variables (hip and limb circumferences and sum of skinfold thicknesses) increased the explained variation by 5–8% in the fully adjusted models predicting LBM and ALST. More complex equations using all of the above anthropometric variables could predict the DXA-measured LBM and ALST accurately, as indicated by low standard error of the estimate (LBM: 1.47 kg and 1.63 kg for men and women, respectively), as well as good agreement by Bland-Altman analyses (Bland JM, Altman D. Lancet 1: 307–310, 1986). These equations could be a valuable tool in large epidemiological studies assessing these body compartments in Indians and other population groups with similar body composition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-10-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-07-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-06-2023
DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.763
Abstract: The capacity of communities to develop effective obesity prevention initiatives varies and should be a focus for obesity prevention intervention planning and investment. This research aimed at engaging and consulting local community stakeholders to identify determinants, needs, strategic priorities and capacity to act on overweight and obesity prevention in North‐West (NW) Tasmania. A series of semi‐structured interviews and thematic analyses was implemented to explore the knowledge, insights, experiences and attitudes of stakeholders. Mental health and obesity were identified as major concerns and were often reported to share similar determinants. This study has identified health promotion capacity assets (existing partnerships, community capital, local leadership and some pockets of health promotion activity), and a range of capacity deficits (limited investment in health promotion, a small workforce, limited access to pertinent health information). This study has identified health promotion capacity assets (existing partnerships, community capital, local leadership and some pockets of health promotion activity), and a range of capacity deficits (limited investment in health promotion, a small workforce, limited access to pertinent health information). Broad upstream socio‐economic, cultural and environmental determinants underpin the conditions by which the local community develops overweight/obesity and/or health and wellbeing outcomes. Including stakeholder consultations as a significant technique within a comprehensive plan of action aimed at achieving a sustainable, long‐term strategy for obesity prevention and/or health promotion, should be considered in future programs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-08-2002
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-6047.2002.00291.X
Abstract: This study is a secondary data analysis based on the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey (NNS). A random subs le of 1581 school children aged 7-15 years old from the NNS was studied. The results show the prevalence of overweight, obesity and combined overweight and obesity was 10.6-20.9%, 3.7-7.2% and 15.6-25.7%, respectively. The odds ratio of overweight or obese boys with highest household income was significantly smaller than those with the lowest household income. The proportion of combined overweight and obesity in children whose parents were overweight or obese was significantly greater compared with those whose parents were not. The trend of increasing prevalence of overweight or obesity among children with increasing parental body mass index (BMI) was significant after adjusting for age except the trend of father's BMI for boys. This study provided baseline data on the recent prevalence of overweight or obesity of Australian school children using new international absolute BMI cut-off points. It indicated that young school girls (7-9 years) were more likely to be overweight or obese compared with boys, the prevalence rates of overweight or obesity in older boys (13-15 year) was significantly greater than in other age groups while in girls it was the opposite. The boys with lowest household income ($0-17 500) were more likely to be overweight or obese compared with those with the highest household income (greater than $67 500). Having parents especially mothers who were overweight or obese may increase the risk of children being overweight or obese.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 07-2013
Abstract: Increases in physical activity (PA) are promoted by walking in an outdoor environment. Along with walking speed, slope is a major determinant of exercise intensity, and energy expenditure. The hypothesis was that in free-living conditions, a hilly environment diminishes PA to a greater extent in obese (OB) when compared with control (CO) in iduals. To assess PA types and patterns, 28 CO (22 ± 2 kg/m 2 ) and 14 OB (33 ± 4 kg/m 2 ) in iduals wore during an entire day 2 accelerometers and 1 GPS device, around respectively their waist, ankle and shoulder. They performed their usual PA and were asked to walk an additional 60 min per day. The duration of inactivity and activity with OB in iduals tended to be, respectively, higher and lower than that of CO in iduals ( P = .06). Both groups spent less time walking uphill/downhill than on the level (20%, 19%, vs. 61% of total walking duration, respectively, P .001). However OB in iduals spent less time walking uphill/downhill per day than CO (25 ± 15 and 38 ± 15 min/d, respectively, P 0.05) and covered a shorter distance per day (3.8 km vs 5.2 km, P 0.01). BMI and outdoor topography should also be considered when prescribing extra walking in free-living conditions.
Publisher: INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols
Date: 31-01-2023
DOI: 10.37766/INPLASY2023.1.0093
Abstract: Review question / Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (1) synthesise the reliability and validity of IFIS in different populations (2) explore the possible moderators of the reliability and validity of IFIS. Information sources: A comprehensive literature search will be conducted using Web of Science, EBSCO, Elsevier, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, SOCOLAR, Wiley Online Library, and PubMed online databases. Before the literature searches, the details of the search strategy were discussed and confirmed by reviewers.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1651-2227.2005.TB01919.X
Abstract: To investigate the role of physical activity and eating behaviour in weight control 1.5 y after a weight-reduction programme in severely obese children. Forty-seven children (13.4 +/- 2.1 y) were measured 1.5 y after the completion of a 10-mo residential treatment programme. Stature and body mass were measured physical activity, fat and fibre intake, and self-efficacy in relation to physical activity and healthy eating behaviour were assessed using validated structured interviews. The total s le was ided into four subgroups according to unhealthy versus healthy physical activity and eating behaviour at follow-up. One-and-a-half years after treatment, subjects had regained 34 +/- 19% overweight, but were on average still 20 +/- 19% less overweight than before treatment (p < 0.001). The four subgroups did not differ in level of overweight at the beginning or end of treatment. At follow-up, there was a significant difference in overweight between the four subgroups (p < 0.05). The least healthy group (unhealthy physical activity and unhealthy eating behaviour) had a significantly higher level of overweight 1.5 y after treatment (183 +/- 36%) in comparison with the other groups (unhealthy physical activity and healthy eating: 150 +/- 21% healthy physical activity and unhealthy eating: 156 +/- 14% healthy physical activity and healthy eating: 138 +/- 16%) (p < 0.05), whilst the healthiest group showed the lowest level of overweight after treatment when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Results suggest that both physical activity and nutritional habits play an important role in weight maintenance after initial weight loss in obese children and that one healthy behaviour can not compensate for another unhealthy behaviour.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-07-2018
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 20-03-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2648249/V1
Abstract: Background Given the importance of infancy for establishing growth trajectories, with later-life health consequences, we investigated longitudinal body composition among infants from six economically and ethnically erse countries. Methods We recruited mother-infant dyads using the WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Study criteria. We measured fat-free mass (FFM) in 1176 (49% female) infants from birth to 6-mo-of-age (Australia, India, and South Africa n = 468), 3 to 24-mo-of-age (Brazil, Pakistan, South Africa, and Sri Lanka n = 925), and derived fat mass (FM), fat mass (FMI), and fat-free mass (FFMI) indices. Height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and weight-for-length (WFLZ) z-scores were computed. Sex differences were assessed using a t-test, and country differences using a one-way analysis of variance. We further compared subs les of children who tracked the median for HAZ (-0.25 HAZ + 0.25), and those who did not. Results HAZ tracked well between 0 and 6-mo, but less so between 3 and 24-mo. The stunting prevalence peaked at 10.3% for males and 7.8% for females, at 24-mo. By 24-mo, girls had greater FMI (10%) than boys. There were significant differences in FFM (South African and Sri Lankan males) and FM (South African females and Sri Lankan males) by 24-mo-of-age, between infants whose length tracked the WHO median and those that did not. Conclusion In a multi-country s le representing more ideal maternal conditions, body composition was heterogeneous, potentially due to ethnic, breastfeeding, and dietary-pattern differences. Tracking the median of the WHO standard reduced FFM heterogeneity but not FM, suggesting that other factors may influence adiposity.
Publisher: Scitechnol Biosoft Pvt. Ltd.
Date: 2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-02-2016
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508966095
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine differences in predicting total and regional adiposity using the waist:height ratio (WHtR) calculated using different ‘waist’ measurements. Body composition of ninety-five males and 121 female Australian adults (aged 20 years and above) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The WHtR was calculated using: (1) the narrowest point between the lower costal border and the top of the iliac crest (WHtR-W), and (2) at the level of the umbilicus (WHtR-A). Relationships between calculated WHtR and measured body composition, such as percentage body fat (%BF) and percentage trunk fat (%TF) were determined. Values obtained from WHtR-A were significantly greater than WHtR-W in both groups ( P 0·05). While no correlation differences between WHtR-W and WHtR-A in relation to body composition variables were observed, females showed significantly lower correlation with lean mass compared with BMI. Regression analyses showed that neither WHtR had an age influence on %TF estimation. Estimated %BF and %TF were comparable for both WHtR and also with estimated values using a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 . Sensitivity of excess %BF and %TF increased by using WHtR-A, particularly in females. In conclusion, the umbilicus measurement may be better than using the narrowest site in the WHtR calculation, particularly in females. To improve the screening ability of the WHtR and make comparisons between studies easier there may be a need to standardise the measurement location. Further studies are recommended to confirm the findings across different ethnic groups.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2007.08.010
Abstract: Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used as an indicator of obesity, although in both clinical and research settings the use of bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) is commonplace. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between BMI, BIA and percentage body fat to determine whether either is a superior indicator of obesity in men with schizophrenia. The reference method of deuterium dilution was used to measure total body water and, subsequently, percentage body fat in 31 men with schizophrenia. Comparisons with the classification of body fat using BMI and BIA were made. The correlation between percentage body fat and BMI was 0.64 whereas the correlation between percentage body fat and BIA was 0.90. The sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing between obese and overweight participants was 0.55 and 0.80 for BMI and 0.86 and 0.75 for BIA. BIA proved to be a better indicator of obesity than BMI. BMI misclassified a large proportion of men with schizophrenia as overweight when they had excess adiposity of sufficient magnitude to be considered as obese. Because of the widespread use of BMI as an indicator of obesity among people with schizophrenia, the level of obesity among men with schizophrenia may be in excess of that previously indicated.
Publisher: Sri Lanka Journals Online (JOL)
Date: 05-09-2022
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2002
DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200209000-00004
Abstract: To enable more targeted exercise prescription for the obese, the purpose of this study was to consider relationships between relative indices of (.)VO(2peak), (.)VO(2)R, HR(peak), and HRR in a s le of obese adults. In particular, the study aimed to determine whether %HRR was equivalent to %(.)VO(2peak) or %(.)VO(2)R. A further aim was to evaluate whether the %(.)VO(2peak)-%HR(peak) relationship defined by the ACSM holds in the obese population, or whether there is a deviation in this relationship as is noted in in iduals with low functional capacity. Finally, the study aimed to determine the degree of variability in relative workload relating to lactate threshold (LT). Thirty-two sedentary obese adults, 17 women and 15 men (42.1 +/- 9.6 yr 37.4 +/- 5.7 kg.m) attended a testing session each week for 3 wk. The three sessions involved 1) familiarization with testing protocols 2) graded treadmill tests to evaluate submaximal and peak cardiorespiratory capacity and 3) assessment of body composition via deuterium dilution, and resting HR (HR(rest)) and oxygen consumption ((.)VO(2rest)) collected during assessment of resting metabolic rate (RMR) via a ventilated hood system. The primary findings were that in the obese: 1) the %HR(peak)-%(.)VO(2peak) relationship was significantly greater than the ACSM recommendations, 2) the %HRR was equivalent with (.)VO(2)R not %(.)VO(2peak), and 3) exercise prescription at fixed percentages of (.)VO(2peak) or HR(peak) corresponded with wide ranges of exercise intensities in relation to LT. The relationships between cardiorespiratory parameters defined in normal weight populations differ to some degree in the obese, and this has implications both for optimizing exercise intensity for weight loss and exercise adherence in obese adults.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.BODYIM.2007.06.002
Abstract: The body composition of 139 Japanese females and 84 Japanese males (aged 18-30 years) was measured using anthropometry to assess gender differences in body perceptions in relation to their measured values. Participants were asked to rate perceptions of their own "heaviness" and "fatness" and these were compared to their BMI and percent body fat (%BF). Japanese females showed a significantly greater desire to lose body weight (-4.20+/-0.6 kg) compared to males (0.27+/-1.4 kg). Females also showed poor understanding of their "heaviness" and "fatness" in relation to actual body composition compared to males. The results confirmed distinct gender differences in body perception in relation to actual body composition and attitudes to weight management. Further promotion of "healthy" body image is recommended for the Japanese population.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.EATBEH.2004.05.001
Abstract: The present study examined the association between socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity, body dissatisfaction, and eating behaviours of 10- to 18-year-old children and adolescents. The study participants (N = 768) were categorised as Caucasian (74.7%), Chinese or Vietnamese (18.2%), and Italian or Greek (7.0%), and high (82%), middle (8.6%), and low SES (9.4%) according to parents' occupations. The chi(2), Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression model were used to determine the interaction between variables. Females and older participants were more likely to desire a body figure that was thinner than their perceived current figure. Furthermore, the same groups were also more likely to be preoccupied with eating problems (females 7.1% vs. males 1.4% for participants aged 15-18 years, 7.8% vs. participants aged 10-14 years, 3.9%). The body dissatisfaction gender difference was females 42.8% vs. males 11.8%, and participants aged 15-18 years 41.7% vs. those aged 10-14 years, 28.3%. Participants whose parents were managers rofessionals were more likely to desire a body figure that was thinner than their perceived current figure than those from white-collar and blue-collar families. This was also the case for Caucasian Australians compared to those from Chinese or Vietnamese backgrounds. In conclusion, age and gender differences in body image and problems in eating behaviour were evident among children and adolescents. However, there was no significant SES and ethnic difference in the proportion of participants with eating problems and body dissatisfaction.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLINBIOMECH.2014.05.004
Abstract: There is a greater prevalence of lower extremity malalignment in obese children during static posture however, there has been less examination of dynamic joint function in this cohort. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine kinematic differences that exist between obese and non-obese children that would support previously reported static joint malalignment. Forty children were classified as obese (n=20) or non-obese (n=20). Lower extremity joint kinematics were collected during five walking trials at a self-selected pace. Peak joint displacement and amount of joint motion throughout the gait cycle (calculated as the integrated displacement curve) were analyzed for group differences. Non-obese children had greater peak knee and hip extension during gait however, there were no group differences in the integrated sagittal displacement curve. Obese children had greater peak angular displacement and integrals of angular displacement for peak hip adduction, hip internal rotation, and foot abduction (toe-out) than non-obese children. Obese children also had greater peak knee external rotation than non-obese children. Non-obese children showed greater range of motion in the sagittal plane, particularly at the hip and knee. Frontal and transverse plane differences suggest that obese children function in a more genu valgum position than non-obese children. Static measures of genu valgum have been previously associated with pediatric obesity the findings indicate that there are also dynamic implications of said malalignment in obese children. Genu valgum presents increased risk of osteoarthritis for obese children and should be considered when prescribing weight bearing exercise to this cohort.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CPCARDIOL.2018.06.001
Abstract: Healthy living medicine (HLM) is an emerging concept that recognizes the importance of: (1) Moving more and sitting less (2) Consuming a healthy diet at the appropriate caloric load (3) Maintaining a healthy body weight and (4) Not smoking. Suffice to say, HLM should be practiced by all health professionals, prescribing a personalized healthy living polypill to in iduals under their care while titrating the dosage for optimal adherence and therapeutic efficacy. Traditionally, HLM, particularly when practiced in the context of physical activity and diet, is commonly viewed as an all-or-none and one-size-fits-all paradigm. As an ex le, there has been a dichotomous perception to physical activity messaging, where achieving anything less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per day is not beneficial. The same holds true for the all-or-none perception of 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day anything less is not beneficial. While these are certainly desirable targets, healthy living practices at levels below current guidelines portend significant health benefits. Precision medicine is defined as "an emerging approach for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account in idual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person." Much of the focus in precision medicine has been directed toward genomics and only recently has the influence of environment and lifestyle been considered. This review will highlight the importance of HLM directed toward the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in the context of precision medicine.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-08-2018
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2017.206
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-05-2016
DOI: 10.1111/IJPO.12037
Abstract: Obese children are typically less physically active than their normal-weight peers and are often assumed to be 'unfit'. Investigate the relationships between adiposity, physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in obese and normal-weight children. A secondary aim was to examine obese/normal-weight differences in CRF. Obese (N = 107) and normal-weight (N = 132) 10-13-year-olds participated. Fat-free mass (FFM), percent fat, physical activity and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) were assessed. Analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES). Higher percent fat was inversely associated with VO2peak normalized for mass (r = -0.780, P < 0.001) even after controlling for physical activity (r = -0.673, P < 0.001). While higher percent fat was also inversely associated with VO2peak normalized for FFM, this was only significant in males (r = -0.247, P = 0.004) and did not persist after controlling for physical activity (r = -0.059 P = 0.526). Compared with normal-weight children, obese children had higher absolute VO2peak , lower VO2peak corrected for mass (P ≤ 0.009) and lower VO2peak corrected for FFM (P = 0.041) that did not persist after controlling for SES (P = 0.086). Obesity-related inefficiencies in CRF were evident. Higher adiposity was associated with poorer CRF relative to mass, irrespective of physical activity levels. However, low physical activity levels may be responsible for associations between adiposity and CRF relative to FFM seen in boys, indicating the importance of encouraging physical activity.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-08-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 19-02-2014
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWT332
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-10-2023
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1997)9:1<63::AID-AJHB9>3.0.CO;2-R
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2008.479
Abstract: The 13-year mortality from BMI, body fat (BF), and fat-free mass (FFM) was examined among active and sedentary adults. In total, 2,819 men and women aged 35-65 years in 1987/1988, participating in the Danish MONICA project, were included, and followed for 13.6 years for total mortality. In men, physical activity modified the health hazard of both a high and a low BMI, and the U-shaped association disappeared among the active (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.86, CI: 0.72-1.02). Among active men, FFM was inversely related to mortality (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.40-0.77) whereas a direct positive trend was seen for BF. Among women, physical activity modified association between BMI and mortality, but the U-shaped association remained among the active. Among women, no significant associations were found between either BF or FFM and total mortality. All effects were independent of waist- and hip-circumferences. In conclusion, among men, physical activity may play an important role for the prevention of early mortality beyond its direct effects, by modifying the health hazard of both a high and a low BMI, and by lowering the risk associated with a high BF or a low FFM. Among women physical activity lowers mortality, but an effect-modifying potential of physical activity on associations between BMI or body composition could not be identified.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.PCAD.2017.02.002
Abstract: The chronic disease crisis we currently face must be addressed in rapid fashion. Cardiovascular (CV) and pulmonary diseases, diabetes as well as several forms of cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Collectively, these conditions have a significant impact on the quality of life of in iduals, families and communities, placing an unsustainable burden on health systems. There is hope for the chronic disease crisis in that these conditions are largely preventable or can be delayed to much later in life through a timeless medicine, healthy living. Specifically, physical activity (PA), healthy nutrition, not smoking and maintaining a healthy body weight, the latter of which being predominantly influenced by PA and nutrition, are the key healthy living medicine (HLM) ingredients. Unfortunately, there is much work to be done, the unhealthy living phenotype is running r ant across the globe. Without improvements in PA, nutrition, tobacco use and body habitus patterns, there is little hope for curtailing the chronic disease epidemic that has been brought about by the dramatic increase in unhealthy living behaviors. This review highlights current trends in lifestyle behaviors, benefits associated with reversing those behaviors and potential paths to promote the increased utilization of HLM.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2017.03.012
Abstract: Discretionary food choices (snacks) contribute up to a third of the daily energy intake and potentially contribute to energy imbalance and weight gain. In idual snack intake behaviour is guided by internal and external cues, with social cues (seeing others eat, being alone) consistently showing large effects. A wide body of (mainly laboratory-based) research suggests marked differences in people's response to eating cues based on BMI. Here, we show that these BMI differences in cue responsiveness also pertain to everyday snacking behaviour. In two combined ecological momentary assessment studies, 122 participants with BMIs ranging from 18.34 to 45.71 kg/m
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2003
DOI: 10.1007/S00431-003-1247-2
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe changes in fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and aerobic fitness in severely obese children and adolescents during residential treatment in the Medical Paediatric Centre Zeepreventorium. Treatment consisted of moderate dietary restriction, physical activity and psychological support. This study was a clinical observation of 20 severely obese children and adolescents (8 boys and 12 girls, aged 15.4+/-1.8 years) who completed the 10-month residential programme. Height, weight, FM, FFM and aerobic fitness was measured four times during the intervention: at baseline, 11 weeks, 24 weeks and at 33 weeks (at the end of the programme ). The mean decrease in level of overweight was 46% (P<0.001), with a mean loss of 8.9% FM (P<0.001). Submaximal performance (PWC150) improved from 123+/-35 Watt to 152+/-37 Watt (P<0.001). Maximal performance levels increased (performance time: from 14+/-2.9 min to 15.3+/-3.5 min, peak power: from 186+/-38 Watt to 205+/-45 Watt, P<0.01) without an improvement in absolute VO(2 peak). A moderate dietary restriction in combination with physical activity and psychological support in severely obese children and adolescents is effective in decreasing body fat and improving physical performance. Further research is needed to evaluate the longer-term effects of such a programme.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-02-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15051190
Abstract: School environments can create healthy settings to foster children’s health and well-being. School gardening is gaining popularity as an intervention for healthier eating and increased physical activity. We used a systematic realist approach to investigate how school gardens improve health and well-being outcomes for school-aged children, why, and in what circumstances. The context and mechanisms of the specific school gardening interventions (n = 24) leading to positive health and well-being outcomes for school-aged children were assessed. The impetus of many interventions was to increase fruit and vegetable intake and address the prevention of childhood obesity. Most interventions were conducted at primary schools with participating children in Grades 2 through 6. Types of positive outcomes included increased fruit and vegetable consumption, dietary fiber and vitamins A and C, improved body mass index, and improved well-being of children. Key mechanisms included embedding nutrition-based and garden-based education in the curriculum experiential learning opportunities family engagement and participation authority figure engagement cultural context use of multi-prong approaches and reinforcement of activities during implementation. This review shows that a combination of mechanisms works mutually through school gardening programs leading to improved health and well-being outcomes for school-aged children.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 20-07-2022
Abstract: ocial and behavioral determinants of health are increasingly recognized as central to effective person-centered intervention in clinical practice, disease management, and public health. Accordingly, social prescribing (SP) has received increased attention in recent times. The r ant global prevalence of obesity indicates that the customary, reductionistic, and disease-oriented biomedical approach to health service delivery is inadequate/ineffective at arresting the spread and mitigating the damaging consequences of the condition. There is an urgent need to shift the focus from reactive downstream disease-based treatments to more proactive, upstream, preventive action. In essence, this requires more effort to affect the paradigm shift from the traditional “biomedical approach of care” to a “biopsychosocial model” required to arrest the increasing prevalence of obesity. To this end, an SP approach, anchored in systems thinking, could be an effective means of moderating prevalence and consequences of obesity at a community level. he proposed SP intervention has the following three key objectives: (1) build a sustainable program for Circular Head based on SP, peer education, and health screening to minimize the incidence of obesity and related lifestyle diseases (2) increase service and workforce connectivity and collaboration and initiate the introduction of new services and activities for obesity prevention and community health promotion and (3) enhance health and well-being and minimize preventable adverse health outcomes of obesity and related lifestyle diseases through enhancement of food literacy and better nutrition, enhancement of physical literacy and habitual personal activity levels, and improvement of mental health, community connectedness, and reduction of social isolation. his paper describes a prospective SP strategy aimed at obesity prevention in Circular Head, a local government area in Northwest (NW) Tasmania. SP is a prominent strategy used in the Critical Age Periods Impacting the Trajectory of Obesogenic Lifestyles Project, which is an initiative based in NW Tasmania focused on assessing obesity prevention capacity. A social prescription model that facilitates the linkage of primary health screening with essential health care, education, and community resources through a dedicated “navigator” will be implemented. Four interlinked work packages will be implemented as part of the initial plan with each either building on existing resources or developing new initiatives. multimethod approach to triangulate insights from quantitative and qualitative research that enables the assessment of impact on in iduals, community groups, and the health care system will be implemented within the initial pilot phase of the project. iterature is replete with rhetoric advocating complex system approaches to curtail obesity. However, real-life ex les of whole-of-systems interventions operationalized in ways that generate relevant evidence or effective policies are rare. The erse approach for primary prevention of obesity-related lifestyle diseases and strategies for improvement of health and well-being described in this instance will contribute toward closing this evidence gap. > RR1-10.2196/41280
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-07-2014
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2014.148
Abstract: To examine the association of maternal pregravid body mass index (BMI) and child offspring, all-cause hospitalisations in the first 5 years of life. Prospective birth cohort study. From 2006 to 2011, 2779 pregnant women (2807 children) were enrolled in the Environments for Healthy Living: Griffith birth cohort study in South-East Queensland, Australia. Hospital delivery record and self-report baseline survey of maternal, household and demographic factors during pregnancy were linked to the Queensland Hospital Admitted Patients Data Collection from 1 November 2006 to 30 June 2012, for child admissions. Maternal pregravid BMI was classified as underweight (<18.5 kg m(-)(2)), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg m(-)(2)), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg m(-)(2)) or obese (⩾30 kg m(-)(2)). Main outcomes were the total number of child hospital admissions and ICD-10-AM diagnostic groupings in the first 5 years of life. Negative binomial regression models were calculated, adjusting for follow-up duration, demographic and health factors. The cohort comprised 8397.9 person years (PYs) follow-up. Children of mothers who were classified as obese had an increased risk of all-cause hospital admissions in the first 5 years of life than the children of mothers with a normal BMI (adjusted rate ratio (RR) =1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.98). Conditions of the nervous system, infections, metabolic conditions, perinatal conditions, injuries and respiratory conditions were excessive, in both absolute and relative terms, for children of obese mothers, with RRs ranging from 1.3-4.0 (PYs adjusted). Children of mothers who were underweight were 1.8 times more likely to sustain an injury or poisoning than children of normal-weight mothers (PYs adjusted). RESULTS suggest that if the intergenerational impact of maternal obesity (and similarly issues related to underweight) could be addressed, a significant reduction in child health care use, costs and public health burden would be likely.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 31-10-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014002274
Abstract: The study aimed to detail the lifestyle (physical activity and dietary habits) of Moroccan adolescents. Cross-sectional study undertaken in the framework of the ATLS (Arab Teens Lifestyle Study). Physical activity and dietary habits were determined using a validated questionnaire in public secondary schools. A total of 669 adolescents aged 15·0–19·9 years were randomly recruited from Kenitra, Morocco. Physical activity patterns and intensity differed between genders. As anticipated, male adolescents were more active than female adolescents across a typical week and engaged in more vigorous-intensity physical activity than female adolescents, who spent more time than male adolescents in moderate-intensity physical activity. Of particular concern was that one in five of the adolescents surveyed was inactive, with almost 45 % of the s le reporting television viewing for more than 2 h/d and 38 % engaged in computer use for a similar period. From a dietary perspective, most adolescents reported that they do not take breakfast or consume milk and dairy products, fruits and vegetables on a daily basis. In contrast, most reported consumption of doughnuts, cakes, candy and chocolate more than three times per week and approximately 50 % consumed sugary drinks more than three times per week. Based on a continuation of the self-reported lifestyle behaviours, adolescents in the present study are at risk of developing chronic diseases. Education programmes are urgently needed to assist in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and reduce the likelihood of overweight and obesity and related health risks among young people.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 20-01-2023
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0279661
Abstract: Leadership is a valuable skill that can be taught in school, and which may have benefits within and beyond the classroom. Learning to Lead (L2L) is a student-led, primary school-based leadership program whereby older ‘ peer leaders’ deliver a fundamental movement skills (FMS) program to younger ‘ peers’ within their own school. The aims of the study are to determine the efficacy of a peer-led FMS intervention on: (i) peer leaders’ (aged 10 to 12 years) leadership effectiveness (primary outcome), leadership self-efficacy, well-being, and time on-task in the classroom (ii) peers’ (aged 8 to 10 years) physical activity levels, actual and perceived FMS competency, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular power, and executive functioning and (iii) teachers’ (referred to as ‘ school ch ions ’) work-related stress and well-being. L2L will be evaluated using a two-arm parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial. Twenty schools located within a two-hour drive of the University of Newcastle, Australia will be recruited. We will recruit 80 students (40 peer leaders and 40 peers ) from each school ( N = 1,600). L2L will be implemented in three phases: Phase 1 – school ch ions’ training via a professional learning workshop Phase 2 – school ch ions’ delivery of leadership lessons to the peer leaders and Phase 3 – peer leaders’ delivery of the FMS program to their younger peers . The FMS program, consisting of 12 x 30-minute lessons, will be delivered over the course of one school term (10 weeks). Study outcomes will be assessed at baseline (between mid-March to June, Terms 1 and 2), intervention end (mid-August to September, Term 3), and follow-up (November to mid-December, Term 4. This trial was prospectively registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) registration number: ACTRN12621000376842.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1159/000345030
Abstract: Obesity is associated with numerous short- and long-term health consequences. Low levels of physical activity and poor dietary habits are consistent with an increased risk of obesity in an obesogenic environment. Relatively little research has investigated associations between eating and activity behaviors by using a systems biology approach and by considering the dynamics of the energy balance concept. A significant body of research indicates that a small positive energy balance over time is sufficient to cause weight gain in many in iduals. In contrast, small changes in nutrition and physical activity behaviors can prevent weight gain. In the context of weight management, it may be more feasible for most people to make small compared to large short-term changes in diet and activity. This paper presents a case for the use of small and incremental changes in diet and physical activity for improved weight management in the context of a toxic obesogenic environment.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-01-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2011.07.006
Abstract: To compare the effectiveness of three waist circumference (WC) measurement sites to predict cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Brazilian children. 187 children (mean age = 9.9 ± 0.7 years) were evaluated for weight, height, WC at three different sites: midpoint between the lower rib and iliac crest (WC1), umbilicus (WC2), and narrowest waist (WC3). Skinfolds (triceps and subscapular) and blood pressure were also measured. Analyses for triglycerides, HDL-C and glucose were carried out in 141 children. For boys, the most accurate predictor of overweight and obesity (from body mass index, BMI) and low HDL-C levels was WC3, and for high percentage of body fat (from skinfolds) was WC1. For girls, WC2 was the most accurate predictor of MS, and hypertriglyceridemia, and for overweight and obesity, high body fat percentage, and low HDL-C levels, WC3 was the best predictor. WC1 was the most accurate in the prediction of high blood pressure. Each WC measurement site was accurate in predicting cardiovascular risk factors and MS. However, our results indicate that WC3 was the best predictor of cardiovascular risk factors and MS in boys and girls.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 11-2022
DOI: 10.1111/HSC.14106
Abstract: Fostering the growth, development, health, and wellbeing of children is a global priority. The early childhood period presents a critical window to influence lifelong trajectories, however urgent multisectoral action is needed to ensure that families are adequately supported to nurture their children's growth and development. With a shared vision to give every child the best start in life, thus helping them reach their full developmental potential, we have formed the International Healthy Eating Active Living Matters (HEALing Matters) Alliance. Together, we form a global network of academics and practitioners working across child health and development, and who are dedicated to improving health equity for children and their families. Our goal is to ensure that all families are free from structural inequality and oppression and are empowered to nurture their children's growth and development through healthy eating and physical activity within the context of responsive emotional support, safety and security, and opportunities for early learning. To date, there have been disparate approaches to promoting these objectives across the health, community service, and education sectors. The crucial importance of our collective work is to bring these priorities for early childhood together through multisectoral interventions, and in so doing tackle head on siloed approaches. In this Policy paper, we draw upon extensive research and call for collective action to promote equity and foster positive developmental trajectories for all children. We call for the delivery of evidence-based programs, policies, and services that are co-designed to meet the needs of all children and families and address structural and systemic inequalities. Moving beyond the "what" is needed to foster the best start to life for all children, we provide recommendations of "how" we can do this. Such collective impact will facilitate intergenerational progression that builds human capital in future generations.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-12-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S10753-012-9584-9
Abstract: Physical activity has been shown to lower levels of inflammatory markers. However, results are inconsistent, indicating different modes of exercise may have different effects on inflammatory cytokines. We aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, or combination exercise on TNF-α and IL-6 compared to no exercise in overweight and obese in iduals. TNF-α levels were significantly decreased at week 12 compared to baseline by 20.8 % in the Aerobic group (p = 0.011), 26.9 % in the Resistance group (p = 0.0001), and 32.6 % in the Combination group (p = 0.003). Levels of TNF-α were significantly lower in the Combination compared to the Control group after 12 weeks of exercise training (-22.6 %, p = 0.025) when adjusting for baseline levels. Twelve weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, but mainly combination exercise training decreased TNF-α in overweight and obese in iduals compared to no exercise. Therefore, combination exercise training may be physiologically relevant in decreasing the risk of developing chronic diseases.
Publisher: The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-01-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2011
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-08-2011
DOI: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090199
Abstract: Globally, obesity is affecting an increasing proportion of children. Physical activity plays an important role in the prevention of becoming overweight and obese in childhood and adolescence, and reducing the risk of obesity in adulthood. Puberty and the following adolescent period are acknowledged as particularly vulnerable times for the development of obesity due to sexual maturation and, in many in iduals, a concomitant reduction in physical activity. In many Western settings, a large proportion of children and adolescents do not meet recommended physical activity guidelines and, typically, those who are more physically active have lower levels of body fat than those who are less active. Active behaviours have been displaced by more sedentary pursuits which have contributed to reductions in physical activity energy expenditure. Without appropriate activity engagement there is an increased likelihood that children will live less healthy lives than their parents. Owing to the high risk of overweight adolescents becoming obese adults, the engagement of children and adolescents in physical activity and sport is a fundamental goal of obesity prevention.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2015
DOI: 10.1111/COB.12086
Abstract: The majority of weight loss studies fail to standardize conditions such as diet and exercise via a weight maintenance period prior to commencement of the trial. This study aimed to determine whether a weight stabilization period is necessary to establish stable baseline hormone concentrations. Fifty-one obese male participants with a body mass index of 30-40 kg m(-2) and aged 25-54 years underwent 4 weeks on an energy balance diet that was designed to achieve weight stability. Blood s les were collected in the fasting state at commencement and completion of the 4-week period, and circulating concentrations of 18 commonly measured hormones were determined. During the 4-week weight maintenance period, participants achieved weight stability within -1.5 ± 0.2 kg (-1.4 ± 0.2%) of their initial body weight. Significant reductions in serum insulin (by 18 ± 6.5%) and leptin (by 21 ± 6.0%) levels occurred, but no significant changes were observed for gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and peptide YY), nor thyroid, adrenal, gonadal or somatotropic hormones. There were no significant correlations between the change in body weight and the change in circulating concentrations of insulin or leptin over the 4-week period, indicating that the observed changes were not due to weight loss, albeit significant negative correlations were observed between the changes in body weight and plasma ghrelin and peptide YY levels. This study demonstrates the need for baseline weight maintenance periods to stabilize serum levels of insulin and leptin in studies specifically investigating effects on these parameters in the obese. However, this does not apply to circulating levels of gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and peptide YY), nor thyroid, adrenal, gonadal or somatotropic hormones.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-09-2014
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 24-09-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S136898001300253X
Abstract: To evaluate the effectiveness of anthropometric measures and physical activity level in the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children. Cross-sectional study with children from public and private schools. Children underwent an anthropometric assessment, blood pressure measurement and biochemical evaluation of serum for determination of TAG, HDL-cholesterol and glucose. Physical activity level was calculated and number of steps per day obtained using a pedometer for seven consecutive days. Viçosa, south-eastern Brazil. Boys and girls ( n 187), mean age 9·90 ( sd 0·7) years. Conicity index, sum of four skinfolds, physical activity level and number of steps per day were accurate in predicting MetS in boys. Anthropometric indicators were accurate in predicting MetS for girls, specifically BMI, waist circumference measured at the narrowest point and at the level of the umbilicus, four skinfold thickness measures evaluated separately, the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, the sum of four skinfolds and body fat percentage. The sum of four skinfolds was the most accurate method in predicting MetS in both genders.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2001
DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200102000-00013
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the immediate effect of exercise intensity and duration on body fluid volumes in rats throughout a 3-wk exercise program. Changes in the extracellular water (ECW) and total body water (TBW) volumes of rats were measured preexercise and postexercise using multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Groups of rats were exercised at two intensities (6 m.min(-1) and 12 m.min(-1)) for two exercise times (60 min and 90 min) 5 d.wk(-1) during a 3-wk period. Changes in plasma electrolytes, glucose, and lactate resulting from the exercise were also measured on 3 d of each week. Each group of animals showed significant losses in ECW and TBW as a direct result of daily exercise. The magnitude of fluid loss was directly related to the intensity of the exercise, but not to exercise duration although the magnitude of daily fluid loss at the higher intensity exercise (12 m.min(-1)) decreased as the study progressed, possibly indicating a training effect. At low-intensity exercise, there is a small but significant loss in both TBW and ECW fluids, and the magnitude of these losses does not change throughout a 3-wk exercise program. At moderate levels of exercise intensity, there is a greater loss of both TBW and ECW fluids. However, the magnitudes of these losses decrease significantly during the 3-wk exercise program, thus demonstrating a training effect.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00133-0
Abstract: A commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of astrovirus antigen was used to detect the virus during a 12-month survey of enteric pathogens in children in outpatient (n = 238) and hospital (n = 176) settings. It was found to have a 100% sensitivity and 98.6% specificity. Nineteen astrovirus isolates were detected and confirmed by northern hybridization, cell culture, and RT-PCR. The virus was detected mainly amongst outpatients although a comparison of the detection rate with that in hospitalised children did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference (p = 0.1347). In contrast, there was a strong association between hospitalization and rotavirus infection (p = 0.0371), and a strong association between infection detected in outpatients and adenovirus infection (p = 0.0193). Strains of astrovirus were sequenced, genotyped and shown to be: type 1 (n = 11), type 3 (n = 1), and type 4 (n = 7). Maximum genetic variation in type 1 isolates was 8.6% and type 4 was 7.8%. Changes did not result in amino acid substitutions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-05-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S13006-021-00389-X
Abstract: This report evaluated the breastfeeding status in a Tasmanian cohort and its effects on infant and maternal anthropometry and body composition. An observational-cohort analysis of self-reported feeding data from 175 Tasmanian mother-baby dyads (recruited via in-person contact between September 2017 and October 2019), was executed. Only mothers who were ≥ 18 years of age, who had a singleton pregnancy and were able to speak and understand English, were included in the study. Infants outside a gestational age range between 37 + 0 and 41 + 6 weeks were excluded. Infant (using Air Displacement Plethysmography) and maternal body composition was assessed at 0, 3 and 6 months. Analysis of variance with relevant statistical corrections were utilised for cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons between non-exclusively breastfed (neBF) and exclusively breastfed (eBF) groups. Fat-free mass was significantly higher [ t = 2.27, df = 98, P = 0.03, confidence interval (CI) 0.03, 0.48] in neBF infants at 6 months (5.59 ± 0.59 vs 5.33 ± 0.50 kg) despite a higher mean fat-free mass in eBF infants at birth (2.89 ± 0.34 vs 3.01 ± 0.35 kg). Weak evidence for different fat mass index trajectories was observed for eBF and neBF infants in the first 6 months of life (ANOVA, F = 2.42, df = 1.9, P = 0.09) with an inversion in fat mass index levels between 3 and 6 months. Body Mass Index (BMI) trajectories were significantly different in eBF and neBF mothers through pregnancy and the first 6 months postpartum (ANOVA, F = 5.56, df = 30.14, P = 0.01). Compared with eBF mothers, neBF mothers retained significantly less weight (t = − 2.754, df = 158, P = 0.02, CI -6.64, − 1.09) at 3 months (0.68 ± 11.69 vs 4.55 ± 6.08 kg) postpartum. Prevalence for neBF was incrementally higher in mothers with a normal BMI compared to mothers with obesity, and mothers who underwent surgical or medical intervention during birth were less likely to exclusively breastfeed. Infants with different feeding patterns may display varying growth patterns in early life and sustained breastfeeding can contribute to greater postpartum maternal weight loss.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-02-2007
Abstract: To investigate the variability in isotopic equilibrium time under field conditions, and the impact of this variability on estimates of total body water (TBW) and body composition. Following collection of a fasting baseline urine s le, 10 women and 10 men were dosed with deuterium oxide (0.05 g/kg body weight). Urine s les were collected every hour for 8 h. The s les were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Time to equilibration was determined using three commonly employed data analysis approaches. Isotopic equilibrium was reached by 50, 80 and 100% of participants at 4, 6 and 8 h, respectively. The mean group equilibration determined using the three different plateau determination methods were 4.8+/-1.5, 3.8+/-0.8 and 4.9+/-1.4 h. Isotopic enrichment, TBW, and percent body fat estimates differed between early (3-5 h), but not later s ling times (5-8 h). Although the three different plateau determination approaches resulted in differences in equilibration time, all suggest that s ling at 6 h or later will decrease the likelihood of error in body composition estimates resultant from incomplete isotopic equilibration in a small proportion of in iduals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-05-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.PCAD.2017.05.010
Abstract: The concept of Healthy Living (HL) as a primary medical intervention continues to gain traction, and rightfully so. Being physically active, consuming a nutritious diet, not smoking and maintaining an appropriate body weight constitute the HL polypill, the foundation of HL medicine (HLM). Daily use of the HL polypill, working toward optimal dosages, portends profound health benefits, substantially reducing the risk of chronic disease [i.e., cardiovascular disease (CVD), pulmonary disease, metabolic syndromes, certain cancers, etc.] and associated adverse health consequences. To be effective and proactive, our healthcare system must rethink where its primary intervention, HLM, is delivered. Waiting for in iduals to come to the traditional outpatient setting is an ineffective approach as poor lifestyle habits are typically well established by the time care is initiated. Ideally, HLM should be delivered where in iduals live, work and go to school, promoting immersion in a culture of health and wellness. To this end, there is a growing interest in the use of public parks as a platform to promote the adoption of HL behaviors. The current perspectives paper provides a brief literature review on the use of public parks for HL interventions and introduces a new HealthPark model being developed in Chicago.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-05-2020
Abstract: Background: The negative effects of sedentary behavior (SB) on public health have been extensively documented. A large number of studies have demonstrated that high prevalence of SB is a critical factor of all-cause mortality. Globally, the frequency of SB research has continued to rise, but little is known about SB in the Chinese population. Therefore, this review was conducted to scope the research situation and to fill the gaps related to the effects of SB in the Chinese population. Methods: Using a scoping review based on York methodology, a comprehensive search of published journal articles and grey literature was carried out through 12 databases. The literature research was conducted by two authors in July 2019, and included journal articles that targeted on the Chinese population were published between 1999 and 2019. The two authors screened the records independently and included those research topics related to SB in the Chinese population. Results: The number of included studies increased from 1 to 29 per year during the analyzed period, during which, a remarkable climb happened from 8 in 2013 to 19 in July 2019. Out of the 1303 screened studies, a total of 162 studies (81 English and 81 Chinese journal articles) met the inclusion criteria in this review. Most of the included studies (66.0%) reported the overall estimated prevalence of SB, in which, 43.2% of studies reported the average time of SB, and 40.0% of studies reported the cutoff point of SB. Besides this, 54.9% and 23.5% of studies focused on the outcomes and correlates/determinants of SB, and the proportions of studies based on testing the validation of measurement tools and on interventions were 3.7% and 4.9%, respectively. Nearly all of the reviewed articles used data from cross-sectional studies (75.9%) and longitudinal studies (13.6%), while intervention trials are less developed. The majority of the studies (64.8%) used self-reported surveys, and only 3.7% studies used device-based measurement tools. Furthermore, 35.8% of the included studies were focused on children and adolescents, while only a few studies investigated infants/toddlers and older adults. Both female and male were examined in most studies, and non-clinical populations were investigated in the context of SB in a relatively large number of studies. Conclusions: The number of research articles on SB in the Chinese population published per year has increased year by year, indicating a growing interest in this research area. More studies using population subgroup s les are needed, particularly among infants/toddlers, older adults, and clinical populations. To provide stronger evidence of the determinants and outcomes of SB, longitudinal studies using device-based measures of SB are required.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-05-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S13679-014-0107-X
Abstract: However quantified, obesity is a global health problem of significant magnitude. The condition is no longer limited to the developed world, with an increasing proportion of low-to-middle income countries burdened by obesity and its comorbidities. Specifically, obesity is a risk factor for a raft of psychosocial, physiological, cardiovascular, and metabolic problems. The carriage of excess body weight, including an unhealthy proportion of body fat, also has important implications for musculoskeletal health. To date, this important relationship has not received as much attention by the research community. Coincidentally, there has been a heightened interest in the role of physical activity and exercise across the lifespan in the prevention, treatment and management of obesity. This paper considers some of the more common musculoskeletal problems in children, adolescents and adults with implications for the overweight and obese and their meaningful engagement in physical activity.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 24-09-2014
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 2012
Abstract: India is currently undergoing rapid economic, demographic, and lifestyle transformations. A key feature of the latter transformation has been inappropriate and inadequate diets and decreases in physical activity. Data from various parts of India have shown a steady increase in the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), etc., frequently in association with overweight or obesity. Comparative data show that Asian Indians are more sedentary than white Caucasians. In this review, the Consensus Group considered the available physical activity guidelines from international and Indian studies and formulated India-specific guidelines. A total of 60 min of physical activity is recommended every day for healthy Asian Indians in view of the high predisposition to develop T2DM and CHD. This should include at least 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 15 min of work-related activity, and 15 min of muscle-strengthening exercises. For children, moderate-intensity physical activity for 60 min daily should be in the form of sport and physical activity. This consensus statement also includes physical activity guidelines for pregnant women, the elderly, and those suffering from obesity, T2DM, CHD, etc. Proper application of guidelines is likely to have a significant impact on the prevalence and management of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, T2DM, and CHD in Asian Indians.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S72636
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2022
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1080/09638280110105286
Abstract: This paper is a literature review, the purpose of which was to examine the legislative framework and the Australian Government Information Policy and how this has impacted on virtual communication and the well-being of Australians with disabilities. This has been a systematic review of current Australian literature that considers especially how communication and information can contribute positively towards connecting people with disabilities with other people during and post-rehabilitation. The results of this systematic literature review has been encouraging in that Australians with disabilities are being taken account of in the planning processes and evaluation of communications technologies. The paper also deals with how these interactive telecommunications may play an important role by assisting persons with disabilities in dealing with the loss of a sense of control over one's destiny, which is often prevalent during the acute phase of injury in persons with disabilities.
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 17-08-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-09-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2002
DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-842X.2002.TB00350.X
Abstract: To explore the relationship between self-reported weight and height to actual weight and height in older Australian adolescents. Weights and heights of 572 adolescents aged 15-19 years who participated in the 1995 Australian National Health Survey (NHS) and National Nutrition Survey (NNS) were examined. Self-reported heights were significantly higher than measured heights in participants. There were no differences in the accuracy of self-reported heights among the adolescents by gender. Self-reported weights were significantly lower than measured weights among both boys and girls (p < 0.01). There were no differences in the accuracy of self-reported weights among the boys and girls. Differences between actual weight and self-reported weight were significantly greater for overweight or obese adolescents compared with normal/underweight adolescents (p < 0.01). The use of self-reported weight and height resulted in the correct classification of overweight or obesity in 69% boys and 70% of girls. There was no significant gender difference in reporting weight and height in older adolescents. Bias in reporting weight and height was much higher in overweight or obese adolescents than normal/underweight adolescents. The percentage of misclassification of overweight or obesity from self-reported data in this study was 31% for boys and 30% for girls, respectively. Therefore, the self-reported weight and height of older adolescents needs to be more cautiously utilised. Efforts to improve the accuracy of self-reporting in older adolescents are needed if this measure is to be reliable.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-04-2014
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 30-04-2020
DOI: 10.1017/S2040174420000331
Abstract: Early growth pattern is increasingly recognized as a determinant of later obesity. This study aimed to identify the association between weight gain in early life and anthropometry, adiposity, leptin, and fasting insulin levels in adolescence. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 366 school children aged 11–13 years. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Fat mass (FM) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Blood was drawn after a 12-h fast for insulin and leptin assay. Birth weight and weight at 6 months and at 18 months were extracted from Child Health Development Records. An increase in weight SD score (SDS) by ≥0.67 was defined as accelerated weight gain. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to predict anthropometry, adiposity, and metabolic outcomes using sex, pubertal status, accelerated weight gain as fixed factors age, birth weight, and family income as fixed covariates, and school as a random factor. Children with accelerated weight gain between birth and 18 months had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) SDS, WC SDS, height SDS, %FM, fat mass index (FMI), fat free mass index (FFMI), and serum leptin levels in adolescence. Accelerated weight gain between 6 and 18 months was associated with higher BMI SDS, WC SDS, %FM, and FMI, but not with height SDS or FFMI. Accelerated weight gain at 0–6 months, in children with low birth weight, was associated with higher height SDS, BMI SDS, WC SDS, %FM, and FMI in children with normal birth weight, it was associated with BMI SDS, WC SDS, height SDS, and FFMI, but not with %FM or FMI. Effects of accelerated weight gain in early life on anthropometry and adiposity in adolescence varied in different growth windows. Accelerated weight gain during 6–18 months was associated with higher FM rather than linear growth. Effects of accelerated weight gain between 0 and 6 months varied with birth weight.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-10-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-08-2012
Abstract: Evidence suggests that exercise training improves CVD risk factors. However, it is unclear whether health benefits are limited to aerobic training or if other exercise modalities such as resistance training or a combination are as effective or more effective in the overweight and obese. The aim of this study is to investigate whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training would induce and sustain improvements in cardiovascular risk profile, weight and fat loss in overweight and obese adults compared to no exercise. Twelve-week randomized parallel design examining the effects of different exercise regimes on fasting measures of lipids, glucose and insulin and changes in body weight, fat mass and dietary intake. Participants were randomized to either: Group 1 (Control, n = 16) Group 2 (Aerobic, n = 15) Group 3 (Resistance, n = 16) Group 4 (Combination, n = 17). Data was analysed using General Linear Model to assess the effects of the groups after adjusting for baseline values. Within-group data was analyzed with the paired t -test and between-group effects using post hoc comparisons. Significant improvements in body weight (−1.6%, p = 0.044) for the Combination group compared to Control and Resistance groups and total body fat compared to Control (−4.4%, p = 0.003) and Resistance (−3%, p = 0.041). Significant improvements in body fat percentage (−2.6%, p = 0.008), abdominal fat percentage (−2.8%, p = 0.034) and cardio-respiratory fitness (13.3%, p = 0.006) were seen in the Combination group compared to Control. Levels of ApoB48 were 32% lower in the Resistance group compared to Control (p = 0.04). A 12-week training program comprising of resistance or combination exercise, at moderate-intensity for 30 min, five days/week resulted in improvements in the cardiovascular risk profile in overweight and obese participants compared to no exercise. From our observations, combination exercise gave greater benefits for weight loss, fat loss and cardio-respiratory fitness than aerobic and resistance training modalities. Therefore, combination exercise training should be recommended for overweight and obese adults in National Physical Activity Guidelines. This clinical trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), registration number: ACTRN12609000684224.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2005
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-09-2013
DOI: 10.1111/J.2047-6310.2012.00083.X
Abstract: What is already known about this subject? Compared with their healthy-weight peers, children with obesity have impaired physical health-related quality of life reduced physical activity levels reduced capacity to perform certain weight-bearing tasks in field-based fitness tests What this study adds? First investigation of obesity-related disability in children using the International Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health framework for Children and Youth. Obesity in children appears to be associated with disability impacting basic locomotor skills and physical health-related quality of life. Children's participation in key life areas related to physical functioning appears to be minimally impacted by obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity is related to impaired day-to-day physical functioning and disability in children. An observational case-control study was conducted in three Australian states. Obese (n = 107) and healthy-weight (n = 132) 10- to 13-year-olds (132 male, 107 female) were recruited via media advertisements. Assessment of body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), locomotor capacity (six-minute walk test [6MWT], timed up and down stairs test [TUDS] and timed up and go [TUG]) and child-reported physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were undertaken. Participants wore an accelerometer for 8 days and completed two use-of-time telephone interviews to assess participation in key life areas. Compared with their healthy-weight counterparts, obese children had lower physical HRQoL scores (P < 0.01) and reduced locomotor capacity (TUDS z-score, TUG and 6MWT P < 0.01). Higher percent body fat was significantly related to lower physical HRQoL scores (r = -0.48, P < 0.01), slower performance times for the TUDS and TUG (r = 0.59 and 0.26 respectively, P < 0.01), shorter 6MWT distances (r = -0.51, P < 0.01) and reduced time spent in community participation activities (r = -0.23, P < 0.01). As anticipated, obesity appears to undermine physical functioning in children, including the capacity to perform basic locomotor skills yet, unexpectedly, participation in key life areas related to physical functioning appeared largely unaffected.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1159/000357846
Abstract: The concept of energy gap(s) is useful for understanding the consequence of a small daily, weekly, or monthly positive energy balance and the inconspicuous shift in weight gain ultimately leading to overweight and obesity. Energy gap is a dynamic concept: an initial positive energy gap incurred via an increase in energy intake (or a decrease in physical activity) is not constant, may fade out with time if the initial conditions are maintained, and depends on the ‘efficiency' with which the readjustment of the energy imbalance gap occurs with time. The metabolic response to an energy imbalance gap and the magnitude of the energy gap(s) can be estimated by at least two methods, i.e. i) assessment by longitudinal overfeeding studies, imposing (by design) an initial positive energy imbalance gap ii) retrospective assessment based on epidemiological surveys, whereby the accumulated endogenous energy storage per unit of time is calculated from the change in body weight and body composition. In order to illustrate the difficulty of accurately assessing an energy gap we have used, as an illustrative ex le, a recent epidemiological study which tracked changes in total energy intake (estimated by gross food availability) and body weight over 3 decades in the US, combined with total energy expenditure prediction from body weight using doubly labelled water data. At the population level, the study attempted to assess the cause of the energy gap purported to be entirely due to increased food intake. Based on an estimate of change in energy intake judged to be more reliable (i.e. in the same study population) and together with calculations of simple energetic indices, our analysis suggests that conclusions about the fundamental causes of obesity development in a population (excess intake vs. low physical activity or both) is clouded by a high level of uncertainty.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 27-02-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2010
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2002
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-05-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-1997
DOI: 10.2466/PMS.1997.84.3C.1330
Abstract: Body composition status influenced the strength of correlations between indices of body dissatisfaction assessed using a perceptual size-estimation method and two subjective measures of body image for 217 male ( n = 122) and female ( n = 95) adolescents.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2011.11.008
Abstract: To date, no studies have examined the validity of skinfold-based (SF) equations and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) in predicting body fat in children of Middle-Eastern origin. The objective of this study was to examine the predictive validity of previously published SF-based equations and BIA in estimating body fat in 8-10 year-old Lebanese children, and to develop new prediction equations for use in this population group. 158 subjects participated in the study. Percent body fat (% BF) estimates derived from SF-based equations and BIA were compared against the deuterium dilution technique (DDL). Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted for the development of new prediction equations to estimate %BF using anthropometric variables. Bland-Altman analysis showed that SF-based equations and BIA significantly underestimated %BF as compared to DDL. Mean differences in %BF ranged between 1.3 and 6.5% in boys and 4.5-9.5% in girls. New anthropometry-based equations were proposed for the prediction of %BF in Lebanese pre-pubertal children. Previously published prediction equations underestimated %BF in Lebanese pre-pubertal children. The validity of the new prediction equations developed in this study to estimate %BF in Lebanese children needs to be investigated in future studies.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-09-2016
DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2016.1227703
Abstract: The current burden and future escalating threat of chronic diseases, constitutes the major global public health challenge. In Sri Lanka, cardiovascular diseases account for the majority of annual deaths. Data from Sri Lanka also indicate a high incidence and prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes 1 in 5 adults have elevated blood sugar in Sri Lanka. It is well established that chronic diseases share four primary behavioral risk factors: 1) tobacco use 2) unhealthy diet 3) physical inactivity and 4) harmful use of alcohol. Evidence has convincingly shown that replacing these behavioral risk factors with the converse, healthy lifestyle characteristics, decrease the risk of poor outcomes associated with chronic disease by 60 to 80%. In essence, prevention or reversal of these behavioral risk factors with effective healthy lifestyle programing and interventions is the solution to the current chronic disease crisis. Expert commentary: Healthy lifestyle is medicine with global applicability, including Sri Lanka and the rest of the South Asia region. This policy statement will discuss the chronic disease crisis in Sri Lanka, its current policies and action implemented to promote healthy lifestyles, and further recommendations on preventive medicine and healthy lifestyle initiatives that are needed to move forward.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 26-07-2011
DOI: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090333
Abstract: A number of recent systematic reviews have resulted in changes in international recommendations for children's participation in physical activity (PA) for health. The World Health Authority (WHO) has recently released new recommendations. The WHO still recommends 60 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but also emphasises that these minutes should be on top of everyday physical activities. Everyday physical activities total around 30 min of MVPA in the quintile of the least active children, which means that the new recommendations constitute more activity in total compared with earlier recommendations. To summarise evidence justifying new PA recommendation for cardiovascular health in children. The results of recent systematic reviews are discussed and supplemented with relevant literature not included in these reviews. PubMed was searched for the years 2006-2011 for additional topics not sufficiently covered by the reviews. PA was associated with lower blood pressure and a healthier lipid blood profile in children. The association was stronger when a composite risk factor score was analysed, and the associations between physical fitness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were even stronger. Muscle strength and endurance exercise each had an effect on blood lipids and insulin sensitivity even if the effect was smaller for muscle strength than for aerobic exercise. New evidence suggests possible effects of PA on C-reactive protein. There is accumulating evidence that PA can have beneficial effects on the risk factors of CVD in children. Public health policy to promote PA in children, especially the most sedentary children, may be a key element to prevent the onset of CVD later in the children's lives.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-04-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-05-2011
Abstract: With the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, the metabolic syndrome has been studied among children in many countries but not in Malaysia. Hence, this study aimed to compare metabolic risk factors between overweight/obese and normal weight children and to determine the influence of gender and ethnicity on the metabolic syndrome among school children aged 9-12 years in Kuala Lumpur and its metropolitan suburbs. A case control study was conducted among 402 children, comprising 193 normal-weight and 209 overweight/obese. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and body composition were measured, and WHO (2007) growth reference was used to categorise children into the two weight groups. Blood pressure (BP) was taken, and blood was drawn after an overnight fast to determine fasting blood glucose (FBG) and full lipid profile, including triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC). International Diabetes Federation (2007) criteria for children were used to identify metabolic syndrome. Participants comprised 60.9% (n = 245) Malay, 30.9% (n = 124) Chinese and 8.2% (n = 33) Indian. Overweight/obese children showed significantly poorer biochemical profile, higher body fat percentage and anthropometric characteristics compared to the normal-weight group. Among the metabolic risk factors, WC ≥90 th percentile was found to have the highest odds (OR = 189.0 95%CI 70.8, 504.8), followed by HDL-C≤1.03 mmol/L (OR = 5.0 95%CI 2.4, 11.1) and high BP (OR = 4.2 95%CI 1.3, 18.7). Metabolic syndrome was found in 5.3% of the overweight/obese children but none of the normal-weight children ( p 0.01). Overweight/obese children had higher odds (OR = 16.3 95%CI 2.2, 461.1) of developing the metabolic syndrome compared to normal-weight children. Binary logistic regression showed no significant association between age, gender and family history of communicable diseases with the metabolic syndrome. However, for ethnicity, Indians were found to have higher odds (OR = 5.5 95%CI 1.5, 20.5) compared to Malays, with Chinese children (OR = 0.3 95%CI 0.0, 2.7) having the lowest odds. We conclude that being overweight or obese poses a greater risk of developing the metabolic syndrome among children. Indian ethnicity is at higher risk compared to their counterparts of the same age. Hence, primary intervention strategies are required to prevent this problem from escalating.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2015.02.005
Abstract: Insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and may contribute to obesity cardiomyopathy. The earliest sign of obesity cardiomyopathy is impaired left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, which may be evident in obese children and adolescents. However, the precise metabolic basis of the impaired LV diastolic function remains unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate cardiac structure and LV diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging in overweight and obese (OW) youth and to assess the relative in idual contributions of adiposity, IR, and inflammation to alterations in cardiac structure and function. We studied 35 OW (body mass index standard deviation score 2.0±0.8 non-IR n=19, IR n=16) and 34 non-OW youth (body mass index standard deviation score 0.1±0.7). LV diastolic function was reduced in OW youth compared with non-OW controls, as indicated by lower peak myocardial relaxation velocities (p<0.001) and greater filling pressures (p<0.001). OW youth also had greater LV mass index (p<0.001), left atrial volume index, and LV interventricular septal thickness (LV-IVS both p=0.02). IR-OW youth had the highest LV filling pressures, LV-IVS, and relative wall thickness (all p<0.05). Homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance and C-reactive protein were negative determinants of peak myocardial relaxation velocity and positive predictors of filling pressure. Adiponectin was a negative determinant of LV-IVS, independent of obesity. In conclusion, OW youth with IR and inflammation are more likely to have adverse changes to cardiovascular structure and function which may predispose to premature cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-07-2013
DOI: 10.1071/HE12920
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.BODYIM.2006.09.005
Abstract: The Somatomorphic Matrix (SM) is a computer-based body image assessment program that allows assessment of the in idual's body image in relation to known body composition values. To date, no study has compared the SM results to the measured body composition and assessed the usefulness in multi-ethnic s les. Japanese and Australian Caucasian males underwent testing to examine the SM body image results to their measured body composition. Japanese males showed significant (p<0.01) discrepancy in their measured and the perceived 'current' muscularity compared with Australians. Both groups showed wide variability in the perception of their 'current' body composition in relation to the measured values, indicating an incomparability of the SM results to the measured results. The study also showed Japanese males to have lower consistency in the SM results than Australian males after a 12-month interval. In order to use the program in multi-ethnic populations further development of the program is recommended.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 07-04-2022
Abstract: In recent years, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has escalated. Evidence suggests that there are strong associations between nutrition in early life and the risk of disease in adulthood. This manuscript describes the study protocol of the First United Arab Emirates National Representative Birth Cohort Study (UAE-BCS), with the objective of investigating nutrition and lifestyle factors in the first 1,000 days of life. The main aims of the study are (1) to address critical issues relating to mother and child nutrition and their effect on growth and development, (2) to profile maternal nutrition, child growth, health, and development outcomes in early life, and (3) to study the associations between these factors among the Emirati population in the UAE. In this study, a multidisciplinary team of researchers was established including credible researchers from the UAE, Lebanon, Australia, and the United Kingdom to launch the First United Arab Emirates 3-year birth cohort study. We aim to recruit 260 pregnant Emirati women within their first trimester, which is defined by the study as from 8 to 12 weeks pregnant, from obstetrics and gynecology clinics in the UAE. Participants will be recruited via face-to-face interviews and will receive a total of 11 visits with 1 visit in each trimester of pregnancy and 8 visits after delivery. Maternal data collection includes, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, physical activity, maternal psychological state, and blood s les for biochemical analysis. Post-partum, visits will take place when the child is 0.5, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months old, with data collection including infant anthropometric measurements, young child feeding practices, dietary intake, supplement use and the eating environment at home, as well as all maternal data collection described above, apart from blood s les. Additional data collection for the child includes early child developmental assessments taking place at three timepoints: (1) within 2 weeks of birth, (2) at 10–14 months and (3) at 22–26 months of age. Early child developmental assessments for the infant include vision, hearing, cognition, motor skills, social-emotional reactivity, neurodevelopmental, and sleep assessments. The United Arab Emirates Birth Cohort study protocol provides a standardized model of data collection methods for collaboration among the multisectoral teams within the United Arab Emirates to enrich the quality and research efficiency in early nutrition, thereby enhancing the health of mothers, infants, and children.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2002
DOI: 10.1046/J.1467-789X.2002.00054.X
Abstract: Obesity is a significant health problem and the incidence of the condition is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Despite significant advances in the knowledge and understanding of the multifactorial nature of the condition, many questions regarding the specific consequences of the disease remain unanswered. For ex le, there is a dearth of information pertaining to the structural and functional limitations imposed by overweight and obesity. A limited number of studies to date have considered plantar pressures under the feet of obese vs. non-obese, the influence of foot structure on performance, gait characteristics of obese children and adults, and relationships between obesity and osteoarthritis. A better appreciation of the implications of increased levels of body weight and/or body fat on movement capabilities of the obese would provide an enhanced opportunity to offer more meaningful support in the prevention, treatment and management of the condition.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.HUMOV.2014.05.002
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine differences in lower extremity joint powers at weight acceptance and propulsion in obese and non-obese children during two loading conditions. Gait analyses were conducted on 20 non-obese and 20 obese children (8-12years). The first testing session was completed in a normal (unloaded) condition an additional 10% body mass (acute loading) was added during the second session. Peak lower extremity joint power (W) phases were identified at weight acceptance and propulsion. Obese children demonstrated greater joint powers than non-obese children, at both weight acceptance and propulsion. Likewise, all children produced larger joint powers during acute loading conditions than unloaded. When body mass is a covariate, significant main effects for loading conditions remained for the hip and knee during weight acceptance and the hip and ankle at propulsion no group differences remained significant. Obese children produced greater power generation at the hip and ankle during unloaded conditions than non-obese children during acute conditions. Only the ankle had greater power generation after accounting for body mass. The findings suggest that obese children must increase muscular contraction force to maintain normal gait function. While increased joint powers necessary for normal gait could result in incidental muscle strengthening of obese children, this persistent increase in muscular force demand could result in musculoskeletal injury.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-04-2015
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2015.81
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-05-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0447.2008.01342.X
Abstract: Obesity associated with atypical antipsychotic medications is an important clinical issue for people with schizophrenia. The purpose of this project was to determine whether there were any differences in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) between men with schizophrenia and controls. Thirty-one men with schizophrenia were in idually matched for age and relative body weight with healthy, sedentary controls. Deuterium dilution was used to determine total body water and subsequently fat-free mass (FFM). Indirect calorimetry using a Deltatrac metabolic cart was used to determine REE and RQ. When corrected for FFM, there was no significant difference in REE between the groups. However, fasting RQ was significantly higher in the men with schizophrenia than the controls. Men with schizophrenia oxidised proportionally less fat and more carbohydrate under resting conditions than healthy controls. These differences in substrate utilisation at rest may be an important consideration in obesity in this clinical group.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 09-2005
DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00023.2004
Abstract: The metabolic equivalent (MET) is a widely used physiological concept that represents a simple procedure for expressing energy cost of physical activities as multiples of resting metabolic rate (RMR). The value equating 1 MET (3.5 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 or 1 kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 ) was first derived from the resting O 2 consumption (V̇o 2 ) of one person, a 70-kg, 40-yr-old man. Given the extensive use of MET levels to quantify physical activity level or work output, we investigated the adequacy of this scientific convention. Subjects consisted of 642 women and 127 men, 18–74 yr of age, 35–186 kg in weight, who were weight stable and healthy, albeit obese in some cases. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system, and the energy cost of walking on a treadmill at 5.6 km/h was measured in a subs le of 49 men and 49 women (26–45 kg/m 2 29–47 yr). Average V̇o 2 and energy cost corresponding with rest (2.6 ± 0.4 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 and 0.84 ± 0.16 kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 , respectively) were significantly lower than the commonly accepted 1-MET values of 3.5 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 and 1 kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 , respectively. Body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) accounted for 62% of the variance in resting V̇o 2 compared with age, which accounted for only 14%. For a large heterogeneous s le, the 1-MET value of 3.5 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 overestimates the actual resting V̇o 2 value on average by 35%, and the 1-MET of 1 kcal/h overestimates resting energy expenditure by 20%. Using measured or predicted RMR (ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 or kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 ) as a correction factor can appropriately adjust for in idual differences when estimating the energy cost of moderate intensity walking (5.6 km/h).
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 04-2016
Abstract: This study examined relationships between adiposity, physical functioning, and physical activity. Obese (N = 107) and healthy-weight (N = 132) children aged 10-13 years underwent assessments of percent body fat (%BF, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) knee extensor strength (KE, isokinetic dynamometry) cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, peak oxygen uptake by cycle ergometry) physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and worst pain intensity and walking capacity [six-minute walk (6MWT)]. Structural equation modelling was used to assess relationships between variables. Moderate relationships were observed between %BF and (1) 6MWT, (2) KE strength corrected for mass, and (3) CRF relative to mass (r -0.36 to -0.69, p ≤ 0.007). Weak relationships were found between %BF and physical HRQOL (r -0.27, p = 0.008) CRF relative to mass and physical HRQOL (r -0.24, p = 0.003) physical activity and 6MWT (r 0.17, p = 0.004). Squared multiple correlations showed that 29.6% variance in physical HRQOL was explained by %BF, pain, and CRF relative to mass while 28.0% variance in 6MWT was explained by %BF and physical activity. It appears that children with a higher body fat percentage have poorer KE strength, CRF, and overall physical functioning. Reducing percent fat appears to be the best target to improve functioning. However, a combined approach to intervention, targeting reductions in body fat percentage, reductions in pain, and improvements in physical activity and CRF may assist physical functioning.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-08-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.EATBEH.2006.11.002
Abstract: To determine applicability of the Japanese-translated versions of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) and the Attention to the Body Shape Scale (ABS) in Japanese males and females. The translated questionnaires were administered to Japanese living in Japan (84 males, 139 females) and also to 68 Japanese males living in Australia. The results were compared with 72 Australian males using the English version and also with previous results using Australian females. Alpha levels from the two questionnaires ranged 0.70 to 0.87. Japanese groups showed significant (p<0.05) differences in the scores obtained from the BAQ compared to Australian males. The inter-subscale correlations for the BAQ were comparable regardless of ethnicity. Both questionnaires also correlated with the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test scores (p<0.01). The current study suggests that both BAQ and ABS are adequate for use in Japanese males and females to assess their body attitudes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.GAITPOST.2010.05.001
Abstract: Obese children move less and with greater difficulty than normal-weight counterparts but expend comparable energy. Increased metabolic costs have been attributed to poor biomechanics but few studies have investigated the influence of obesity on mechanical demands of gait. This study sought to assess three-dimensional lower extremity joint powers in two walking cadences in 28 obese and normal-weight children. 3D-motion analysis was conducted for five trials of barefoot walking at self-selected and 30% greater than self-selected cadences. Mechanical power was calculated at the hip, knee, and ankle in sagittal, frontal and transverse planes. Significant group differences were seen for all power phases in the sagittal plane, hip and knee power at weight acceptance and hip power at propulsion in the frontal plane, and knee power during mid-stance in the transverse plane. After adjusting for body weight, group differences existed in hip and knee power phases at weight acceptance in sagittal and frontal planes, respectively. Differences in cadence existed for all hip joint powers in the sagittal plane and frontal plane hip power at propulsion. Frontal plane knee power at weight acceptance and sagittal plane knee power at propulsion were significantly different between cadences. Larger joint powers in obese children contribute to difficulty performing locomotor tasks, potentially decreasing motivation to exercise.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-01-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-09-2023
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.13637
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 12-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2021.773609
Abstract: Prevalence of physical inactivity and obesity continues to increase in regional areas such as North-West (NW) Tasmania and show no signs of abating. It is possible that limited access to physical activity infrastructure (PAI) and healthier food options are exacerbating the low levels of habitual physical activity and obesity prevalence in these communities. Despite a burgeoning research base, concomitant exploration of both physical activity and food environments in rural and regional areas remain scarce. This research evaluated access (i.e., coverage, variety, density, and proximity) to physical activity resources and food outlets in relation to socioeconomic status (SES) in three NW Tasmanian communities. In all three study areas, the PAI and food outlets were largely concentrated in the main urban areas with most recreational tracks and natural amenities located along the coastline or river areas. Circular Head had the lowest total number of PAI ( n = 43) but a greater proportion (30%) of free-to-access outdoor amenities. There was marked variation in accessibility to infrastructure across different areas of disadvantage within and between sites. For a considerable proportion of the population, free-to-access natural amenities/green spaces and recreational tracks (73 and 57%, respectively) were beyond 800 m from their households. In relation to food accessibility, only a small proportion of the food outlets across the region sells predominantly healthy (i.e., Tier 1) foods (~6, 13, and 10% in Burnie, Circular Head and Devonport, respectively). Similarly, only a small proportion of the residents are within a reasonable walking distance (i.e., 5–10 min walk) from outlets. In contrast, a much larger proportion of residents lived close to food outlets selling predominantly energy-dense, highly processed food (i.e., Tier 2 outlets). Circular Head had at least twice as many Tier 1 food stores per capita than Devonport and Burnie (0.23 vs. 0.10 and 0.06 respectively) despite recording the highest average distance (4.35 and 5.66 km to Tier 2/Tier 1 stores) to a food outlet. As such, it is possible that both food and physical activity environment layouts in each site are contributing to the obesogenic nature of each community.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-06-2015
DOI: 10.1111/AJO.12341
Abstract: Obesity in our childbearing population has increased to epidemic proportions in developed countries efforts to address this issue need to focus on prevention. The Health in Preconception, Pregnancy and Postbirth (HIPPP) Collaborative - a group of researchers, practitioners, policymakers and end-users - was formed to take up the challenge to address this issue as a partnership. Application of systems thinking, participatory systems modelling and group model building was used to establish research questions aiming to optimise periconception lifestyle, weight and health. Our goal was to reduce the burden of maternal obesity through systems change.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-07-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15153370
Abstract: Despite widespread acknowledgement of the multifarious health benefits of physical activity (PA), including prevention and control of obesity, an overwhelming majority of children and adolescents are not sufficiently active to realise such benefits. Concurrently, young people are significantly impacted by the rapid global rise of sedentarism, and suboptimal dietary patterns during key phases of development. Regrettably, the cumulative effects of unhealthy behaviours during the growing years predisposes young people to the early stages of several chronic conditions, including obesity. Clear and consistent approaches are urgently needed to improve eating and activity behaviours of children and adolescents. Based on existing evidence of “best bets” to prevent and control obesity and its comorbidities, we present a set of non-negotiable strategies as a ‘road map’ to achieving prevention and improving the health of children and adolescents.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 12-1991
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2006.07.037
Abstract: Subclinical myocardial and vascular dysfunctions occur in subjects with obesity. We investigated whether these changes were reversible with weight loss due to lifestyle intervention. Quantitative assessment of myocardial and vascular functions was performed at baseline and after a minimum of 8 weeks of a lifestyle intervention program in 106 subjects with significant risk factors but no history of cardiovascular disease and normal ejection fractions. Myocardial function was assessed using strain rate, strain, regional myocardial systolic velocity, and diastolic velocity (e(m)). Myocardial reflectivity was assessed by calibrated integrated backscatter. Vascular function was assessed using brachial arterial reactivity and arterial compliance. Exercise capacity was measured by peak oxygen consumption per unit time (VO(2)). Weight loss (-4.5 +/- 2.0%) was achieved by 48 subjects, and 58 maintained or increased weight (+1 +/- 1.5%, p <0.001). Compared with the stable weight group, the weight loss group showed significant improvement in brachial arterial reactivity (8.6 +/- 4.9% vs 6.7 +/- 4.9%, p <0.05), e(m) (6.4 +/- 1.9 vs 5.5 +/- 1.9 cm/s, p <0.01), and reflectivity (calibrated integrated backscatter, 18.3 +/- 4.9 vs 16.2 +/- 5.2 dB, p <0.01). The magnitude of weight change correlated with changes in e(m) (r = 0.36) and calibrated integrated backscatter (r = 0.33). The change in e(m) correlated with peak VO(2) (r = 0.38, p <0.001) and was an independent predictor for peak VO(2) even after adjustment for age and body mass index in a multivariate model (R(2) = 0.45, p <0.001). Weight loss was not associated with a significant change in systolic parameters (regional myocardial systolic velocity, global strain, and strain rate) or arterial compliance.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12787
Abstract: Eating patterns involving intermittent energy restriction (IER) include 'intermittent fasting' where energy intake is severely restricted for several 'fasting' days per week, with 'refeeding' days (involving greater energy intake than during fasting days) at other times. Intermittent fasting does not improve weight loss compared to continuous energy restriction (CER), where energy intake is restricted every day. We hypothesize that weight loss from IER could be improved if refeeding phases involved restoration of energy balance (i.e. not ongoing energy restriction, as during intermittent fasting). There is some evidence in adults with overweight or obesity showing that maintenance of a lower weight may attenuate (completely or partially) some of the adaptive responses to energy restriction that oppose ongoing weight loss. Other studies show some adaptive responses persist unabated for years after weight loss. Only five randomized controlled trials in adults with overweight or obesity have compared CER with IER interventions that achieved energy balance (or absence of energy restriction) during refeeding phases. Two reported greater weight loss than CER, whereas three reported similar weight loss between interventions. While inconclusive, it is possible that achieving energy balance (i.e. avoiding energy restriction or energy excess) during refeeding phases may be important in realizing the potential of IER.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.12788
Abstract: Despite longstanding recognition of the benefits of a physically active lifestyle, there remains ambiguity regarding exactly how much exercise should be promoted to raise total energy expenditure (TEE) and improve health. This review provides a brief summary of the dose-response relationship between physical activity and relative risk of morbidity and mortality mechanisms through which exercise drives an increase in TEE the highest reported levels of TEE measured via doubly labelled water and the potential impact of non-compliance and confounders in moderating the contribution of exercise to increase TEE. Cohort studies provide a compelling argument that 'more is better' regarding the exercise dose for increasing TEE, that increasing TEE is protective for health, and that this is mediated through increased cardiorespiratory fitness. However, growing evidence shows that ever increasing volumes of weekly physical activity may reverse the cost-benefit seen with more modest doses. Animal and human studies show that the elevation in TEE associated with increasing exercise volume is commonly less than expected, due to physiological confounders. Further, there is considerable evidence of behavioural non-compliance to planned exercise in all but the most highly motivated athletes. Therefore, inbuilt defence mechanisms may safeguard against TEE being elevated to maximum levels.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-07-2013
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-09-2022
Abstract: Despite increased awareness of its risks, for the most part, contemporary efforts for obesity prevention have been patchy at best. As such, the burgeoning interest in whole-systems approaches (WSAs) that acknowledge the complex, dynamic nature of overweight and obesity and operate across multiple levels of society is particularly timely. Many components of “community capacity building” (CB), an essential but often neglected aspect of obesity prevention, overlap with “best practice principles” in effective/optimal community-based obesity-prevention initiatives. Rhetoric urging WSAs and community CB in public health abounds although operative and efficacious contemporary ex les of these approaches to reducing obesity levels are scarce. The aim of this investigation was to undertake a systematized review of the level of capacity building incorporated in published literature on WSAs targeting obesity to better understand how domains of CB have been incorporated. A PubMed search and a recently published systematic review were utilized to identify WSAs to obesity prevention between 1995–2020. A team-based approach to qualitative thematic data analysis was used to systematically assess and describe each intervention regarding explicit capacity-building practice. Despite not being specifically designed for building capacity, a significant proportion of the WSAs studied in the current report had implemented several CB domains.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-04-2019
DOI: 10.1002/PATH.5247
Abstract: Proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells is a critical process in the pathophysiology of pancreatic diseases, because limited or defective proliferation is associated with organ dysfunction and patient morbidity. In this context, elucidating the signalling pathways that trigger and sustain acinar proliferation is pivotal to develop therapeutic interventions promoting the regenerative process of the organ. In this study we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate both local and systemic levels of thyroid hormones to elucidate their role in acinar proliferation following caerulein-mediated acute pancreatitis in mice. In addition, molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of thyroid hormones were identified by genetic and pharmacological inactivation of selected signalling pathways.In this study we demonstrated that levels of the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) transiently increased in the pancreas during acute pancreatitis. Moreover, by using genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate both local and systemic levels of thyroid hormones, we showed that T3 was required to promote proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells, without affecting the extent of tissue damage or inflammatory infiltration.Finally, upon genetic and pharmacological inactivation of selected signalling pathways, we demonstrated that T3 exerted its mitogenic effect on acinar cells via a tightly controlled action on different molecular effectors, including histone deacetylase, AKT, and TGFβ signalling.In conclusion, our data suggest that local availability of T3 in the pancreas is required to promote acinar cell proliferation and provide the rationale to exploit thyroid hormone signalling to enhance pancreatic regeneration. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-06-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-27422-0
Abstract: Adult pancreatic acinar cells have the ability to re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate upon injury or tissue loss. Despite this mitotic ability, the extent of acinar proliferation is often limited and unable to completely regenerate the injured tissue or restore the initial volume of the organ, thus leading to pancreatic dysfunction. Identifying molecular determinants of enhanced proliferation is critical to overcome this issue. In this study, we discovered that Murphy Roths Large (MRL/MpJ) mice can be exploited to identify molecular effectors promoting acinar proliferation upon injury, with the ultimate goal to develop therapeutic regimens to boost pancreatic regeneration. Our results show that, upon cerulein-induced acinar injury, cell proliferation was enhanced and cell cycle components up-regulated in the pancreas of MRL/MpJ mice compared to the control strain C57BL/6. Initial damage of acinar cells was exacerbated in these mice, manifested by increased serum levels of pancreatic enzymes, intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation and acinar cell apoptosis. In addition, MRL/MpJ pancreata presented enhanced inflammation, de-differentiation of acinar cells and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Manipulation of inflammatory levels and mitogenic stimulation with the thyroid hormone 5,3-L-tri-iodothyronine revealed that factors derived from initial acinar injury rather than inflammatory injury promote the replicative advantage in MRL/MpJ mice.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CPCARDIOL.2017.07.001
Abstract: Being physically active or, in a broader sense, simply moving more throughout each day is one of the most important components of an in idual's health plan. In conjunction with regular exercise training, taking more steps in a day and sitting less are also important components of one's movement portfolio. Given this priority, health care professionals must develop enhanced skills for prescribing and guiding in idualized movement programs for all their patients. An important component of a health care professional's ability to prescribe movement as medicine is competency in assessing an in idual's risk for untoward events if physical exertion was increased. The ability to appropriately assess one's risk before advising an in idual to move more is integral to clinical decision-making related to subsequent testing if needed, exercise prescription, and level of supervision with exercise training. At present, there is a lack of clarity pertaining to how a health care professional should go about assessing an in idual's readiness to move more on a daily basis in a safe manner. Therefore, this perspectives article clarifies key issues related to prescribing movement as medicine and presents a new process for clinical assessment before prescribing an in idualized movement program.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.PCAD.2018.12.013
Abstract: The built environment encompasses the major physical spaces, including buildings, streets, homes, schools, parks, playgrounds and other infrastructure in which we live, work and play. In an ideal world, the built environment should support and facilitate a healthy engagement in physical activity across the lifespan. However, in the context of an environment characterized by increased mechanization and urbanization, physical inactivity and higher levels of overweight and obesity, too many settings are not conducive to physical activity and/or are not safe and walkable. In the knowledge that there are multiple challenges to redress the low levels of physical activity seen in many parts of the world, this paper provides some ex les of opportunities for healthy living (HL) in a built environment characteristic of an increasingly urbanized world. Particular foci include opportunities for HL fostered in child-friendly cities, in which walkability is high, and active transport is encouraged and supported.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2009.10599596
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to verify within- and between-day repeatability and variability in children's oxygen uptake (VO2), gross economy (GE VO2 ided by speed) and heart rate (HR) during treadmill walking based on self-selected speed (SS). Fourteen children (10.1 +/- 1.4 years) undertook three testing sessions over 2 days in which four walking speeds, including SS were tested. Within- and between-day repeatability were assessed using the Bland and Altman method, and coefficients of variability (CV) were determined for each child across exercise bouts and averaged to obtain a mean group CV value for VO2, GE, and HR per speed. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences in within- or between-day CV for VO2, GE, or HR at any speed. Repeatability within- and between-day for VO2, GE, and HR for all speeds was verified. These results suggest that submaximal VO2 during treadmill walking is stable and reproducible at a range of speeds based on children's SS.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1080/17477160701453466
Abstract: To verify the combined effect of body position, apparatus and distraction on children's resting metabolic rate (RMR). Experiments were carried out on 14 children aged 8-12 (mean age = 10.1 years +/- 1.4). Each participant underwent two test sessions, one week apart under three different situations: a) using mouthpiece and nose-clip (MN) or facemask (FM) b) sitting (SEAT) or lying (LY) and c) TV viewing (TV) or no TV viewing. In the first session, following 20 min rest and watching TV, the protocol was: LY: 20 min stabilization 10 min using MN and 10 min using FM. Body position was then changed to seated: 20 min stabilization 10 min using FM 10 min using MN. In the second session, FM and MN order was changed and participants did not watch TV. Data were analysed according to the eight combinations among the three studied parameters. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences for VO2 (p =0.01) and RMR (p =0.02), with TVMNSEAT showing higher values than TVFMLY. Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias for VO2, VCO2, respiratory quotient (RQ) and RMR between TVFMLY and TVMNSEAT, respectively, of -17.8+/-14.5 (ml min), -8.8+/-14.5 (ml min), 0.03+/-0.05 and -115.2+/-101.9 (kcal/day). There were no differences in RMR measurements due to body position and apparatus when each variable was isolated. Analyses of distraction in three of four combinations indicated no difference between TV and no TV. Different parameter combinations can result in increased bias and variability, and thereby the reported differences among children's RMR measurement.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-04-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JCM10081770
Abstract: Excess adiposity in infancy may predispose in iduals to obesity later in life. The literature on determinants of adiposity in infants is equivocal. In this longitudinal cohort study, we investigated pre-pregnancy, prenatal and postnatal determinants of different adiposity indices in infants, i.e., fat mass (FM), percent FM (%FM), fat mass index (FMI) and log-log index (FM/FFMp), from birth to 6 months, using linear mixed-effects regression. Body composition was measured in 322, 174 and 109 infants at birth and 3 and 6 months afterwards, respectively, utilising air displacement plethysmography. Positive associations were observed between gestation length and infant FM, maternal self-reported pre-pregnancy body mass index and infant %FM, and parity and infant %FM and FMI at birth. Surprisingly, maternal intake of iron supplements during pregnancy was associated with infant FM, %FM and FMI at 3 months and FM/FFMp at 6 months. Male infant sex and formula feeding were negatively associated with all adiposity indices at 6 months. In conclusion, pre-pregnancy and pregnancy factors influence adiposity during early life, and any unfavourable impacts may be modulated postnatally via infant feeding practices. Moreover, as these associations are dependent on the adiposity indices used, it is crucial that researchers use conceptually and statistically robust approaches such as FM/FFMp.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-08-2018
DOI: 10.1111/AJAG.12578
Abstract: This process evaluation aimed to determine participants' perceptions of the strategies utilised in a six-month intervention that set out to improve physical activity and nutrition in retirement village (RV) residents. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from intervention participants residing in 17 RVs located in Perth, Western Australia, via self-report questionnaires (n = 139) and semi-structured interviews (n = 16). Intervention resources were moderately useful and suitable. Program ambassadors were encouraging (86%), but more frequent, and more direct, contact were preferred. The main reason for withdrawing from the program was health-related conditions (aches, pains, injuries). This study provides evidence that the intervention was reasonably appropriate for older adults residing in RVs. Program ambassadors were well accepted, a successful strategy that should be considered for future interventions in RVs. Increased face-to-face engagement was preferred, but such an approach will require greater investment. The findings contribute to a small research base concerned with health behaviour interventions in RVs.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 16-06-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-08-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 21-06-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00575-5
Abstract: Physical activity in adolescence has been reported to enhance physical activity in adulthood, but detailed information on the enhancing effect of different types of adolescent sports is lacking. We evaluated the association between participation in different types of adolescent sports and physical activity in adulthood. The s le comprised 7794 males and females who responded to the mailed questions on physical activity status at age 14 years and at age 31 years in follow-up surveys of the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. The associations between adolescent participation in different sports and adult physical activity was examined by multinomial logistic regression. Frequent participation in sports after school hours in adolescence was associated with a high level of physical activity in adulthood. In males, adolescent participation in ball games, intensive endurance sports, track and field, and combat sports was associated with a high or very high level of adult activity. In females, the same applied to adolescent participation in running, orienteering, track and field, cycling, gymnastics, and riding. Adolescent participation in ball games increased participation in ball games in adulthood, especially in males, while participation in cross-country skiing, running, and orienteering provided the greatest stimulation to carry over of some endurance sport to adulthood. Participation in sports at least once a week among females and twice a week among males was associated with high level of physical activity in later life. Adolescent participation in the intensive endurance sports, and some sports that require and encourage ersified sports skills, appeared to be most beneficial with respect to the enhancement of adult physical activity.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2006
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2006.205
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 32-week personalized Polar weight management program (PWMP) compared with standard care (SC) on body weight, body composition, waist circumference, and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight or obese adults. Overweight or obese (29 +/- 2 kg/m(2)) men and women (n = 74) 38 +/- 5 years of age were randomly assigned into either PWMP (men = 20, women = 21) or SC (men = 15, women = 18). Both groups managed their own diet and exercise program after receiving the same standardized nutrition and physical activity advice. PWMP also received a weight management system with literature to enable the design of a personalized diet and exercise weight loss program. Body weight and body composition, waist circumference, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured at weeks 0, 16, and 32. Eighty percent of participants completed the 32-week intervention, with a greater proportion of the dropouts being women (PWMP: 2 men vs. 7 women SC: 2 men vs. 4 women). At 32 weeks, PWMP completers had significantly (p < 0.001) greater losses in body weight [6.2 +/- 3.4 vs. 2.6 +/- 3.6 (standard deviation) kg], fat mass (5.9 +/- 3.4 vs. 2.2 +/- 3.6 kg), and waist circumference (4.4 +/- 4.5 vs. 1.0 +/- 3.6 cm). Weight loss and fat loss were explained by the exercise energy expenditure completed and not by weekly exercise duration. More effective weight loss was achieved after treatment with the PWMP compared with SC. The results suggest that the PWMP enables effective weight loss through tools that support self-monitoring without the requirement of more costly approaches to program supervision.
Publisher: OMICS Publishing Group
Date: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2007.06.009
Abstract: We assessed whether whole-body multiple frequency impedance (MFBIA) data obtained at a few discrete frequencies could be used to estimate accurately resistance at 0 (R(0)) and infinite (R(infinity)) frequencies required for prediction of body composition by mixture theory. Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured in 157 subjects (77 males, 80 females body mass index [BMI] 17.8-41.7 kg/m(2)) by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Whole-body impedance was measured and R(0) and R(infinity) were calculated by three different methods. FFM predicted using the different values of R(0) and R(infinity) were compared with each other and with the reference DXA values for all subjects stratified according to BMI band (BMI 30 kg/m(2), obese). All BIA procedures predicted an FFM that was slightly but significantly different from DXA-derived values, underestimating by 0.24 to 1.4 kg in the normal-weight subjects and overestimating by 5.3 to 7.1 kg in the obese subjects. Although statistically significant, the different impedance procedures were highly correlated (r > 0.98), with small limits of agreement (approximately +/-2%) when used to predict FFM. Predictive power was associated with BMI, worsening as BMI increased. MFBIA can be used to estimate impedance parameters required for mixture theory prediction of body composition, but this approach requires adjustment for BMI to be accurate.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2001
Abstract: To investigate plantar pressure differences between obese and non-obese adults during standing and walking protocols using a pressure distribution platform. Thirty-five males (age 42.4+/-10.8 y 67-179 kg) and 35 females (age 40.0+/-12.6 y 46-150 kg) ided into obese (body mass index (BMI) 38.75+/-5.97 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI 24.28+/-3.00 kg/m2) sub-groups, respectively. Data collection was performed with a capacitive pressure distribution platform with a resolution of 2 sensors/cm2 (Emed F01, Novel GmbH, München). The measurement protocol included half and full body weight standing on the left, right and both feet, respectively, and walking across the platform, striking with the right foot. Pressures were evaluated for eight anatomical sites under the feet. For both men and women, the mean pressure values of the obese were higher under all anatomical landmarks during half body weight standing. Significant increases in pressure were found under the heel, mid-foot and metatarsal heads II and IV for men and III and IV for women. Foot width during standing was also significantly increased in obese subjects. For walking, significantly higher peak pressures were also found in both obese males and females. Compared to a non-obese group, obese subjects showed increased forefoot width and higher plantar pressures during standing and walking. The greatest effect of body weight on higher peak pressures in the obese was found under the longitudinal arch of the foot and under the metatarsal heads. The higher pressures for obese women compared to obese men during static weight bearing (standing) may be the result of reduced strength of the ligaments of the foot.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-06-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41430-023-01322-7
Abstract: Providing all infants with the best start to life is a universal but challenging goal for the global community. Historically, the size and shape of infants, quantified by anthropometry and commencing with birthweight, has been the common yardstick for physical growth and development. Anthropometry has long been considered a proxy for nutritional status during infancy when, under ideal circumstances, changes in size and shape are most rapid. Developed from data collected in the Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS), WHO Child Growth Standards for healthy infants and children have been widely accepted and progressively adopted. In contrast, and somewhat surprisingly, much less is understood about the ‘quality’ of growth as reflected by body composition during infancy. Recent advances in body composition assessment, including the more widespread use of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) across the first months of life, have contributed to a progressive increase in our knowledge and understanding of growth and development. Along with stable isotope approaches, most commonly the deuterium dilution (DD) technique, the criterion measure of total body water (TBW), our ability to quantify lean and fat tissue using a two-compartment model, has been greatly enhanced. However, until now, global reference charts for the body composition of healthy infants have been lacking. This paper details some of the historical challenges associated with the assessment of body composition across the first two years of life, and references the logical next steps in growth assessments, including reference charts.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-11-2022
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2010
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 27-06-2022
Abstract: Preconception health is a key determinant of pregnancy and offspring outcomes, but challenges reaching people during preconception are frequently cited by health professionals. This article highlights the workplace as an important setting for promoting equitable access to preconception health-related information and education to support optimal well-being before pregnancy. Workplaces can support equitable access to education and knowledge for preconception health: (1) due to the high engagement of reproductive-age women in the workforce and (2) by reaching vulnerable or high-risk population groups who may otherwise face barriers to accessing preconception health information. Literature that explicitly investigates workplace delivery of preconception health promotion programs is scarce. However, workplace health promotion more broadly is associated with improved corporate competitiveness, productivity, and strengthened employee–employer relationships. Workplace health promotion activities may also address social determinants of health and improve employee well-being outcomes. The opportunity for workplaces to benefit from an increase in the bottom line makes workplace health promotion programs more attractive, but organizational support and stakeholder engagement are needed to facilitate the design and delivery of successful workplace preconception health education programs. Such programs have the potential to facilitate health gains for women and their families.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PCAD.2014.09.010
Abstract: Physical activity (PA) provides numerous physiological and psychosocial benefits. However, lifestyle changes, including reduced PA opportunities in multiple settings, have resulted in an escalation of overweight and obesity and related health problems. Poor physical and mental health, including metabolic and cardiovascular problems is seen in progressively younger ages, and the systematic decline in school PA has contributed to this trend. Of note, the crowded school curriculum with an intense focus on academic achievement, lack of school leadership support, funding and resources, plus poor quality teaching are barriers to PA promotion in schools. The school setting and physical educators in particular, must embrace their role in public health by adopting a comprehensive school PA program. We provide an overview of key issues and challenges in the area plus best bets and recommendations for physical education and PA promotion in the school system moving forward.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.PEC.2010.03.001
Abstract: Walking is commonly recommended to help with weight management. We measured total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components to quantify the impact of increasing exercise-induced energy expenditure (ExEE) on other components of TEE. Thirteen obese women underwent an 8-week walking group intervention. TEE was quantified using doubly labeled water, ExEE was quantified using heart rate monitors, daily movement was assessed by accelerometry and resting metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry. Four of the 13 participants achieved the target of 1500kcalwk(-1) of ExEE and all achieved 1000kcalwk(-1). The average ExEE achieved by the group across the 8 weeks was 1434+/-237kcalwk(-1). Vigorous physical activity, as assessed by accelerometry, increased during the intervention by an average of 30min per day. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) decreased, on average, by 175kcald(-1) (-22%) from baseline to the intervention and baseline fitness was correlated with change in NEAT. Potential alterations in non-exercise activity should be considered when exercise is prescribed. The provision of appropriate education on how to self-monitor daily activity levels may improve intervention outcomes in groups who are new to exercise. Strategies to sustain incidental and light physical activity should be offered to help empower in iduals as they develop and maintain healthy and long-lasting lifestyle habits.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-04-2013
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1080/02640411003602027
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of exercise prescribed with the amount completed between two different modes of training intervention and between the sexes. Thirty-two men (mean age = 39.1 years, body mass index = 32.9 kg x m(-2)) and women (mean age = 39.6 years, body mass index = 32.1 kg x m(-2)) were prescribed traditional resistance training or light-resistance circuit training for 16 weeks. Lean mass and fat mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at weeks 1 and 16. A completion index was calculated to provide a measure of the extent to which participants completed exercise training relative to the amount of exercise prescribed. The absolute amount of exercise completed by the circuit training group was significantly greater than the amount prescribed (P < 0.0001). The resistance training group consistently under-completed relative to the amount prescribed, but the difference was not significant. The completion index for the circuit training group (26 +/- 21.7%) was significantly different from that of the resistance training group (-7.4 +/- 3.0%). The completion index was not significantly different between men and women in either group. These data suggest that overweight and obese in iduals participating in light-resistance circuit training complete more exercise than is prescribed. Men and women do not differ in the extent to which they over- or under-complete prescribed exercise.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-05-2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-01-2020
Abstract: Overweight and obesity before, during, and after pregnancy are associated with adverse outcomes for mothers and their offspring. Workplaces have been identified as important settings for improving health and wellbeing. However, the value of workplace interventions for women across the reproductive life stages has yet to be realized. This paper aims to explore the potential of workplaces to facilitate healthy lifestyle behaviors, prevent further weight gain, and devise tailored interventions for working women, specifically during the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods. Workplaces can be used to engage women, including preconception women, who are detached from clinical settings. Potential benefits of workplace health promotion for women and employers include improved employee wellbeing, productivity, and corporate competitiveness. However, workplaces also need to overcome implementation barriers such as activity scheduling and availability. A systems approach may address these barriers. Consequently, designing and implementing workplace health promotion interventions to meet the specific needs of working women of reproductive age will necessitate collaboration with a range of key stakeholders across all stages of intervention design. Given that these women make up a considerable proportion of the workforce, workplaces can help optimize the health status of employees and prevent excess weight gain during the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2005
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of post-treatment phone contact on weight-loss maintenance and activity behaviour in obese youngsters. In all, 20 patients who completed a weight reduction program were randomly assigned to a 5-month maintenance programme (experimental) or control condition. Following the maintenance programme, patients sent a weekly activity diary to the therapist, who in turn phoned them biweekly to discuss their activities. Body weight, stature and physical activity were measured before and after the maintenance programme. The control group showed a continuous increase in overweight after initial treatment, while the experimental group showed a steep increase during the summer holidays (no intervention), but this increase slowed down during the maintenance programme (P<0.05). Moderate-to-high intensity activities increased during the maintenance programme in the experimental group, but decreased in the control group (P<0.001). In conclusion, post-treatment phone contact appears to have the potential to be an effective maintenance strategy in obese youngsters.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-07-2011
Abstract: To develop and cross-validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) prediction equations of total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) for Asian pre-pubertal children from China, Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. Height, weight, age, gender, resistance and reactance measured by BIA were collected from 948 Asian children (492 boys and 456 girls) aged 8-10 years from the five countries. The deuterium dilution technique was used as the criterion method for the estimation of TBW and FFM. The BIA equations were developed using stepwise multiple regression analysis and cross-validated using the Bland-Altman approach. The BIA prediction equation for the estimation of TBW was as follows: TBW=0.231 × height(2)/resistance+0.066 × height+0.188 × weight+0.128 × age+0.500 × sex-0.316 × Thais-4.574 (R (2)=88.0%, root mean square error (RMSE)=1.3 kg), and for the estimation of FFM was as follows: FFM=0.299 × height(2)/resistance+0.086 × height+0.245 × weight+0.260 × age+0.901 × sex-0.415 × ethnicity (Thai ethnicity =1, others = 0)-6.952 (R (2)=88.3%, RMSE=1.7 kg). No significant difference between measured and predicted values for the whole cross-validation s le was found. However, the prediction equation for estimation of TBW/FFM tended to overestimate TBW/FFM at lower levels whereas underestimate at higher levels of TBW/FFM. Accuracy of the general equation for TBW and FFM was also valid at each body mass index category. Ethnicity influences the relationship between BIA and body composition in Asian pre-pubertal children. The newly developed BIA prediction equations are valid for use in Asian pre-pubertal children.
Publisher: American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET)
Date: 07-06-2018
Abstract: Pancreatic fibrosis is the hallmark of chronic pancreatitis, a highly debilitating disease for which there is currently no cure. The key event at the basis of pancreatic fibrosis is the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins by activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Transforming growth factor
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-09-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.PEC.2003.07.012
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe changes in physical activity and determinants in youngsters treated for obesity. Self-reported physical activity and determinants were assessed at start, during and after an intervention in 24 obese patients (mean age 13.5+/-2.1 years). Participation in activities of moderate to high intensity increased during treatment, but 6-months after treatment this decreased again to pre-treatment levels. Participation in activities of low intensity and television watching decreased during treatment and increased following treatment. Very little change was found in perceived benefits, barriers or self-efficacy scores. Modelling of siblings decreased after treatment, whereas there was no evolution in modelling of parents. Social support by family members increased during treatment, but decreased following treatment. We can conclude that the intervention was successful in activating obese youngsters to move at the desirable exercise intensity and frequency however, maintenance of the exercise habit after treatment was not successful.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 20-02-2023
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2023.1100958
Abstract: Physical activity (PA) has been suggested to reduce screen time. This study aimed to explore the associations of physical education (PE), muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE), and sport participation with screen time. A multi-cluster s ling design was used to select 13,677 school-attending adolescents that participated in the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance 2019 survey. Adolescents self-reported their frequency of PE attendance, participations in MSE, sport participation and hours for screen time. Additionally, participants provided demographic information including sex, age, race, grade, and weight status. Collectively, there were beneficial associations between participating in MSE for 4 (OR = 1.31, CI: 1.02–1.68), 5 (OR = 1.65, CI: 1.31–2.08), 6 (OR = 2.23, CI: 1.47–3.36), 7 (OR = 1.62, CI: 1.30–2.01) days and video or computer game hours. Similarly, beneficial associations between participating in 1 team sport (OR = 1.23, CI: 1.06–1.42), 2 team sports (OR = 1.61, CI: 1.33–1.95), 3 or more team sports (OR = 1.45, CI: 1.16–1.83) and video or computer game hours were observed. Participating in 1 team sport (OR = 1.27, CI: 1.08–1.48), 2 teams sport (OR = 1.41, CI: 1.09–1.82), 3 or more team sport (OR = 1.40, CI: 1.03–1.90) also increased the odds for meeting guidelines for television viewing hours. Only 2 days of PE attendance (OR = 1.44, CI: 1.14–1.81) was significantly associated with video or computer game hours. The promotion of sports participation appears to be an important component for reducing excess screen time in adolescents. Further, MSE may have beneficial effects on reducing time spent on the computer and playing video games.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1159/000365833
Abstract: b i Objective: /i /b While there is a dose-response relationship between physical activity (PA) and health benefit, little is known about the effectiveness of different PA prescriptions on total daily PA. b i Aim: /i /b To test, under real-life conditions and using an objective, non-invasive measurement technique (accelerometry), the effect of prescribing additional physical activity (walking only) of different durations (30, 60 and 90 min/day) on compliance (to the activity prescribed) and compensation (to total daily PA). Participants in each group were prescribed 5 sessions of walking per week over 4 weeks. b i Methods: /i /b normal-weight and overweight women (mean BMI 25 ± 5 kg/m sup /sup , height 165 ± 1 cm, weight 68 ± 2 kg and mean age 27 ± 1 years) were randomly assigned to 3 prescription groups: 30, 60 or 90 min/day PA. b i Results: /i /b Walking duration resulted in an almost linear increase in the number of steps per day during the prescription period from an average of about 10,000 steps per day for the 30-min prescription to about 14,000 for the 90-min prescription. Compliance was excellent for the 30-min prescription but decreased significantly with 60-min and 90-min prescriptions. In parallel, degree of compensation subsequent to exercise increased progressively as length of prescription increased. b i Conclusion: /i /b A 30-min prescription of extra walking 5 times per week was well tolerated. However, in order to increase total PA further, much more than 60 min of walking may need to be prescribed in the majority of in iduals. While total exercise ‘volume' increased with prescriptions longer than 30 min, compliance to the prescription decreased and greater compensation was evident.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 22-02-2014
DOI: 10.1111/NURE.12097
Abstract: The double burden of childhood undernutrition and adult-onset adiposity in transitioning societies poses a significant public health challenge. The development of suboptimal lean body mass (LBM) could partly explain the link between these two forms of malnutrition. This review examines the evidence on both the role of nutrition in “developmental programming” of LBM and the nutritional influences that affect LBM throughout the life course. Studies from developing countries assessing the relationship of early nutrition with later LBM provide important insights. Overall, the evidence is consistent in suggesting a positive association of early nutritional status (indicated by birth weight and growth during first 2 years) with LBM in later life. Evidence on the impact of maternal nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on later LBM is inconsistent. In addition, the role of nutrients (protein, zinc, calcium, vitamin D) that can affect LBM throughout the life course is described. Promoting optimal intakes of these important nutrients throughout the life course is important for reducing childhood undernutrition as well as for improving the LBM of adults.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/BS.AFNR.2015.06.001
Abstract: Much recent interest has focused on the relationship between physical activity and health and supported with an abundance of scientific evidence. However, the concept of Exercise is Medicine™ copromoted by the American College of Sports Medicine and American Medical Association and similar august bodies worldwide is far from new--the importance of exercise for health has been reported for centuries. Participation in regular physical activity and exercise provides numerous benefits for health with such benefits typically varying according to the volume completed as reflected by intensity, duration, and frequency. Evidence suggests a dose-response relationship such that being active, even to a modest level, is preferable to being inactive or sedentary. Greatest benefits are commonly associated with the previously sedentary in idual assuming a more active lifestyle. There is an apparent linear relationship between physical activity and health status and as a general rule, increases in physical activity and fitness result in additional improvements in health status. This narrative review provides a selective appraisal of the evidence for the importance of physical activity for health, commencing with a baseline historical perspective followed by a summary of key health benefits associated with an active lifestyle.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-04-2022
Abstract: Background and Objectives: It has previously been shown that the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) is a reliable and valid instrument when used in numerous regions and subgroups, but it remains to be determined whether the IFIS is a reliable instrument for use with Chinese children and adolescents. If the reliability of the IFIS can be verified, populational surveillance and monitoring of physical fitness (PF) can easily be conducted. This study aimed to test the reliability of the IFIS when used with Chinese children and adolescents. Methods: The convenience s ling method was used to recruit study participants. In total, 974 school-aged children and adolescents between 11 and 17 years of age were recruited from three cities in Southeast China: Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuxi. The study participants self-reported demographic data, including age (in years) and sex (boy or girl). The participants completed the questionnaire twice within a two-week interval. Results: A response rate of 95.9% resulted in a s le of 934 participants (13.7 ± 1.5 years, 47.4% girls) with valid data. On average, the participants were 13.7 ± 1.5 years of age. The test–retest weighted kappa coefficients for overall fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle fitness, speed and agility and flexibility were 0.52 (Std. errs. = 0.02), 0.51 (Std. errs. = 0.02), 0.60 (Std. errs. = 0.02), 0.55 (Std. errs. = 0.02) and 0.55 (Std. errs. = 0.02), respectively. Conclusions: The International Fitness Scale was found to have moderate reliability in the assessment of (self-reported) physical fitness in Chinese children and adolescents. In the future, the validity of the IFIS should be urgently tested in Chinese subgroup populations.
Publisher: Computers, Materials and Continua (Tech Science Press)
Date: 2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-03-2009
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2009.42
Abstract: This review addresses the effect of overweight and obese weight status on pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, AMED and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed studies in English reporting HRQOL and weight status in youth (<21 years), published before March 2008. Twenty-eight articles were identified. Regression of HRQOL against body mass index (BMI) using pooled data from 13 studies utilizing the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory identified an inverse relationship between BMI and pediatric HRQOL (r=-0.7, P=0.008), with impairments in physical and social functioning consistently reported. HRQOL seemed to improve with weight loss, but randomized controlled trials were few and lacked long-term follow-up. Little is known about the factors associated with reduced HRQOL among overweight or obese youth, although gender, age and obesity-related co-morbidities may play a role. Few studies have examined the differences in HRQOL between community and treatment-seeking s les. Pooled regressions suggest pediatric self-reported HRQOL can be predicted from parent proxy reports, although parents of obese youths tend to perceive worse HRQOL than children do about themselves. Thus, future research should include both pediatric and parent proxy perspectives.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1159/000355598
Abstract: b i Aim: /i /b Worldwide obesity levels have increased unprecedentedly over the past couple of decades. Although the prevalence, trends and associated socio-economic factors of the condition have been extensively reported in Western populations, less is known regarding South Asian populations. b i Methods: /i /b A review of articles using Medline with combinations of the MeSH terms: ‘Obesity', ‘Overweight' and ‘Abdominal Obesity' limiting to epidemiology and South Asian countries. b i Results: /i /b Despite methodological heterogeneity and variation according to country, area of residence and gender , the most recent nationally representative and large regional data demonstrates that without any doubt there is a epidemic of obesity, overweight and abdominal obesity in South Asian countries. Prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity (based on Asian cut-offs: overweight ≥ 23 kg/m sup /sup , obesity ≥ 25 kg/m sup /sup ) ranged from 3.5% in rural Bangladesh to over 65% in the Mal es. Abdominal obesity was more prevalent than general obesity in both sexes in this ethnic group. Countries with the lowest prevalence had the highest upward trend of obesity. Socio-economic factors associated with greater obesity in the region included female gender, middle age, urban residence, higher educational and economic status. b i Conclusion: /i /b South Asia is significantly affected by the obesity epidemic. Collaborative public health interventions to reverse these trends need to be mindful of many socio-economic constraints in order to provide long-term solutions.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1097/IGC.0B013E31820866E1
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine if the ratio of extracellular fluid (ECF), including the lymph, to that of intracellular fluid (ICF), as measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), could be used to assess bilateral lymphedema (LE). The presence of LE is commonly determined as an increase in tissue volume due to the presence of excess lymph relative to the volume of a comparable unaffected body region or to comparative normative data. However, in bilateral LE of the limbs, a comparable body region, the contralateral limb, is also affected, precluding normalization. An alternative is to normalize the increase in lymph volume, as ECF, to that of ICF volume. Extracellular/intracellular fluid ratios, expressed as the ratio of intracellular impedance ( R i ) to extracellular impedance ( R 0 ), for the limbs of 277 female and 224 male controls were determined from an accumulated database of impedance data. Equivalent data were obtained for an opportunistic cross-sectional s le of 37 female and 5 male participants with bilateral LE of the legs. The ratios of R i / R 0 in the lymphedematous legs of the affected participants were compared with the equivalent ratios in the unaffected arms of the same participants and with those of the controls using box plots and visualized as bivariate data using tolerance ellipses. Despite R i / R 0 ratios varying with age, sex, and limb dominance, comparison of the ratio for affected legs (normalized to the ratio in the unaffected arms) with equivalent ratios observed in a control population (as bivariate tolerance plots) was capable of discriminating between 70% and 89% of the participants with LE. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy and determination of R i /R 0 ratios as indices of ECF/ICF ratios holds promise for the semiquantitative assessment of bilateral LE.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-12-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-012-2561-Z
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate if obese children have reduced knee extensor (KE) strength and to explore the relationship between adiposity and KE strength. An observational case-control study was conducted in three Australian states, recruiting obese [N = 107 (51 female, 56 male)] and healthy-weight [N = 132 (56 female, 76 male)] 10- to 13-year-old children. Body mass index, body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), isokinetic/isometric peak KE torques (dynamometry) and physical activity (accelerometry) were assessed. Results revealed that compared with their healthy-weight peers, obese children had higher absolute KE torques (P ≤ 0.005), equivocal KE torques when allometrically normalized for fat-free mass (FFM) (P ≥ 0.448) but lower relative KE torques when allometrically normalized for body mass (P ≤ 0.008). Adjustments for maternal education, income and accelerometry had little impact on group differences, except for isometric KE torques relative to body mass which were no longer significantly lower in obese children (P ≥ 0.013, not significant after controlling for multiple comparisons). Percent body fat was inversely related to KE torques relative to body mass (r = -0.22 to -0.35, P ≤ 0.002), irrespective of maternal education, income or accelerometry. In conclusion, while obese children have higher absolute KE strength and FFM, they have less functional KE strength (relative to mass) available for weight-bearing activities than healthy-weight children. The finding that FFM-normalized KE torques did not differ suggests that the intrinsic contractile properties of the KE muscles are unaffected by obesity. Future research is needed to see if deficits in KE strength relative to mass translate into functional limitations in weight-bearing activities.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41430-023-01321-8
Abstract: Available evidence on infant body composition is limited. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with body composition at 6 and 24 months. Multicenter study with data from a 0 to 6-mo cohort (Australia, India and South Africa) and a 3 to 24-mo cohort (Brazil, Pakistan, South Africa, and Sri Lanka). For the 0–6-mo cohort, body composition was assessed by air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) and for the 3–24-month cohort by the deuterium dilution (DD) technique. Fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), FM index (FMI), and FFM index (FFMI) were calculated. Independent variables comprised the Gini index of the country, maternal and infant characteristics, and breastfeeding pattern at 3 months. For the 3–24-mo cohort, breastfeeding, and minimum dietary ersity (MDD) at 12 months were also included. Crude and adjusted analyses stratified by sex were conducted by multilevel modelling using mixed models. At 6 months, every 1 kg increase in birth weight was associated with an increase of 0.716 kg in FFM and 0.582 kg/m 2 in FFMI in girls, whereas in boys, the increase was of 0.277 kg in FFM. At 24 months, compared to those weaned before 12 months, girls still breastfed at 12 months presented a decrease of 0.225 kg in FM, 0.645 kg in FFM and 0.459 kg/m 2 in FFMI, and in boys the decreases were of 0.467 kg in FM, 0.603 kg in FFM and 0.628 kg/m 2 in FFMI. Birth weight and breastfeeding are independent predictors of body composition in early life, irrespective of sex.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 07-2020
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2019-036542
Abstract: Epidemiological studies indicate an inverse association between nut consumption and body mass index (BMI). However, clinical trials evaluating the effects of nut consumption compared with a nut-free diet on adiposity have reported mixed findings with some studies reporting greater weight loss and others reporting no weight change. This paper describes the rationale and detailed protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing whether the inclusion of almonds or carbohydrate-rich snacks in an otherwise nut-free energy-restricted diet will promote weight loss during 3 months of energy restriction and limit weight regain during 6 months of weight maintenance. One hundred and thirty-four adults aged 25–65 years with a BMI of 27.5–34.9 kg/m 2 will be recruited and randomly allocated to either the almond-enriched diet (AED) (15% energy from almonds) or a nut-free control diet (NFD) (15% energy from carbohydrate-rich snack foods). Study snack foods will be provided. Weight loss will be achieved through a 30% energy restriction over 3 months, and weight maintenance will be encouraged for 6 months by increasing overall energy intake by ~120–180 kcal/day (~500-750kJ/day) as required. Food will be self-selected, based on recommendations from the study dietitian. Body composition, resting energy expenditure, total daily energy expenditure (via doubly labelled water), physical activity, appetite regulation, cardiometabolic health, gut microbiome, liver health, inflammatory factors, eating behaviours, mood and personality, functional mobility and pain, quality of life and sleep patterns will be measured throughout the 9-month trial. The effects of intervention on the outcome measures over time will be analysed using random effects mixed models, with treatment (AED or NFD) and time (baseline, 3 months and 9 months) being the between and within factors, respectively in the analysis. Ethics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (201436). Results from this trial will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, national and international presentations. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001861246).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.4246641
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2013.05.003
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between self-perception of body weight, weight loss approaches and measured body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) among Sri Lankan adults. A nationally representative s le of 600 adults aged ≥18 years was selected using a multi-stage random cluster s ling technique. An interviewer-administrated questionnaire was used to assess demographic characteristics, body weight perception, abdominal obesity perception and details of weight losing practices. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured and Asian anthropometric cut-offs for BMI and WC were applied. Body weight mis-perception was common among Sri Lankan adults. Two-thirds of overweight males and 44.7% females considered themselves as ‘about right weight’, moreover, 4.1% and 7.6% overweight men and women reported themselves as being ‘underweight’. Over one third of both male and female obese subjects perceived themselves as ‘about right weight’ or ‘underweight’. Nearly 32% of centrally obese men and women perceived that their WC is about right. People who perceived themselves as overweight or very overweight (n = 154) only 63.6% tried to lose weight (n = 98), and one quarter of adults sought advice from professionals (n = 39). Body weight misperception was common among underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese adults in Sri Lanka. Over 2/3 of overweight and 1/3 of obese Sri Lankan adults believe they are in right weight category or are under weight.
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 25-04-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2798935/V1
Abstract: Background Two compartment (2C) models of body composition, including Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP) and Deuterium Dilution (DD), assume constant composition of fat-free mass (FFM), while 3-compartment (3C) model overcomes some of these assumptions studies are limited in infants. Objective: To compare 3C estimates of body composition in 6-mo. old infants from Australia, India and South Africa, including FFM density and hydration, compare with published literature and to evaluate agreement of body composition estimates from ADP and DD. Methods : Body volume and water were measured in 176 healthy infants using ADP and DD. 3C-model estimates of fat mass (FM), FFM and its composition were calculated, compared between countries (age and sex adjusted) and with published literature. Agreement between estimates from ADP and DD were compared by Bland-Altman and correlation analyses. Results: South African infants had significantly higher % FM (11.5%) and density of FFM compared to Australian infants. Australian infants had significantly higher % FFM (74.7 ± 4.4%) compared to South African infants (71.4 ± 5.0) and higher FFMI (12.7 ± 0.8 kg/m 2 ) compared to South African (12.3 ± 1.2 kg/m 2 ) and Indian infants (11.9 ± 1.0 kg/m 2 ). FFM composition of present study differed significantly from literature. Pooled three country estimates of FM and FFM were comparable between ADP and DD mean difference of -0.05 (95% CI, -0.64, +0.55) kg and +0.05 (95% CI, -0.55, +0.64) kg. Conclusion: 3C-model estimates of body composition in infants differed between countries future studies are needed to confirm these findings and investigate causes for the differences.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-04-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509311733
Abstract: The objective was to compare ethnic differences in anthropometry, including size, proportions and fat distribution, and body composition in a cohort of seventy Caucasian (forty-four boys, twenty-six girls) and seventy-four urban Indigenous (thirty-six boys, thirty-eight girls) children (aged 9–15 years). Anthropometric measures (stature, body mass, eight skinfolds, thirteen girths, six bone lengths and five bone breadths) and body composition assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were conducted. Body composition variables including total body fat percentage and percentage abdominal fat were determined and together with anthropometric indices, including BMI (kg/m 2 ), abdominal:height ratio (AHtR) and sum of skinfolds, ethnic differences were compared for each sex. After adjustment for age, Indigenous girls showed significantly ( P 0·05) greater trunk circumferences and proportion of overweight and obesity than their Caucasian counterparts. In addition, Indigenous children had a significantly greater proportion ( P 0·05) of trunk fat. The best model for total and android fat prediction included sum of skinfolds and age in both sexes ( % of variation). Ethnicity was only important in girls where abdominal circumference and AHtR were included and Indigenous girls showed significantly ( P 0·05) smaller total/android fat deposition than Caucasian girls at the given abdominal circumference or AHtR values. Differences in anthropometric and fat distribution patterns in Caucasian and Indigenous children may justify the need for more appropriate screening criteria for obesity in Australian children relevant to ethnic origin.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2004
DOI: 10.1177/107110070402500811
Abstract: Background: Studies using footprint-based estimates of arch height have indicated that obesity results in a lowered medial longitudinal arch in children. However, the potentially confounding effect of body composition on indirect measures of arch height, such as the arch index, has not been investigated. Methods: This study assessed the body composition of 12 male and 12 female adults (mean age: 39.9 ± 8.1 years, height: 1.724 ± 0.101 m weight: 95.1 ± 13.7 kg, and BMI: 31.9 ± 3.0kg/m 2 ) using bioelectrical impedance analysis to produce a two-component model of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). The dynamic arch index also was determined from electronic footprints captured during gait using a capacitive pressure distribution platform with a resolution of 4 sensors/cm 2 . Results: While significant correlations were noted between FFM and the area of both the hindfoot ( r = .75, p .05) and forefoot ( r = .72, p .05), the midfoot area was correlated only with FM ( r = .54, p .05). Similarly, the arch index was significantly correlated with the FM percentage ( r = .67, p .05). Conclusions: The findings of this pilot study suggest that body composition influences arch index values in overweight and obese subjects. Consequently, body composition may be a confounding factor in interpreting footprint based estimates of arch height and, as such, these estimates would best be used with supplementary measures of body composition.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
Publisher: FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.1590/S1415-52732009000500003
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the quantitative agreement between a 4-day food record and a 24-hour dietary recall in young men. METHODS: Thirty-four healthy men aged 18-25 years had their food intake estimated by 4-day food record within one week following 24-hour dietary recall in a cross-sectional study. Resting metabolic rate was assessed by indirect calorimetry and Energy Expenditure was estimated by physical activity records completed simultaneously with food intake records. The validity of food records was determined by direct comparison of Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure (95% confidence interval for Energy Intake/Energy Expenditure). RESULTS: There were good agreements between the measurements of energy and macronutrient intakes by 24-hour dietary recall and 4-day food record at the group level, but not at the in idual level. Compared to energy expenditure, about 20% and 9% of participants underreported their Energy Intake by 4-day food record and 24-hour dietary recall, respectively. Over 30% of underreporters of Energy Intake estimated by 24-hour dietary recall underreported Energy Intake estimated by 4-day food record. CONCLUSION: Both diet methods, 24-hour dietary recall and 4-day food record, may be used to collect data at the group level, but not at the in idual level. Both methods, however, appear to underestimate Energy Intake. Underreporting may be subject-specific and appears that is more difficult to retrieve valid dietary data from some people than others.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-06-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2011
Abstract: To assess the validity of a 7-day pre-coded food record (PFR) method in 9-month-old infants against metabolizable energy intake (ME(DLW)) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW) additionally to compare PFR with a 7-day weighed food record (WFR) in 9-month-old infants and 36-month-old children. The study population consisted of 36 infants (age: 9.03±0.2 months) and 36 young children (age: 36.1±0.3 months) enrolled in a cross-over design of 7 consecutive days PFR vs 7 consecutive days WFR. Children were randomly assigned to one method during week 1, crossing over to the alternative method in week 2. Total energy expenditure (TEE) and ME(DLW) were obtained in the 9-month-old infants using the DLW technique for 7 days while recording with PFR. For the 9-month-old group, PFR showed a mean bias of +726 kJ/day, equivalent to 24%, (P<0.0001) compared with ME(DLW) (n=29). Using WFR as the reference in this group no between-method differences were found for energy, fat and carbohydrate. Energy intake in the 36-month-old children was 12% higher in the PFR vs WFR (P<0.0001), and protein plus total fat intake were overestimated with the PFR (P=0.008, P<0.0001, respectively). The study indicates that the PFR may be a valuable tool for measuring energy, energy-yielding nutrients and foods in groups of 9-month-olds infants and 36-month-olds young children.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.CPCARDIOL.2017.06.002
Abstract: Noncommunicable and chronic disease are interchangeable terms. According to the World Health Organization, "they are of long duration and generally slow progression. The 4 main types of chronic diseases are cardiovascular diseases (ie, heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes." We have known about the benefits of physical activity (PA) for thousands of years. Perhaps our approach, from public health messaging to the in idual clinical encounter, as to how PA and exercise are discussed and prescribed can be improved upon, with the ultimate goal of increasing the likelihood that an in idual moves more ultimately moving more should be the goal. In fact, there is an incongruence between the evidence for the benefits of physical movement and how we message and integrate PA and exercise guidance into health care, if it is discussed at all. Specifically, evidence clearly indicates any migration away from the sedentary phenotype toward a movement phenotype is highly beneficial. As we necessarily move to a proactive, preventive healthcare model, we must reconceptualize how we evaluate and treat conditions that pose the greatest threat, namely chronic disease there is a robust body of evidence supporting the premise of movement as medicine. The purpose of this perspective paper is to propose an alternate model for promoting, assessing, discussing, and prescribing physical movement.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12889-022-13001-6
Abstract: The interconnectedness of physical inactivity and sedentarism, obesity, non-communicable disease (NCD) prevalence, and socio-economic costs, are well known. There is also strong research evidence regarding the mutuality between well-being outcomes and the neighbourhood environment. However, much of this evidence relates to urban contexts and there is a paucity of evidence in relation to regional communities. A better understanding of available physical activity (PA) infrastructure, its usage, and community perceptions regarding neighbourhood surroundings, could be very important in determining requirements for health improvement in regional communities. The aims of this research were to 1. Explore and evaluate the public’s perception of the PA environment and 2. Evaluate the quantity, variety, and quality of existing PA infrastructure in regional Northwest (NW) Tasmania. A mixed methods approach guided data collection, analysis, and presentation. Quality of PA infrastructure was assessed using the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) instrument and public perception about PA environment was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Environmental (IPAQ-E) module. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive summative methods and a team-based researcher triangulation approach was utilised for qualitative data. Overall, a wide array of high-quality PA infrastructure (with minimal incivilities such as auditory annoyance, litter, graffiti, dog refuse, and vandalism etc.) was available. Survey respondents rated neighbourhoods positively. The overall quality of PA infrastructure, rated on a scale from 0 to 3, was assessed as high (all rated between 2 to 3) with minimal incivilities (rated between 0 and 1.5). Of note, survey respondents confirmed the availability of numerous free-to-access recreational tracks and natural amenities across the 3 local government areas (LGAs) studied. Importantly, most respondents reported minimal disruption to their routine PA practices due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This exploratory research confirmed the availability of a wide range of high-quality PA infrastructure across all three LGAs and there was an overwhelming public appreciation of this infrastructure. The challenge remains to implement place-based PA interventions that address extant barriers and further increase public awareness and utilisation of high-quality PA infrastructure.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-09-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15183908
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-02-2023
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.13554
Abstract: Current global trends in physical activity levels demonstrate that the world is not on track to achieve the 2030 target set by the Global Action Plan. The Action Plan posited that physical activity should be an integral component of “daily lives” of all in iduals “across the life course.” Potential contributions to achieve global physical activity goals include the utilization of compositional data analysis and life course epidemiology to provide a framework for the composite nature of physical activity and complex life course relationships. Combining these two traditionally disconnected fields represents a paradigm shift in physical activity research. Here, we discuss how these combined fields enable a reinterpretation of previous research findings and explore their impact on policy and potential advantages and challenges. Careful consideration needs to be given to the implications of both fields remaining disconnected and the alternate option of consolidation to realize ambitions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2006
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2006.236
Abstract: Resting energy expenditure (REE) is increased 24 hours after high-intensity aerobic exercise lasting 60 minutes, whereas results have been inconsistent after resistance training and aerobic exercise of shorter duration. The objective of the study was to compare the effects of 40 minutes of high-intensity aerobic vs. resistance exercise on REE 19 to 67 hours after exercise. REE was compared 19, 43, and 67 hours after 40 minutes of aerobic training (AT 80% maximum heart rate) or resistance training (RT 10 repetitions at 80% maximum strength, two sets and eight exercises). Twenty-three black and 22 white women were randomly assigned to AT, RT, or no training (controls). Exercisers trained 25 weeks. REE was measured after a 12-hour fast. There was a significant time x group interaction for REE when adjusted for fat-free mass and fat mass, with post hoc tests revealing that the 50-kcal difference between 19 and 43 hours (1310 +/- 196 to 1260 +/- 161 kcal) and the 34-kcal difference between 19 and 67 hours (1310 +/- 196 to 1276 +/- 168 kcal) were significant for AT. No other differences were found, including RT (19 hours, 1256 +/- 160 43 hours, 1251 +/- 160 67 hours, 1268 +/- 188 kcal). Urine norepinephrine increased with training only in AT. After adjusting for fat-free mass, REE Delta between 19 and both 43 and 67 hours was significantly related to urine norepinephrine (r = 0.76, p < 0.01 and 0.68, p < 0.03, respectively). Consistent with findings on longer duration AT, these results show that 40 minutes of AT elevates REE for 19 hours in trained black and white women. This elevation did not occur with 40 minutes of RT. Results suggest that differences are, in part, due to increased sympathetic tone.
Publisher: Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
Date: 15-07-2005
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-08-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-12-2020
Abstract: The present study aims to investigate the composition and availability of weight-loss supplements in Sri Lanka and explore the evidence for their effectiveness. Data were collected by visiting drug stores, searching the Internet for websites and referring to advertisements in national newspapers and magazines from August to October 2017. A total of 100 weight-loss products were identified of which the majority (n = 57) were available from drug stores. Most commonly, products were available in capsule form (36.0%). The number of active ingredients in products varied from 1 to a maximum of 22 with a total of 155 different active ingredients distinguished. The ingredients mainly originated from plants (77.4%) while green tea (Camellia sinensis), garcinia (Garcinia cambogia) and caffeine anhydrous were the three most common. At least one of the top 10 ingredients was included in 75 of the products sourced. Directions for use were specified in only 72 products, while a further 6 products lacked any information on ingredients. Literature predicted positive weight-loss effects for green tea and ginger while garcinia was reported for both positive and negative effects. The ingredients are reported to have both beneficial and adverse effects. Many consumers may find it challenging to make informed purchase decisions as a number of products failed to provide adequate nutritional information and safety measures. Government regulatory authorities should pay closer attention to the availability and provision of products sold to the general public.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-02-2010
Abstract: Waist circumference has been identified as a valuable predictor of cardiovascular risk in children. The development of waist circumference percentiles and cut-offs for various ethnic groups are necessary because of differences in body composition. The purpose of this study was to develop waist circumference percentiles for Chinese children and to explore optimal waist circumference cut-off values for predicting cardiovascular risk factors clustering in this population. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured in 5529 children (2830 boys and 2699 girls) aged 6-12 years randomly selected from southern and northern China. Blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose were obtained in a subs le (n = 1845). Smoothed percentile curves were produced using the LMS method. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to derive the optimal age- and gender-specific waist circumference thresholds for predicting the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Gender-specific waist circumference percentiles were constructed. The waist circumference thresholds were at the 90th and 84th percentiles for Chinese boys and girls respectively, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 67% to 83%. The odds ratio of a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among boys and girls with a higher value than cut-off points was 10.349 (95% confidence interval 4.466 to 23.979) and 8.084 (95% confidence interval 3.147 to 20.767) compared with their counterparts. Percentile curves for waist circumference of Chinese children are provided. The cut-off point for waist circumference to predict cardiovascular risk factors clustering is at the 90th and 84th percentiles for Chinese boys and girls, respectively.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2015
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether doubly labeled water (DLW) and a multi-sensor armband (SWA) could detect the variation in energy expenditure incurred by a period of increased exercise (EXE) versus a period of high sedentary activity (SED), in in iduals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Eight participants with SCI were submitted to 2 testing periods of energy expenditure assessment: 1) a 14-day phase during which sedentary living conditions were imposed and 2) a 14-day phase during which an exercise training intervention was employed. For each phase, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) were measured by DLW and SWA. Mean TDEE assessed by DLW, was significantly higher during EXE versus SED (11,605 ± 2151 kJ·day -1 and 10,069 ± 2310 kJ·day -1 ). PAEE predicted by DLW was also significantly higher during EXE versus SED (5422 ± 2240 kJ·day -1 and 3855 ± 2496 kJ·day -1 ). SWA-predicted PAEE significantly underestimated PAEE measured by the DLW during SED and EXE. DLW is sensitive to detect variation in within-in idual energy expenditure during voluntary increase in physical activity in in iduals with SCI. SWA failed to detect statistically significant variations in energy expenditure between periods of high versus low activity in SCI.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 16-12-2020
Abstract: Obesity is defined as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat. Traditionally, it has been assessed using a wide range of anthropometric, biochemical, and radiological measurements, with each having its advantages and disadvantages. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify novel anthropometric measurements of obesity in adults. Using a combination of MeSH terms, the PubMed database was searched. The current systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The data extracted from each study were (1) details of the study, (2) anthropometric parameter(s) evaluated, (3) study methods, (4) objectives of the study and/or comparisons, and (5) main findings/conclusions of the study. The search yielded 2472 articles, of which 66 studies were deemed eligible to be included. The literature search identified 25 novel anthropometric parameters. Data on novel anthropometric parameters were derived from 26 countries. Majority were descriptive cross-sectional studies (n = 43), while 22 were cohort studies. Age range of the study populations was 17–103 years, while s le size varied from 45 to 384 612. The novel anthropometric parameters identified in the present study showed variable correlation with obesity and/or related metabolic risk factors. Some parameters involved complex calculations, while others were derived from traditional anthropometric measurements. Further research is required in order to determine the accuracy and precision.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-11-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-04-2017
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2017.53
Abstract: Despite increased evidence for the importance of lifestyle modification, physical activity and diet in diabetes prevention and management, habitual physical activity levels have declined in recent decades in China and India. Further, other risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including overweight, obesity and physical inactivity, have also worsened. Here we present evidence for the importance of physical activity and exercise in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes and propose a novel approach to address the challenge of improving lifestyle behaviors in China and India-Movement is Medicine and a P4 (predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory) approach.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 12-2014
Abstract: Compensatory responses may attenuate the effectiveness of exercise training in weight management. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of moderate- and high-intensity interval training on eating behavior compensation. Using a crossover design, 10 overweight and obese men participated in 4-week moderate (MIIT) and high (HIIT) intensity interval training. MIIT consisted of 5-min cycling stages at ±20% of mechanical work at 45%VO 2 peak, and HIIT consisted of alternate 30-s work at 90%VO 2 peak and 30-s rests, for 30 to 45 min. Assessments included a constant-load exercise test at 45%VO 2 peak for 45 min followed by 60-min recovery. Appetite sensations were measured during the exercise test using a Visual Analog Scale. Food preferences (liking and wanting) were assessed using a computer-based paradigm, and this paradigm uses 20 photographic food stimuli varying along two dimensions, fat (high or low) and taste (sweet or nonsweet). An ad libitum test meal was provided after the constant-load exercise test. Exerciseinduced hunger and desire to eat decreased after HIIT, and the difference between MIIT and HIIT in desire to eat approached significance ( p = .07). Exercise-induced liking for high-fat nonsweet food tended to increase after MIIT and decreased after HIIT ( p = .09). Fat intake decreased by 16% after HIIT, and increased by 38% after MIIT, with the difference between MIIT and HIIT approaching significance ( p = .07). This study provides evidence that energy intake compensation differs between MIIT and HIIT.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
DOI: 10.1016/J.DSX.2021.03.026
Abstract: Figure Rating Scales (FRS) are psychometric instruments developed to measure in idual's perception of physical appearance and subsequently, to determine the level of body dissatisfaction. The following systematic review summarizes existing FRSs and the techniques used to development them. A systematic search was conducted in the following databases PubMed®, Web of Science®, Scopus® using key words "figure rating scale" AND "Stunkard". From 466 potentially relevant articles, 24 publications were included, 22 publications reporting original FRSs with the other two scales being modifications of the original for children and babies. Fifteen were figural drawings or silhouettes and nine were developed by photographic techniques, video methods or using computer software. Most of the figural scales were applicable for adults and consisted of nine images. Ten of the 15 figural scales were without facial features and four scales had minimal facial features. Technological advancements including 3D modeling have played a pivotal role in the development of FRSs. FRSs have been developed by a mix of traditional and modern techniques. The development and validation of ethnic specific FRSs using modern technology should be the priority for future studies.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-09-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-09-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S11910-018-0884-9
Abstract: To review the growing body of indirect and direct evidence that suggests that exercise can be helpful for children, adolescents, and adults with persistent symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The direct evidence shows that graded exercise assessments are safe, and that aerobic exercise interventions are associated with improvement of multiple symptoms and other benefits, including earlier return-to-sport. The indirect evidence supports this approach via studies that reveal the potential mechanisms, and show benefits for related presentations and in idual symptoms, including headaches, neck pain, vestibular problems, sleep, stress, anxiety, and depression. We document the forms of exercise used for the post-acute management of mTBI, highlight the knowledge gaps, and provide future research directions. We recommend trialing a new approach that utilizes a graduated program of in idually prescribed combined aerobic resistance exercises (CARE) if mTBI symptoms persist. This program has the potential to improve patient outcomes and add to the management options for providers.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-07-2016
DOI: 10.1071/HE16027
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2003
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2003.59
Abstract: To assess different aspects of physical fitness and physical activity in obese and nonobese Flemish youth. A random s le of 3214 Flemish schoolchildren was selected and ided into an "obese" and "nonobese" group based on body mass index and sum of skinfolds. Physical fitness was assessed by the European physical fitness test battery. Physical activity was estimated by a modified version of the Baecke Questionnaire. Obese subjects had inferior performances on all tests requiring propulsion or lifting of the body mass (standing-broad jump, sit-ups, bent-arm hang, speed shuttle run, and endurance shuttle run) compared with their nonobese counterparts (p < 0.001). In contrast, the obese subjects showed greater strength on handgrip (p < 0.001). Both groups had similar levels of leisure-time physical activity however, nonobese boys had a higher sport index than their obese counterparts (p < 0.05). Results of this study show that obese subjects had poorer performances on weight-bearing tasks, but did not have lower scores on all fitness components. To encourage adherence to physical activity in obese youth, it is important that activities are tailored to their capabilities. Results suggest that weight-bearing activities should be limited at the start of an intervention with obese participants and alternative activities that rely more on static strength used.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-11-2021
Abstract: Maternal obesity in pregnancy, a growing health problem in Australia, adversely affects both mothers and their offspring. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is similarly associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal complications. A low-risk digital medical record audit of antenatal and postnatal data of 2132 pregnant mothers who gave birth between 2016–2018 residing in rural-regional Tasmania was undertaken. An expert advisory group guided the research and informed data collection. Fifty five percent of pregnant mothers were overweight or obese, 43.6% gained above the recommended standards for gestational weight gain and 35.8% did not have an oral glucose tolerance test. The audit identified a high prevalence of obesity among pregnant women and low screening rates for gestational diabetes mellitus associated with adverse maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among pregnant women in rural regional Tasmania. Further GDM screening rates are low, which require addressing.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2014
Abstract: The objective of this study was to verify the long-term effects of exercise on energy expenditure and body composition in in iduals with spinal cord injury (SCI), as very little information is available on this population under free-living conditions. Free-living energy expenditure and body composition using doubly labeled water (DLW) was measured in 13 in iduals with SCI, sub ided in 2 groups: (1) sedentary (SED N = 7) and (2) regularly engaged in any exercise program, for at least 150 min·wk −1 (EXE N = 6). The total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was significantly higher in the EXE group (33 ± 4.5 kcal·kg −1 ·day −1 ) if compared with SED group (27 ± 4.3 kcal·kg −1 ·day −1 ). The percentage of body fat was significantly higher in SED group than in EXE group (38 ± 6% and 28 ± 9%). Our findings revealed that, despite the severity of SCI, the actual ACSM’s guidelines for weight management for healthy adults exercise could significantly increase TDEE and BMR and improve body composition in in iduals who regularly perform exercise. However, the EXE group still showed a high percentage of body fat, suggesting that a more specific approach might be considered (ie, increased intensity or volume, or combining with a diet program).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2007
DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2007.164
Abstract: An activity-induced increase in energy expenditure theoretically disturbs energy balance (EB) by creating an acute energy deficit. Compensatory responses could influence the weight loss associated with the energy deficit. In idual variability in compensation for perturbations in EB could partly explain why some in iduals fail to lose weight with exercise. It is accepted that the regulatory system will readily defend impositions that promote a negative EB. Therefore, a criticism of exercise interventions is that they will be ineffective and futile methods of weight control because the acute energy deficit is counteracted. Compensation for exercise-induced energy deficits can be categorized into behavioral or metabolic responses and automatic or volitional. An automatic compensatory response is a biological inevitability and considered to be obligatory. An automatic compensatory response is typically a metabolic consequence (e.g., reduced resting metabolic rate) of a negative EB. In contrast, a volitional compensatory response tends to be deliberate and behavioral, which the in idual intentionally performs (e.g., increased snack intake). The purpose of this review is to highlight the various metabolic and behavioral compensatory responses that could reduce the effectiveness of exercise and explain why some in iduals experience a lower than expected weight loss. We propose that the extent and degree of compensation will vary between in iduals. That is, some in iduals will be predisposed to compensatory responses that render them resistant to the weight loss benefits theoretically associated with an exercise-induced increase in energy expenditure. Therefore, given the inter-in idual variability in behavioral and metabolic compensatory responses, exercise prescriptions might be more effective if tailored to suit in iduals.
Publisher: Universidade Estadual de Maringa
Date: 17-04-2014
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-07-2013
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012003011
Abstract: The main aim of the present study was to identify food consumption in Sri Lankan adults based on serving characteristics. Cross-sectional study. Fruits, vegetables, starch, meat, pulses, dairy products and added sugars in the diet were assessed with portion sizes estimated using standard methods. Twelve randomly selected clusters from the Sri Lanka Diabetes and Cardiovascular Study. Six hundred non-institutionalized adults. The daily intake of fruit (0·43), vegetable (1·73) and dairy (0·39) portions were well below national recommendations. Only 3·5 % of adults consumed the recommended 5 portions of fruits and vegetables/d over a third of the population consumed no dairy products and fewer than 1 % of adults consumed 2 portions/d. In contrast, Sri Lankan adults consumed over 14 portions of starch and 3·5 portions of added sugars daily. Almost 70 % of those studied exceeded the upper limit of the recommendations for starch intake. The total daily number of meat and pulse portions was 2·78. Dietary guidelines emphasize the importance of a balanced and varied diet however, a substantial proportion of the Sri Lankan population studied failed to achieve such a recommendation. Nutrition-related diseases in the country may be closely correlated with unhealthy eating habits.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-05-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AJR.12500
Abstract: To measure the impact of a 6-month home-based behaviour change intervention on reducing the risk of chronic disease as determined by metabolic syndrome status and cardiovascular risk score, and discuss implications for primary care in rural areas. A two-arm randomised controlled trial of rural adults. The rural town of Albany in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. Participants (n = 401) aged 50-69 years who were classified with or at risk of metabolic syndrome and randomly assigned to intervention (n = 201) or waitlisted control (n = 200) group. A 6-month intervention program incorporating goal setting, self-monitoring and feedback, with motivational interviewing was conducted. Change in metabolic syndrome status and cardiovascular risk. Significant improvements in metabolic syndrome status and cardiovascular disease risk score (-0.82) were observed for the intervention group relative to control group from baseline to post-test. This home-based physical activity and nutrition intervention reduced participants' risk of experiencing a cardiovascular event in the next 5 years by 1%. Incorporating such prevention orientated approaches in primary care might assist in reducing the burden of long-term chronic diseases. However, for realistic application in this setting, hurdles such as current national health billing system and availability of resources will need to be considered.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLINDERMATOL.2004.01.002
Abstract: Physical activity is any movement of skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. Long-term success in weight management depends on both physical activity and dietary modification. Exercise has a pivotal role in weight management, optimising body composition by minimising fat-free mass losses and maximising fat mass loss and, enhancing metabolic fitness. The amount and type of exercise needed to obtain health-related benefits may differ from that recommended for fitness benefits. Public health messages about exercise have focused on improvements in general health and fitness rather than on weight loss, prevention of weight gain or weight regain. About 2.5 times more exercise than the US Surgeon General's recommendation is needed to maintain energy balance and thus maintain a certain weight. The challenge is to get the exercise prescription right at an in idual level.
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1201/B17541-4
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1080/02640410601175428
Abstract: In this study, we examined the effect of stage duration on physiological variables commonly used to determine maximum aerobic performance during cycle ergometry. Ten recreationally trained males (mean age 27.8 +/- 7.1 years BMI 24.3 +/- 2.5 kg x m(-2) VO2max 52.5 +/- 5.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) performed three different stage duration protocols on two separate occasions. Each short stage (SS 1-min stages), long stage (LS 3-min stages), and constant load + short stage (CL + SS 4-min constant load followed by 1-min stages) protocol started at 50 W with increments of 30 W. The physiological variables measured included: time to maximum, maximum workload, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximum heart rate, maximum rating of perceived exertion, maximum blood lactate concentration, and maximum respiratory exchange ratio. The ventilatory threshold was calculated for every trial of the three protocols. There was no difference in VO2max, but maximum heart rate was higher in the LS protocol (P<0.05). Maximum respiratory exchange ratio varied between the protocols (P<0.05), while maximum workload differed between the SS and LS protocols, and the LS and CL + SS protocols (P<0.0001). The physiological variables were comparable between trials for the SS and CL + SS protocols, but maximum workload and VO2max differed for the LS protocol (P<0.05). Workload at the ventilatory threshold was lower for the LS protocol (P<0.05). Heart rate at the ventilatory threshold was different between the LS and CL + SS protocols (P<0.05). Performing a test involving 1- or 3-min stage durations on a single occasion was appropriate for the determination of VO2max and the ventilatory threshold. However, the disparity in heart rate and workload could result in differences in mechanical and physiological work being undertaken. Consistent use of a protocol may alleviate errors during exercise prescription.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-05-2014
DOI: 10.3390/NU6051886
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-03-2020
DOI: 10.3390/NU12030830
Abstract: The present study aimed to examine associations between body image and under-reporting in female Japanese university students enrolled in a nutrition degree program. A total of 100 participants (aged 18–29 years) completed (1) a self-administered questionnaire including the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ), (2) a dietary assessment using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), (3) a physical activity assessment using Bouchard’s Physical Activity Record (BAR) and a tri-axial accelerometer, (4) detailed anthropometry, and (5) body composition assessment. Based on the energy intake to basal metabolic rate ratio (EI:BMR) and using a cut-off point of 1.35, 67% of participants were considered under-reporters (URs). While there was no between-group difference in BMI, URs had significantly (p 0.05) greater percentage body fat (%BF) and trunk fat (%TF) compared with non-URs. Regression analyses indicated accuracy of body perception and a discrepancy between current and ideal weight were associated with EI:BMR, whereas the salience subscale of the BAQ was associated with reported EI. The study raises concerns regarding the validity of EI reported from young Japanese females as they are known to have a strong preoccupation with thinness, even with an acceptable BMI and health and nutritional knowledge.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2011
Abstract: Ethnic differences in body fat distribution contribute to ethnic differences in cardiovascular morbidities and diabetes. However few data are available on differences in fat distribution in Asian children from various backgrounds. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore ethnic differences in body fat distribution among Asian children from four countries. A total of 758 children aged 8-10 y from China, Lebanon, Malaysia and Thailand were recruited using a non-random purposive s ling approach to enrol children encompassing a wide BMI range. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM, derived from total body water [TBW] estimation using the deuterium dilution technique) and skinfold thickness (SFT) at biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and medial calf were collected. After controlling for height and weight, Chinese and Thai children had a significantly higher WC than their Lebanese and Malay counterparts. Chinese and Thais tended to have higher trunk fat deposits than Lebanese and Malays reflected in trunk SFT, trunk/upper extremity ratio or supraspinale/upper extremity ratio after adjustment for age and total body fat. The subscapular/supraspinale skinfold ratio was lower in Chinese and Thais compared with Lebanese and Malays after correcting for trunk SFT. Asian pre-pubertal children from different origins vary in body fat distribution. These results indicate the importance of population-specific WC cut-off points or other fat distribution indices to identify the population at risk of obesity-related health problems.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 27-09-2004
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2003
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-03-2015
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-1998
DOI: 10.3109/00048679809062710
Abstract: Objective: The prevalence of excess body weight has been reported as two to four times greater in the chronic mentally ill than in the general population. However, there has been a paucity of body composition research with this population. The purpose of this study was to compare with population data the prevalence and distribution of body fat in a group of chronic mentally ill in iduals. Method: An anthropometric profile consisting of height, weight, waist and hip girths was completed on 29 males and 23 females. Results: Consistent with other groups with excess adiposity, measures of skinfold thickness were generally unreliable. The biceps was the only site where a reliable skinfold measure was possible in all subjects. More than half of the males and three-quarters of the females had a waist circumference in excess of 100 cm. Conclusions: There were significantly higher levels of relative body weight and excess abdominal adiposity in the study group compared with the wider population. A brief anthropometric protocol of waist and hip girths and biceps skinfold in addition to height and weight, rather than the use of weight alone as an indicator of adiposity, is recommended.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-11-2021
DOI: 10.3390/HEALTHCARE9111532
Abstract: This study examined the associations between adherence to 24-hour movement behavior guidelines (24-HMB) and the mental-health-related outcomes of depressive symptoms and anxiety in Chinese children. Data on movement behavior from 5357 children (4th and 5th grades), including physical activity, recreational screen time and sleep, were self-reported using the Health Behavior School-Aged Children Survey. Depressive symptoms and anxiety were self-reported using the Chinese version of the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, respectively. Depressive symptoms and anxiety were treated as categorical variables. Only 3.2% of the participants met physical activity, screen time, and sleep 24-HMB guidelines. Ordinal logistic regressions showed that, compared with participants who met the 24-HMB guidelines, participants who met none (odds ratio (OR) = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.76–3.90) or any one of the guidelines (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.27–2.77) had higher odds of depressive symptoms. Similarly, there were higher odds of anxiety in participants who met none (OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.45–3.70) or any one of the recommendations (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03–2.57) compared with participants who met all the 24-HMB guidelines. Meeting the 24-HMB guidelines is associated with better mental-health-related outcomes in Chinese children. Because of the low prevalence of Chinese children meeting the 24-HMB recommendations, the present findings highlight the need to encourage children to regularly engage in physical activity, decrease their time spent sitting, and improve their sleep patterns.
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 07-08-2007
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-02-2023
DOI: 10.3390/NU15040906
Abstract: This study aimed to develop a regression equation to predict physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) using accelerometry. Children aged 11–13 years were recruited and randomly assigned to validation (n = 54) and cross-validation (n = 25) groups. The doubly labelled water (DLW) technique was used to assess energy expenditure and accelerometers were worn by participants across the same period. A preliminary equation was developed using stepwise multiple regression analysis with sex, height, weight, body mass index, fat-free mass, fat mass and counts per minute (CPM) as independent variables. Goodness-of-fit statistics were used to select the best prediction variables. The PRESS (predicted residual error sum of squares) statistical method was used to validate the final prediction equation. The preliminary equation was cross-validated on an independent group and no significant (p 0.05) difference was observed in the PAEE estimated from the two methods. Independent variables of the final prediction equation (PAEE = [0.001CPM] − 0.112) accounted for 70.6% of the variance. The new equation developed to predict PAEE from accelerometry was found to be valid for use in Sri Lankan children.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.PCAD.2022.04.008
Abstract: Irrespective of geographical location, disadvantaged people are disproportionately affected by unnecessary disease and suffering caused by inequalities in health. Although equal access to opportunities for healthy living medicine regardless of legal, political, economic, or other circumstances should be a basic human right, it is increasingly improbable for scores of people, particularly in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, to acquire this. In recent times, global initiatives have attempted to make 'healthy lifestyles' more equitable by pledging to be relevant to all economies, promoting prosperity, environmental protection, climate change interventions, and purposeful action to meet the needs of vulnerable populations, including women and children. Yet there remains much to be done to address and reduce the substantial international health equity gaps. Reducing disparities that disproportionately affect the lower end of social strata must entail collaborative and systemic action from important stakeholders across the whole system, an approach that translates theory and research into practice. Ideally, realist approaches that appreciate the importance of the context of problems and assume nothing works everywhere or for everyone, should be prioritised over linear/simple and non-scalable intervention strategies.
Publisher: Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.2114/JPA2.26.23
Abstract: Anthropometry is a simple and cost-efficient method for the assessment of body composition. However prediction equations to estimate body composition using anthropometry should be 'population-specific'. Most popular body composition prediction equations for Japanese females were proposed more than 40 years ago and there is some concern regarding their usefulness in Japanese females living today. The aim of this study was to compare percentage body fat (%BF) estimated from anthropometry and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to examine the applicability of commonly used prediction equations in young Japanese females. Body composition of 139 Japanese females aged between 18 and 27 years of age (BMI range: 15.1-29.1 kg/m(2)) was measured using whole-body DXA (Lunar DPX-LIQ) scans. From anthropometric measurements %BF was estimated using four equations developed from Japanese females. The results showed that the traditionally employed prediction equations for anthropometry significantly (p<0.01) underestimate %BF of young Japanese females and therefore are not valid for the precise estimation of body composition. New %BF prediction equations were proposed from the DXA and anthropometry results. Application of the proposed equations may assist in more accurate assessment of body fatness in Japanese females living today.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AJR.12598
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-09-2023
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-11-2022
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular disease is a long-term threat to global public health security, while sedentary behavior is a modifiable behavior among cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to analyze the peer-reviewed literature published globally on sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease (SB-CVD) and identify the hotspots and frontiers within this research area. Materials and Methods: Publications on SB-CVD from 1990 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were applied to perform bibliometric and knowledge mapping visualization analyses. Results: A total of 2071 publications were retrieved, presenting a gradual growing trend. Authors from the USA topped the list with 748 (36.12%), followed by authors from England (373, 18.01%) and Australia (354, 17.09%). The University of Queensland, Australia, led with 95 (4.5%) publications. The top five active authors were all from Australia, while Dunstan D and Owen N published the most documents (56, 2.7%). A total of 71.27% of the publications received funding, and the United States Department of Health and Human Services provided 363 (17.53%) grants. Public Environmental Occupational Health (498, 24.05%), Sport Sciences (237, 11.44%), and Cardiac Cardiovascular Systems (212, 10.24%) were the three most popular disciplines, while PLOS One (96, 4.64%) and BMC Public Health (88, 4.25%) were the two most popular journals. Investigations within the SB-CVD research area addressed the entire lifespan, the most popular type of research was the epidemiological study, and the accelerometer was the primary instrument for measuring sedentary behavior. In terms of variables, physical activity and sedentary behavior were the dominant lifestyle behaviors, while obesity and hypertension were common health problems. Occupational physical activity and guidelines are at the frontier and are currently in the burst stage. Conclusions: The last three decades have witnessed the rapid development of the SB-CVD research area, and this study provided further research ideas for subsequent investigations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030005426
Abstract: To know if the magnitude of change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) observed during an intervention is meaningful, it is imperative to first identify the variability that occurs within in iduals from day to day under normal conditions. The 2 most common systems used to measure RMR involve a ventilated hood or a mouthpiece & nose clip to collect expired gases. The variation in measurement using these 2 approaches has not been systematically compared. RMR was measured in 10 healthy adults during 5 separate testing sessions within a 2-week period where usual diet and physical activity were maintained. Each testing session consisted of one measurement of RMR using a ventilated hood system, followed by another using a mouthpiece & nose-clip system. No significant difference in RMR was evident between measurement sessions using either indirect calorimeter. Oxygen consumption and RMR were significantly higher using the mouthpiece & nose-clip system. Average within-in idual coefficient of variation for RMR was significantly lower for the ventilated-hood system. RMR measures were consistently lower using the ventilated-hood system by an average of 94.5 +/- 63.3 kcal. Day-to-day variance was between 2% and 4% for both systems. The use of either system is appropriate for assessing RMR in clinical and research settings, but alternating between systems should be undertaken with caution. A change in RMR must be greater than approximately 6% (96 kcal/d 1.2 kcal/kg/d) or approximately 8% (135 kcal/d 1.7 kcal/kg/d) when using a ventilated-hood system or a mouthpiece & nose-clip system, respectively, to observe any meaningful intervention-related differences within in iduals.
Publisher: Medip Academy
Date: 24-07-2019
DOI: 10.18203/2349-3259.IJCT20193216
Abstract: class="abstract" strong Background: /strong Targeted strategies to enhance regular physical activity appear to be promising to promote health and well-being of adolescents. This article reports the design of a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based physical activity programme on the rate and duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sitting time including screen time, and health-related physical fitness parameters among 11-13 year-old adolescents. class="abstract" strong Methods: /strong This is a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in 360 adolescents from government schools in the Colombo Municipal Council area, Sri Lanka. An in idual school was considered as a unit of randomization and the 12 selected schools were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (six schools) and intervention groups (six schools). The intervention group follows a physical activity programme for 30 minutes on three school days per week, for three consecutive months in addition to the standard practice. The primary outcomes are moderate-to-vigorous physical activity rate and duration and sitting time including screen time. Secondary outcomes are the health-related physical fitness parameters: cardiovascular fitness, muscle fitness and flexibility, and body composition. All the outcomes are measured at baseline and three-months following the intervention. class="abstract" strong Discussion: /strong The outcomes of this study will be an evidence-based intervention programme with the potential to be incorporated into the national education system thus promoting health and well-being of adolescents in Sri Lanka. class="abstract" strong Trial Registration /strong strong : /strong Registered at the Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry (SLCTR/2018/028).
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-08-2020
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.13027
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1123/MC.2016-0085
Abstract: Multifractal analyses have been used in recent years as a way of studying balance, with the goal of understanding the patterns of movement of the center of pressure at different spatial scales. A multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis was used to compare obese and nonobese children to investigate the cause of previously demonstrated deficiencies in balance for obese children. Twenty-two children (11 obese and 11 nonobese), aged 8-15 years, performed 30-s trials of bilateral static balance on a plantar pressure distribution measuring device. Both the obese and nonobese groups demonstrated greater persistence for small fluctuations, but the effect was greater in the obese group. This was particularly evident with the eyes closed, where significant differences between the obese and nonobese were observed for small fluctuations. These results demonstrate that balance deficiencies in obese children may be the result of decreased proprioceptive abilities in obese children.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2023
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-08-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-10-2017
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 13-08-2019
Abstract: Background Preconception health status is an important indicator of later health outcomes for mothers and infants. Preconception health promotion strategies are required, as pregnancy may be too late to influence some health behaviors, with impacts on fetal health already established. The workplace has the potential to play an important role in the health and wellbeing of employees and could be an ideal intervention setting in the preconception period. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate workplace interventions designed to improve the health and/or wellbeing of women during preconception. Methods Medline, EMBASE and PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus were systematically searched for relevant studies published between January 2009 and October 2018. Inclusion criteria were interventions involving preconception or pre-pregnancy health, wellbeing or health promotion, and which occurred in the workplace or work organization. Results Two hundred and forty-eight records were retrieved in the search, and four were screened in full text. No eligible studies were identified. We then capitalized on the opportunity to learn from the literature explored during the review screening process to identify areas for consideration in future research and policy agendas for workplace health promotion for preconception women. Conclusions Specific ex les of strategies that could be applied in the workplace include legislative changes to reduce smoking, policy directives to improve the food environment and increase physical activity, and the application of electronic health interventions in the workplace. Further research should be undertaken to design, conduct and evaluate interventions to improve preconception health and wellbeing, as well as to improve our understanding of how the workplace might be leveraged for preconception health promotion.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2011
DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2011.590202
Abstract: The development and maintenance of excess body mass in many children is partly attributable to levels of physical activity that are lower than the recommended 60 minutes/day. Walking is a recommended form of physical activity for obese children, due to its convenience and perceived ease of adoption. Unfortunately, studies that have used objective physical activity assessment continue to report low step counts and levels of physical activity in obese children. This may be due to physiological and/or biomechanical factors that make walking more difficult for obese children. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current recommended and measured levels of physical activity for children and to discuss the physiological and biomechanical challenges of walking for obese children that may help explain why these children are not meeting physical activity goals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200636070-00004
Abstract: Plantar fasciitis is a musculoskeletal disorder primarily affecting the fascial enthesis. Although poorly understood, the development of plantar fasciitis is thought to have a mechanical origin. In particular, pes planus foot types and lower-limb biomechanics that result in a lowered medial longitudinal arch are thought to create excessive tensile strain within the fascia, producing microscopic tears and chronic inflammation. However, contrary to clinical doctrine, histological evidence does not support this concept, with inflammation rarely observed in chronic plantar fasciitis. Similarly, scientific support for the role of arch mechanics in the development of plantar fasciitis is equivocal, despite an abundance of anecdotal evidence indicating a causal link between arch function and heel pain. This may, in part, reflect the difficulty in measuring arch mechanics in vivo. However, it may also indicate that tensile failure is not a predominant feature in the pathomechanics of plantar fasciitis. Alternative mechanisms including 'stress-shielding', vascular and metabolic disturbances, the formation of free radicals, hyperthermia and genetic factors have also been linked to degenerative change in connective tissues. Further research is needed to ascertain the importance of such factors in the development of plantar fasciitis.
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 19-04-2016
DOI: 10.1201/B10203-12
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2005.10.010
Abstract: Despite evidence that 'walking for pleasure' represents the most common leisure-time physical activity, the exercise intensity associated with 'walking for pleasure' in the obese has not been established. Heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (RPE) and walking speed were assessed for 30 obese and 20 non-obese adults as they completed two 2 km-walk tests on alternate days and were compared with a third 2 km walk with subjects walking 'as fast as possible'. Despite both obese (O) and non-obese (NO) groups rating the intensity of 'walking for pleasure' as 'light', HR and RPE data for only the NO group complied with definitions of 'light' intensity effort. 'Walking for pleasure' was characterised by a higher absolute (15 bpm, P < 0.05) and relative (70% of predicted maximum, P < 0.01) HR in the O group, which was representative of the transition between 'moderate' and 'hard' intensity exercise. The findings in the third, maximal trial were comparable across groups for all variables. Adiposity exerts a relative elevation-of-intensity effect on the cardiovascular system at walking speeds consistent with 'walking for pleasure'. 'Walking for pleasure' is sufficient to improve cardiovascular fitness in obese, but not normal-weight, in iduals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 03-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-06-2016
Abstract: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is one of the most affordable and feasible body composition assessment techniques for clinical and field settings. However, it is important to use an equation appropriate for the study population. This study aimed to propose and validate prediction equations to estimate body composition using BIA for Indonesian men. Total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were determined using the deuterium dilution technique in 292 Indonesian males. Participants were ided equally into development and validation groups to develop prediction equations and to cross-validate the proposed prediction equations, respectively. In addition, selected prediction equations using BIA were cross-validated. The proposed BIA equations were valid in our cross-validation s les. The best performance equations obtained from the absolute measure of body composition (TBW, FFM and FM) showed that r ranged between 0.89 and 0.91 and standard error of the estimate=1.8-2.6 kg. Cross-validation analysis indicated that the proposed equations had a bias of 0.1-0.3 kg, pure error of 1.3-1.8 kg and limits of agreement (mean difference±1.96 s.d.) of -0.26 to 0.13±4.09 to 5.59 kg. Among existing prediction equations examined, those by Deurenberg et al. (1989) and Lukaski et al. (1987) significantly overestimated FM by 4.0 and 3.2 kg, respectively, whereas the equation by Deurenberg et al. (1991) significantly (P<0.001) underestimated FFM by 5.0 kg compared with the reference FFM. The new BIA prediction equations may provide more precise and accurate estimation of body composition in Indonesian men than the existing equations.
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 06-10-2010
DOI: 10.1201/B10203-10
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2005.01.005
Abstract: Resting energy expenditure (REE) is lower than predicted in persons taking atypical antipsychotic medication, and weight management is a significant clinical challenge for some of them. However, to date there have been no published guidelines to assist clinicians in choosing appropriate prediction equations to estimate energy expenditure in persons taking atypical antipsychotic medications. The objectives of this study were to measure REE in a group of men taking the atypical antipsychotic clozapine and to determine whether REE can be accurately predicted for this population using previously published regression equations. REE was measured using indirect calorimetry via a ventilated hood on eight men who had completed at least 6 months of treatment with clozapine. Comparisons between measured REE and predicted REE using five different equations were undertaken. The commonly-used Harris-Benedict and Schofield equations systematically overestimated REE. Predictions of REE from other equations were too variable for clinical use. When estimating energy requirements as part of a weight-management program in men who have been taking clozapine for 6 months, predictions of REE from the equations of Harris-Benedict and Schofield should be reduced by 280 kcal/day.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-05-2022
Abstract: A better understanding of the physical activity (PA) infrastructure in schools, the walkability of neighborhoods close to schools, and the food environments around schools, particularly in rural, socioeconomically challenged areas such as the North-West (NW) of Tasmania, could be important in the wider effort to improve the health of school-age children. Accordingly, this research aimed to assess PA resources, walkability, and food environments in and around schools in three socioeconomically disadvantaged, regional/rural Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Tasmania, Australia. A census of schools (including assessment of the PA infrastructure quality within school grounds), a walkability assessment, and a census of food outlets surrounding schools (through geospatial mapping) were executed. Most of the schools in the study region had access to an oval, basketball/volleyball/netball court, and free-standing exercise equipment. In all instances (i.e., regardless of school type), the quality of the available infrastructure was substantially higher than the number of incivilities observed. Most schools also had good (i.e., within the first four deciles) walkability. Numerous food outlets were within the walking zones of all schools in the study region, with an abundance of food outlets that predominantly sold processed unhealthy food.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-04-2021
Abstract: Overweight and obesity present health risks for mothers and their children. Reaching women during the key life stages of preconception and pregnancy in community settings, such as workplaces, is an ideal opportunity to enable health behavior change. We conducted five focus groups with 25 women aged between 25 and 62 years in order to investigate the determinants of healthy lifestyle behaviors, weight management, and wellbeing needs during the preconception and pregnancy periods in an Australian university workplace. Discussions explored women’s health and wellbeing needs with specific reference to workplace impact. An abductive analytical approach incorporated the capability, opportunity, and motivation of behavior (COM-B) model, and four themes were identified: hierarchy of needs and values, social interactions, a support scaffold, and control. Findings highlight the requirement for greater organization-level support, including top-down coordination of wellbeing opportunities and facilitation of education and support for preconception healthy lifestyle behaviors in the workplace. Interventionists and organizational policy makers could incorporate these higher-level changes into workplace processes and intervention development, which may increase intervention capacity for success.
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
Date: 08-2022
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 03-05-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2778010/V1
Abstract: Background: The global aging population is expanding rapidly. This older population is particularly at higher risk of malnutrition. Malnutrition can lead to impaired body function, morbidity, and mortality. Meeting nutritional requirements is a key strategy to minimize multiple debilitating adverse outcomes associated with malnutrition in the elderly. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) have been widely used as a dietary intervention for malnutrition in older adults. These supplements provide additional nutrients and calories to support nutritional requirements and have been shown to improve nutritional status, physical function, and quality of life in malnourished older adults. Methods: This is an open-label, randomized controlled, parallel-group study including 50 institutionalized older adults (aged 60 years) with malnutrition or at risk of malnutrition, living in a selected elderly care institution in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The aim is to assess the healthy body weight gain in terms of an increase in muscle mass and fat mass in older adults with malnutrition at risk of malnutrition by using an oral nutritional supplement. The older adults will be screened for malnutrition using mini nutrition assessment (MNA) tool. Eligible participants will be randomized using simple random s ling technique to intervention and control groups (1:1 allocation ratio). The intervention group will consume 200 mL of ONS before bed continuously for 12 weeks. The primary outcome is the percentage who achieved at least 5% weight gain in the intervention group compared to the control group. Nutritional (anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary), body composition (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry), frailty, functional (hand grip strength, knee extension, and Barthel index) cognitive (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), and physical activity will be measured as secondary outcomes prior at baseline and at the end of the 12 weeks. Some measurements will also be performed at end of the 4 th week for anthropometry, dietary, and functional assessment. Data will be analyzed using SPSS V-23. Discussion: This study will reveal whether the use of an ONS is effective in promoting healthy weight gain in older adults with malnutrition or at risk of malnutrition. In addition, investigating the impact of an ONS on multiple outcomes such as clinical, nutritional, functional, and cognitive function will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits of these supplements. Trial registration: Registered under Sri Lanka Clinical Trail Registry: SLCTR/2022/021
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1080/J.1440-1614.2006.01888.X
Abstract: Objective: The management of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a significant challenge for people with mental illness. Fundamental research into energy metabolism in people taking atypical antipsychotic medication has been neglected. The current study of men with schizophrenia taking clozapine aimed to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and energy expended on physical activity – activity energy expenditure (AEE) and to consider the clinical implications of the findings. Method: The well-established reference method of doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to measure TEE and AEE in men with schizophrenia who had been taking clozapine for more than 6 months. Resting energy expenditure was determined using indirect calorimetry. Results: The TEE was 2511 ± 606 kcal day −1 which was signifcantly different to World Health Organization recommendations (more than 20% lower). The Physical activity level (PAL) was 1.39 ± 0.27 confirming the sedentary nature of people with schizophrenia who take clozapine. Conclusions: The findings support the need for weight management strategies for people with schizophrenia who take clozapine to focus on the enhancement of energy expenditure by increasing physical activity and reducing inactivity or sedentary behaviours, rather than relying primarily on strategies to reduce energy intake.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 17-02-2023
DOI: 10.2196/41280
Abstract: Social and behavioral determinants of health are increasingly recognized as central to effective person-centered intervention in clinical practice, disease management, and public health. Accordingly, social prescribing (SP) has received increased attention in recent times. The r ant global prevalence of obesity indicates that the customary, reductionistic, and disease-oriented biomedical approach to health service delivery is inadequate/ineffective at arresting the spread and mitigating the damaging consequences of the condition. There is an urgent need to shift the focus from reactive downstream disease-based treatments to more proactive, upstream, preventive action. In essence, this requires more effort to affect the paradigm shift from the traditional “biomedical approach of care” to a “biopsychosocial model” required to arrest the increasing prevalence of obesity. To this end, an SP approach, anchored in systems thinking, could be an effective means of moderating prevalence and consequences of obesity at a community level. The proposed SP intervention has the following three key objectives: (1) build a sustainable program for Circular Head based on SP, peer education, and health screening to minimize the incidence of obesity and related lifestyle diseases (2) increase service and workforce connectivity and collaboration and initiate the introduction of new services and activities for obesity prevention and community health promotion and (3) enhance health and well-being and minimize preventable adverse health outcomes of obesity and related lifestyle diseases through enhancement of food literacy and better nutrition, enhancement of physical literacy and habitual personal activity levels, and improvement of mental health, community connectedness, and reduction of social isolation. This paper describes a prospective SP strategy aimed at obesity prevention in Circular Head, a local government area in Northwest (NW) Tasmania. SP is a prominent strategy used in the Critical Age Periods Impacting the Trajectory of Obesogenic Lifestyles Project, which is an initiative based in NW Tasmania focused on assessing obesity prevention capacity. A social prescription model that facilitates the linkage of primary health screening with essential health care, education, and community resources through a dedicated “navigator” will be implemented. Four interlinked work packages will be implemented as part of the initial plan with each either building on existing resources or developing new initiatives. A multimethod approach to triangulate insights from quantitative and qualitative research that enables the assessment of impact on in iduals, community groups, and the health care system will be implemented within the initial pilot phase of the project. Literature is replete with rhetoric advocating complex system approaches to curtail obesity. However, real-life ex les of whole-of-systems interventions operationalized in ways that generate relevant evidence or effective policies are rare. The erse approach for primary prevention of obesity-related lifestyle diseases and strategies for improvement of health and well-being described in this instance will contribute toward closing this evidence gap. PRR1-10.2196/41280
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200737060-00006
Abstract: The obesity epidemic is a global trend and is of particular concern in children. Recent reports have highlighted the severity of obesity in children by suggesting: "today's generation of children will be the first for over a century for whom life expectancy falls." This review assesses the evidence that identifies the important role of physical activity in the growth, development and physical health of young people, owing to its numerous physical and psychological health benefits. Key issues, such as "does a sedentary lifestyle automatically lead to obesity" and "are levels of physical activity in today's children less than physical activity levels in children from previous generations?", are also discussed.Today's environment enforces an inactive lifestyle that is likely to contribute to a positive energy balance and childhood obesity. Whether a child or adolescent, the evidence is conclusive that physical activity is conducive to a healthy lifestyle and prevention of disease. Habitual physical activity established during the early years may provide the greatest likelihood of impact on mortality and longevity. It is evident that environmental factors need to change if physical activity strategies are to have a significant impact on increasing habitual physical activity levels in children and adolescents. There is also a need for more evidence-based physical activity guidelines for children of all ages. Efforts should be concentrated on facilitating an active lifestyle for children in an attempt to put a stop to the increasing prevalence of obese children.
Publisher: Oxford University PressOxford
Date: 08-2023
DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780192843968.003.0021
Abstract: Eating disorders are complex and multifactorial clinical conditions characterised by a negative self-evaluative style and a focus on body shape and weight. The prevalence of disturbed eating behaviour that falls short of the clinical threshold for diagnosis as illness is higher than frank eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Disturbed eating behaviours and frank eating disorders impact a significant proportion of the population and are more common in adolescent girls and young women. Although eating behaviour is a fundamental component of eating disorders, the limited consideration of other important factors, such as physical activity, point to a gap in the theoretical understanding of both aetiology and treatment options. Given the importance to general health and well-being and covariance with eating disorder symptomatology, the limited consideration of physical activity in theoretical frameworks, diagnostic schemes, and treatment paradigms is surprising. Current evidence suggests that treatment approaches to eating disorders should attempt to minimise physical activity in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and increase it in binge eating disorder. Further research is needed to better understand if, and if so how, physical activity might be incorporated as therapy for in iduals with disturbed eating behaviours or eating disorders.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 29-09-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-03-2008
Abstract: To determine the minimum number of days of dietary intake interviews required to reduce the effects of random error (day-to-day variability in dietary intake) when using the multiple-pass, multiple-day, 24-h recall method. Cross-sectional study. University research department. A total of 50 healthy non-smoking overweight and obese (body mass index=26-40 kg/m2) adult men and women aged 39-45 years completed the study. Participants were randomly selected from volunteers for a larger unrelated study. Each participant completed 10, multiple-pass, 24-h recall interviews on randomly chosen days over 4 weeks. The minimum number of record days was determined for each macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, protein) and energy, for each gender, to obtain a 'true' (unobservable) representative intake from reported (observed) dietary intakes. The greatest number of days required to obtain a 'true' representative intake was 8 days. Carbohydrate intakes required the greatest number of days of dietary record among males (7 days), whereas protein required the greatest number of days among females (8 days) in this cohort. Sunday was the day of the week that showed greatest variability in macronutrient intakes. Protein (P<0.05) and fat (P<0.001) intakes were significantly more variable than carbohydrate on Sundays compared with weekdays, for both men and women. A logistically achievable 8 days of dietary intake interviews was sufficient to minimize the effect of random error when using the multiple-pass, 24-h recall dietary intake method. Sunday should be included among the dietary interview days to ensure a 'true' representation of macronutrient intakes. This method can be confidently applied to small cohort studies in which dietary intakes from different groups are to be compared or to investigations of associations between nutrient intakes and disease.
Publisher: International Medical Publisher (Fundacion de Neurociencias)
Date: 2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-08-2020
DOI: 10.1111/OBR.13121
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-1996
DOI: 10.2466/PMS.1996.82.3.747
Abstract: For many people, there is a discrepancy between perceived and desired physical appearance. Attempts have been made to quantify this discrepancy as a measure of body-image disturbance however, the use of measurement scales which are not population-specific may bias the assessment. To investigate whether ratings of body-images were affected by the scale employed, 57 male and 40 female adolescents were tested using both adult and adolescent body-figure silhouette scales. Significant between-scale differences were found, with adolescents displaying consistently lower body-image ratings when viewing adult as opposed to adolescent scales. In addition, between-sex differences in discrepancy scores and correlations between discrepancy scores and another measure of body satisfaction were significantly influenced by the scale employed. The results confirm the need for population-specific measurement scales and the implementation of standardised assessment procedures.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2008.09.007
Abstract: Researchers and practitioners interested in assessing physical activity in children are often faced with the dilemma of what instrument to use. While there is a plethora of physical activity instruments to choose from, there is currently no guide regarding the suitability of common assessment instruments. The purpose of this paper is to provide a user's guide for selecting physical activity assessment instruments appropriate for use with children and adolescents. While recommendations regarding specific instruments are not provided, the guide offers information about key attributes and considerations for the use of eight physical activity assessment approaches: heart rate monitoring accelerometry pedometry direct observation self-report parent report teacher report and diaries/logs. Attributes of instruments and other factors to be considered in the selection of assessment instruments include: population (age) s le size respondent burden method/delivery mode assessment time frame physical activity information required (data output) data management measurement error cost (instrument and administration) and other limitations. A decision flow chart has been developed to assist researchers and practitioners to select an appropriate method of assessing physical activity. Five real-life scenarios are presented to illustrate this process in light of key instrument attributes. It is important that researchers, practitioners and policy makers understand the strengths and limitations of different methods of assessing physical activity, and are guided on selection of the most appropriate instrument/s to suit their needs.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-08-2010
Abstract: Obesity is affecting an increasing proportion of children globally. Despite an appreciation that physical activity is essential for the normal growth and development of children and prevents obesity and obesity-related health problems, too few children are physically active. A concurrent problem is that today's young people spend more time than previous generations did in sedentary pursuits, including watching television and engaging in screen-based games. Active behavior has been displaced by these inactive recreational choices, which has contributed to reductions in activity-related energy expenditure. Implementation of multifactorial solutions considered to offer the best chance of combating these trends is urgently required to redress the energy imbalance that characterizes obesity. The counterproductive 'shame and blame' mentality that apportions responsibility for the childhood obesity problem to sufferers, their parents, teachers or health-care providers needs to be changed. Instead, these groups should offer constant support and encouragement to promote appropriate physical activity in children. Failure to provide activity opportunities will increase the likelihood that the children of today will live less healthy (and possibly shorter) lives than their parents.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-01-2008
Abstract: To measure adherence to a specific exercise prescription (1500 kcal week(-1)) by objectively quantifying unsupervised exercise energy expenditure (ExEE) in obese women. The 16-week lifestyle intervention consisted of weekly meetings with research staff and promotion of increased ExEE (1500 kcal week(-1)) and a decreased dietary intake (-500 kcal day(-1)). Twenty-nine obese females (body mass index=36.8+/-5.0 kg m(-2), body fat=49.6+/-3.7%) from a hospital-based lifestyle intervention were included in the analysis. ExEE was estimated and monitored weekly using heart rate monitoring, and body composition was measured before and after the intervention by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Free-living adherence to the exercise prescription was variable and, on average, modest such that 14% achieved 1500 kcal week(-1), and the average weekly ExEE (768 kcal week(-1)) represented 51.2% of the total amount prescribed. ExEE was correlated with changes in body weight (r=0.65, P<0.001) and fat mass (r=0.65, P<0.001). Achievement of a 5% weight loss target was dependent on the achievement of an ExEE level of 1000 kcal week(-1) (P 1000 kcal week(-1)) lost more weight (-9.9 vs -4.1 kg), more fat mass (-6.8 vs -3.0 kg) and more waist circumference (-9.8 vs -5.6 cm) when compared to 'non-adherers' (<1000 kcal week(-1)). Exercise is an integral component of lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing obesity and its complications. However, without accurate and objective measures of ExEE, it is difficult for relationships between exercise and health outcomes to be elucidated. The present study suggests an alternative to self-report to increase the confidence with which conclusions are drawn regarding the role of exercise within lifestyle interventions.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1080/J.1440-1614.2003.01271.X
Abstract: Objective: The major aim of this paper is to review findings from weight management intervention studies to consider clozapine and/or olanzapine induced weight gain. A parallel aim is to summarize the challenges facing future research and provide an overview of best practice in the management of weight in mental health patients. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, Cinahl and PsychINFO data bases and reference lists from relevant published articles. Five studies which reported weight control practices in patients taking atypical antipsychotic medications were located and reviewed. Results: The studies reviewed provide some important descriptive clinical insights however, common shortcomings include small subject numbers and methodological drawbacks such as lack of a control group. Conclusions: There is some evidence that weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic medication can be ameliorated by lifestyle changes such as improved nutritional practices and increased physical activity. Lifestyle interventions for in iduals with psychotic disorders may need to be adapted to be most effective for ex le, using strategies to counter increased appetite and to enhance physical activity. Clinicians need to be vigilant and persistent in monitoring and intervening if weight gain occurs. A standardized screening tool and clinical pathway would help clinicians to target appropriate interventions for each person prescribed atypical antipsychotic medication.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 26-06-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-3018527/V1
Abstract: Background Accurate assessment of body composition during infancy is important, especially for understanding the effects of early growth on later health. This study aimed to develop an anthropometry-based approach to predict body composition in 3–24 month old infants from erse socioeconomic settings and ethnic groups. Methods An observational, longitudinal, prospective, multinational study of infants from birth to 24 months. Body composition was assessed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months using deuterium dilution (DD) and anthropometry. Linear mixed modelling was utilized to generate sex-specific fat mass(FM) and fat-free mass(FFM) prediction equations. Length(m), weight-for-length(kg/m), triceps and subscapular skinfolds and Asian ethnicity were used as predictor variables. The study s le consisted of 1896(942 measurements from 310 girls) training data sets, 941(441 measurements from 154 girls) validation data sets from Brazil, Pakistan, South Africa and Sri Lanka, and 349(185 measurements from 124 girls) data sets of infants at 6 months from South Africa, Australia and India of external validation group. Results Sex-specific equations for three age categories (3-9 months 10-18 months 19-24 months) were developed and validated and an external validation was performed on the test group. The root mean squared error(RMSE) was similar between validation and test data for assessment of FM and FFM. Root mean squared percentage error(RMSPE) and mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) in validation data were higher for predicting FM but lower for FFM compared to test data. Conclusions Anthropometry-based FFM prediction equations provide acceptable results which have the potential to be developed as a field tool.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-04-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1463-1326.2004.00467.X
Abstract: The aim of this study is to compare the effect of orlistat vs. placebo on the predicted 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in obese people with one or more cardiovascular risk factors treated for 12 months, in conjunction with a fat-reduced, but otherwise ad libitum, diet. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study was performed in conjunction with a fat-reduced diet and physical activity advice for 1 year. Participants (n = 339) from eight centres in Australia and New Zealand were randomized to either orlistat (120 mg) three times daily (n = 104 women, 66 men mean +/- s.d. age = 52.0 +/- 7.5 years, body mass index (BMI) = 37.6 +/- 5.1 kg/m(2)) or placebo three times daily (n = 89 women, 80 men age = 52.5 +/- 7.4 years, BMI = 38.0 +/- 4.9 kg/m(2)). The primary efficacy criterion was the 10-year risk of developing CVD calculated from the Framingham equation. Secondary efficacy criteria were body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure and serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol (total, LDL and HDL), glucose, insulin and glycated haemoglobin and quality of life. There was no difference in the change in 10-year CVD risk between orlistat and placebo groups over 1 year. The orlistat group, however, had significant favourable changes in many of the in idual CVD risk factors (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glucose, glycated haemoglobin, insulin, body weight and waist circumference) and one of the domains of quality of life measured by means of the SF-36 questionnaire (vitality), compared to the placebo group. Significant reductions in medication use for hypertension and diabetes were observed in the orlistat group, compared to those in placebo, but there were no significant differences in medication use for blood lipids. Orlistat may have reduced CVD risk, as judged by the favourable changes in in idual risk factors and reductions in medication use, but the method used in order to measure absolute CVD risk in this study (Framingham CVD equation) was not sensitive enough to detect the changes in this relatively low-risk group (approximately 10% of risk of a CVD event over 10 years).
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-12-2010
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1080/17477160802468470
Abstract: This study investigated differences in balance and postural skills in normal-weight versus overweight prepubertal boys. Fifty-seven 8-10-year-old boys were categorized overweight (N = 25) or normal-weight (N = 32) according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points for overweight in children. The Balance Master, a computerized pressure plate system, was used to objectively measure six balance skills: sit-to-stand, walk, step up/over, tandem walk (walking on a line), unilateral stance and limits of stability. In addition, three standardized field tests were employed: standing on one leg on a balance beam, walking heel-to-toe along the beam and the multiple sit-to-stand test. Overweight boys showed poorer performances on several items assessed on the Balance Master. Overweight boys had slower weight transfer (p < 0.05), lower rising index (p < 0.05) and greater sway velocity (p < 0.001) in the sit-to-stand test, greater step width while walking (p < 0.05) and lower speed when walking on a line (p < 0.01) compared with normal-weight counterparts. Performance on the step up/over test, the unilateral stance and the limits of stability were comparable between both groups. On the balance beam, overweight boys could not hold their balance on one leg as long (p < 0.001) and had fewer correct steps in the heel-to-toe test (p < 0.001) than normal-weight boys. Finally, overweight boys were slower in standing up and sitting down five times in the multiple sit-to-stand task (p < 0.01). This study demonstrates that when categorised by body mass index (BMI) level, overweight prepubertal boys displayed lower capacity on several static and dynamic balance and postural skills.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 25-09-2014
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 09-06-2023
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.15447
Abstract: The Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK) is a reliable and low-cost motor coordination test tool that has been used in several countries. However, whether the KTK is a reliable and valid instrument for use in Chinese children has not been assessed. Additionally, because the KTK was designed to incorporate locomotor, object control, and stability skills, and there is a lack of measurement tools that include stability skills assessment for Chinese children, the KTK’s value and validity are worth discussing. A total of 249 primary school children (131 boys 118 girls) aged 9–10 years from Shanghai were recruited in this study. Against the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3), the concurrent validity of the KTK was assessed. We also tested the retest reliability and internal consistency of the KTK. The test–retest reliability of the KTK was excellent (overall: r = 0.951 balancing backwards: r = 0.869 hopping for height: r = 0.918 jumping sideways: r = 0.877 moving sideways: r = 0.647). Except for the boys, the internal consistency of the KTK was higher than the acceptable level of Cronbach’s α 0.60 (overall: α = 0.618 boys: α = 0.583 girls: α = 0.664). Acceptable concurrent validity was found between the total scores for the KTK and TGMD-3 (overall: r = 0.420, p 0.001 boys: r = 0.411, p 0.001 girls: r = 0.437, p 0.001). The KTK is a reliable instrument for assessing the motor coordination of children in China. As such, the KTK can be used to monitor the level of motor coordination in Chinese children.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-09-2011
Abstract: Zambia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest prevalence rates of HIV, currently estimated at 14%. Poor nutritional status due to both protein-energy and micronutrient malnutrition has worsened this situation. In an attempt to address this combined problem, the government has instigated a number of strategies, including the provision of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment coupled with the promotion of good nutrition. High-energy protein supplement (HEPS) is particularly promoted however, the impact of this food supplement on the nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) beyond weight gain has not been assessed. Techniques for the assessment of nutritional status utilising objective measures of body composition are not commonly available in Zambia. The aim of this study is therefore to assess the impact of a food supplement on nutritional status using a comprehensive anthropometric protocol including measures of skinfold thickness and circumferences, plus the criterion deuterium dilution technique to assess total body water (TBW) and derive fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). This community-based controlled and longitudinal study aims to recruit 200 HIV-infected females commencing ARV treatment at two clinics in Lusaka, Zambia. Data will be collected at four time points: baseline, 4-month, 8-month and 12-month follow-up visits. Outcome measures to be assessed include body height and weight, body mass index (BMI), body composition, CD4, viral load and micronutrient status. This protocol describes a study that will provide a longitudinal assessment of the impact of a food supplement on the nutritional status of HIV-infected females initiating ARVs using a range of anthropometric and body composition assessment techniques. Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201108000303396.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-10-2013
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 13-07-2023
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-3136367/V1
Abstract: Background: Satisfactory nutrition knowledge among athletes is important to encourage proper dietary habits to overcome deficiencies and enhance sports performance. Identifying knowledge gaps in sports nutrition is essential for improving athletes' understanding, ideally through a contemporary tool that evaluates both general nutrition knowledge (GNK) and sports nutrition knowledge (SNK). This study aims to develop the Athletic Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (A-SNKQ) specifically for Sri Lankan track and field athletes. Methods: The development of the A-SNKQ followed an extensive step-wise approach. Firstly, a systematic literature review was conducted on existing SNK questionnaires for athletes. Secondly, sports nutrition guidelines were incorporated into the questionnaire. Thirdly, information from local literature was gathered to ensure contextual relevance. Lastly, a qualitative study involving key athletic stakeholders was conducted to gain cultural insights. Additional processes were implemented to format and translate the tool. Results: The final version of the questionnaire consists of 33 questions, categorized into 12 sub-sections under two main sections: GNK (n = 16) and SNK (n = 17). The GNK section covers topics such as macronutrients, micronutrients, energy balance, hydration, and weight management. The SNK section addresses specific areas related to sporting performance, including carbohydrate loading, pre-training meals, meals during training, post-training meals, sports supplements, supplement label reading, alcohol consumption, isotonic drinks, doping, and relative energy deficiency syndrome in sports (RED-S). The questionnaire utilizes two question formats, namely single-best response questions and multiple-choice questions. In addition, three sports supplement labels were included. Conclusions: The GNK section of the A-SNKQ addresses the fundamental nutritional concepts. Conversely, the SNK focuses on the knowledge associated with sporting performance among track and field athletes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-10-2023
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 05-2010
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-1998
DOI: 10.1079/PNS19980015
Abstract: The debate surrounding the level of intensity of exercise that is best for health improvement has potentially clouded the issue of optimal exercise prescription for weight management. Low-intensity activity is potentially superior to moderate to high intensity for improving metabolic risk factors, and accumulated small bouts of physical activity are as effective to this end as single longer bouts, as long as the overall volume of energy expenditure is equivalent. What should not be forgotten however, is that for weight-loss it is the total volume of energy expended that will dictate the size of the energy deficit imposed, not the composition of the exercise per se. Exercise prescription for weight management is a conundrum. Whilst it is the total volume of energy expended that will dictate the magnitude of weight lost, not the composition of the exercise per se, it is the nature of the exercise prescription that will dictate the long-term success of an exercise programme. It is how well the exercise prescription is in idualized that influences tolerance of and interest in the programme and, thus, the adherence to it in the long term.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2003
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1998
Abstract: Numerous approaches have been used to improve the science and art of exercise prescription, and particular challenges exist in the prescription of exercise intensity. Traditionally, work in the area has been the province of exercise physiologists interested in the improvement of training programmes for athletes, as opposed to the more widespread recent interest in health-related fitness and physical activity for all. The generalized approach to the provision of guidelines for exercise prescription has meant that in iduals have, at best, prediction equations which provide a wide band of heart rate between which they can work to derive health benefits. This paper explores some of the commonly employed submaximal markers of exercise intensity and proposes a number of approaches for improvements beyond generalized equations.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-08-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2010
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 06-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJPO-2021-001123
Abstract: This research evaluated (1) differences in body size and composition of Tasmanian infants at birth and 3 and 6 months postpartum compared with WHO child growth standards and (2) body composition changes in Tasmanian infants at the extremes of the weight-for-length (WFL) spectrum. Observational study. A hospital in Northern Tasmania, Australia. 315 healthy infants (~90% Caucasian) born between 2017 and 2019 in Tasmania. Body composition and anthropometric measures at 0, 3 and 6 months. Growth characteristics at birth and growth trajectories from 0 to 6 months were compared against WHO child growth standards for 0–2 years. Overall, growth of Tasmanian infants in the first 6 months of life was similar to the global prescriptive standards. Trajectories of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) accrual in infants from the extremes of the size spectrum appear to converge at the 6-month time point. Infants in the lower extremity demonstrated the most precipitous accrual in percentage FM (and the steepest decline in percentage FFM), compared with all other infants. No significant deviations of growth were observed in Tasmanian infants from 0 to 6 months in comparison to the WHO prescriptive growth standards. Infants below the third percentile WFL showed the most precipitous increase in FM accretion. Periodic comparisons local infants with global standards will enable identification of significant deviations from optimal growth patterns.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-07-2012
DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2012.109
Abstract: We investigated to what extent changes in metabolic rate and composition of weight loss explained the less-than-expected weight loss in obese men and women during a diet-plus-exercise intervention. In all, 16 obese men and women (41 ± 9 years body mass index (BMI) 39 ± 6 kg m(-2)) were investigated in energy balance before, after and twice during a 12-week very-low-energy diet(565-650 kcal per day) plus exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) intervention. The relative energy deficit (EDef) from baseline requirements was severe (74%-87%). Body composition was measured by deuterium dilution and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were converted into energy equivalents using constants 9.45 kcal per g FM and 1.13 kcal per g FFM. Predicted weight loss was calculated from the EDef using the '7700 kcal kg(-1) rule'. Changes in weight (-18.6 ± 5.0 kg), FM (-15.5 ± 4.3 kg) and FFM (-3.1 ± 1.9 kg) did not differ between genders. Measured weight loss was on average 67% of the predicted value, but ranged from 39% to 94%. Relative EDef was correlated with the decrease in RMR (R=0.70, P<0.01), and the decrease in RMR correlated with the difference between actual and expected weight loss (R=0.51, P<0.01). Changes in metabolic rate explained on average 67% of the less-than-expected weight loss, and variability in the proportion of weight lost as FM accounted for a further 5%. On average, after adjustment for changes in metabolic rate and body composition of weight lost, actual weight loss reached 90% of the predicted values. Although weight loss was 33% lower than predicted at baseline from standard energy equivalents, the majority of this differential was explained by physiological variables. Although lower-than-expected weight loss is often attributed to incomplete adherence to prescribed interventions, the influence of baseline calculation errors and metabolic downregulation should not be discounted.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 26-05-2015
DOI: 10.2196/RESPROT.2823
No related grants have been discovered for Andrew Hills.