ORCID Profile
0000-0001-7882-2950
Current Organisation
Deakin University
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-07-2016
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 15-09-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980021003980
Abstract: To characterise the prevalence and persistence of anaemia among Samoan children over a 2–3-year period. Data were from two consecutive waves (2015 and 2017–2018) of the Ola Tuputupua’e ‘Growing up’ study. Anaemia (Hb 11·0 or 11·5 g/dl for 2–4 and ≥ 5 years old, respectively) was considered ‘transient’ when it occurred at only one wave or ‘persistent’ if it was present at two consecutive waves. Child, maternal and household correlates of anaemia were examined using log-binomial and modified Poisson regressions. Eleven Samoan villages. Mother–child pairs ( n 257) recruited in 2015 and reassessed in 2017–2018. Anaemia prevalence was 33·9 % in 2015 and 28·0 % in 2017–2018 35·6 % of cases identified in 2015 were persistent. Risk of anaemia at only one wave was lower among children who were older in 2015 (age 4 v . 2 years, adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 0·54, (95 % CI 0·35, 0·84), P = 0·007), had older mothers (≥ 40 v . 18–29 years, aRR = 0·61, (95 % CI 0·39, 0·95), P = 0·029) and had higher daily sodium intake (for every 100 mg/d, aRR = 0·97, (95 % CI 0·95, 0·99), P = 0·003) than children with no anaemia. Children whose anaemia persisted were more likely to have had a mother with anaemia (aRR = 2·13, (95 % CI 1·17, 3·89), P = 0·013) and had higher daily dietary iron intake (for every 10 mg/d, aRR = 4·69, (95 % CI 1·33, 16·49), P = 0·016) than those with no anaemia. Alongside broadly targeted prevention efforts, which are warranted given the moderate-high anaemia prevalence observed, specific attention should be paid to children with risk factors for persistent anaemia. Routine screening of children whose mothers have anaemia should be encouraged.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-05-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-01-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00223-013-9700-3
Abstract: Athletes have higher bone mineral density (BMD) relative to nonathletes. In amenorrheic athletes BMD may be compromised by estrogen deficiency, but it is unknown whether this is accompanied by structural differences. We compared femoral neck bone geometry and density of a-/oligomenorrheic athletes (AAs), eumenorrheic athletes (EAs), and eumenorrheic controls (ECs). We recruited 156 women: (68 endurance athletes and 88 controls). Femoral neck BMD, section modulus (Z), and width were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Menstrual function was assessed by questionnaire and classified as EA (≥10 periods/year) or AA (≤9 periods/year): 24 athletes were AA and 44 EA. Femoral neck BMD was significantly higher in EA than AA (8 %, difference) and EC (11 % difference): mean [SE] 1.118 [0.015], 1.023 [0.020] and 0.999 [0.014] g cm(-2), respectively p < 0.001. Z was significantly higher in EA than EC (11 % difference): EA 667 [19], AA 625 [21], and EC 592 [10] cm(3) p < 0.001. Femoral neck width did not differ between groups. All differences persisted after adjustment for height, age, and body mass. The higher femoral neck Z and BMD in athletes, despite similar width, may indicate that exercise-related bone gains are endosteal rather than periosteal. Athletes with amenorrhea had smaller increments in bone mass rather than structural adaptation. The maintained femoral neck width in controls may be an adaptive mechanism to conserve bone strength in bending despite inactivity-related bone decrement.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-04-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-05-2021
DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1951351
Abstract: The " Height, weight, head circumference, mid-upper-arm circumference, and abdominal circumference, as well as subscapular, triceps, iliac crest and thigh skinfold thickness were measured among 107 toddlers with known rs373863828 genotype 42 of these toddlers completed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from which body composition (total body less head fat mass, lean mass, bone mass, % fat mass and % fat-free mass) was estimated. After controlling for sex and age, toddlers with at least one copy of the Whether greater linear growth in early childhood could contribute to the metabolically protective effects associated with the
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-04-2015
DOI: 10.1111/SMS.12453
Abstract: Studies of stress fracture (SF) incidence are limited in number and geographical location this study determined the incidence of SF injury in female endurance athletes based in the United Kingdom. A total of 70 athletes aged between 18 and 45 years were recruited and prospectively monitored for 12 months. Questionnaires at baseline and 12 months assessed SF, menstrual and training history, eating psychopathology, and compulsive exercise. Peak lower leg muscle strength was assessed in both legs using an isometric muscle rig. Bone mineral density (BMD) of total body, spine, hip, and radius was assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Among the 61 athletes who completed the 12-month monitoring, two sustained a SF diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, giving an incidence rate (95% confidence intervals) of 3.3 (0.8, 13.1) % of the study population sustaining a SF over 12 months. The SF cases were 800 m runners aged 19 and 22 years, training on average 14.2 h a week, eumenorrheic with no history of menstrual dysfunction. Case 1 had a higher than average energy intake and low eating psychopathology and compulsive exercise scores, while the reverse was true in case 2. BMD in both cases was similar to mean values in the non-SF group. The incidence of SF in our female endurance athlete population based in the United Kingdom was 3.3%, which is lower than previously reported. Further work is needed to confirm the current incidence of SF and evaluate the associated risk factors.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-11-2022
DOI: 10.1002/AJHB.23838
Abstract: In 1999, a set of highly accurate Polynesian‐specific equations to estimate adult body fat from non‐invasive field measures of age, sex, height, and weight (Equation 1), age, sex, height, weight, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) resistance (Equation 2), and age, sex, height, weight, and the sum of two skinfold thicknesses (Equation 3) were published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the equation‐based estimators in a s le of Samoan adults recruited 20 years later between 2017 and 2019. Age, sex, height, weight, BIA resistance, skinfold thickness, and fat mass as measured using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) were available for 432 Samoan adults (mean age 50.9 years, 56% female) seen in 2017/2019. We compared equation‐derived fat mass and DXA‐derived fat mass using scatterplots and Pearson correlation coefficients. We then updated the equation coefficient estimates in a training set (2/3 of the s le) and evaluated the performance of the updated equations in a testing set (the remaining 1/3 of the s le). Equation‐derived fat mass was strongly correlated with DXA‐derived fat mass for Equation (1) ( r 2 = 0.95, n = 432), Equation (2) ( r 2 = 0.97, n = 425), and Equation (3) ( r 2 = 0.95, n = 426). Updating the equation coefficient estimates resulted in mostly similar coefficients and nearly identical testing set performance for Equation (1) ( r 2 = 0.96, n = 153), Equation (2) ( r 2 = 0.98, n = 150), and Equation (3) ( r 2 = 0.96, n = 150). The Polynesian‐specific body fat estimation equations remained stable despite changing social and environmental factors and marked increase in obesity prevalence in Samoa.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-03-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S00223-016-0128-4
Abstract: Targeted weight-bearing activities during the pre-pubertal years can improve cortical bone mass, structure and distribution, but less is known about the influence of habitual physical activity (PA) and fitness. This study examined the effects of contrasting habitual PA and fitness levels on cortical bone density, geometry and mass distribution in pre-pubertal children. Boys (n = 241) and girls (n = 245) aged 7-9 years had a pQCT scan to measure tibial mid-shaft total, cortical and medullary area, cortical thickness, density, polar strength strain index (SSIpolar) and the mass/density distribution through the bone cortex (radial distribution ided into endo-, mid- and pericortical regions) and around the centre of mass (polar distribution). Four contrasting PA and fitness groups (inactive-unfit, inactive-fit, active-unfit, active-fit) were generated based on daily step counts (pedometer, 7-days) and fitness levels (20-m shuttle test and vertical jump) for boys and girls separately. Active-fit boys had 7.3-7.7 % greater cortical area and thickness compared to inactive-unfit boys (P < 0.05), which was largely due to a 6.4-7.8 % (P < 0.05) greater cortical mass in the posterior-lateral, medial and posterior-medial 66 % tibial regions. Cortical area was not significantly different across PA-fitness categories in girls, but active-fit girls had 6.1 % (P < 0.05) greater SSIpolar compared to inactive-fit girls, which was likely due to their 6.7 % (P < 0.05) greater total bone area. There was also a small region-specific cortical mass benefit in the posterior-medial 66 % tibia cortex in active-fit girls. Higher levels of habitual PA-fitness were associated with small regional-specific gains in 66 % tibial cortical bone mass in pre-pubertal children, particularly boys.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-02-2017
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980016003499
Abstract: Young children are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition as nutrition transition progresses. The present study aimed to document the prevalence, coexistence and correlates of nutritional status (stunting, overweight/obesity and anaemia) in Samoan children aged 24–59 months. A cross-sectional community-based survey. Height and weight were used to determine prevalence of stunting (height-for-age Z -score −2) and overweight/obesity (BMI-for-age Z -score +2) based on WHO growth standards. Anaemia was determined using an AimStrip Hemoglobin test system (Hb g/l). Ten villages on the Samoan island of Upolu. Mother–child pairs ( n 305) recruited using convenience s ling. Moderate or severe stunting was apparent in 20·3 % of children, 16·1 % were overweight/obese and 34·1 % were anaemic. Among the overweight/obese children, 28·6 % were also stunted and 42·9 % anaemic, indicating dual burden of malnutrition. Stunting was significantly less likely among girls (OR=0·41 95 % CI 0·21, 0·79, P ·01) than boys. Overweight/obesity was associated with higher family socio-economic status and decreased sugar intake (OR per 10 g/d=0·89, 95 % CI 0·80, 0·99, P =0·032). The odds of anaemia decreased with age and anaemia was more likely in children with an anaemic mother (OR=2·20 95 % CI 1·22, 3·98, P =0·007). No child, maternal or household characteristic was associated with more than one of the nutritional status outcomes, highlighting the need for condition-specific interventions in this age group. The observed prevalences of stunting, overweight/obesity and anaemia suggest that it is critical to invest in nutrition and develop health programmes targeting early childhood growth and development in Samoa.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 12-02-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.11.21251582
Abstract: The minor allele of rs373863828, a missense variant in CREBRF , is associated with higher BMI but lower odds of type 2 diabetes in Pacific Islanders. To test if this protective effect operates through metabolically favorable body fat distribution, we examined the association of the minor A allele with body composition, measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in a cross-sectional study of n =421 Samoan adults. We replicated our earlier finding that this allele was associated with higher weight and BMI, although it was statistically significant only in women. There was no significant association of genotype with percent body fat, visceral adiposity or fat distribution, although in women, the A allele was associated with greater total fat mass ( p =0.02), android ( p =0.009) and trunk fat ( p =0.01). In both sexes, age- and height-adjusted average lean mass was significantly greater per copy of the A allele: 2.16 kg/copy in women and 1.73 kg/copy in men. These data do not support a primary role of fat distribution in mediating the association between rs373863828 genotype and type 2 diabetes risk. We suggest an alternative hypothesis: those with the A allele may more efficiently regulate blood glucose because of their greater absolute lean mass.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-01-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00198-012-2242-0
Abstract: Evidence of measurement precision, annual changes and monitoring time interval is essential when designing and interpreting longitudinal studies. Despite the precise measures, small annual changes in bone properties led to monitoring time intervals (MTIs) of 2-6 years in peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived radial and tibial bone area, density, and estimated strength in postmenopausal women. The purpose of the study was to determine the precision error, annual change, and MTI in bone density, area, and strength parameters in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women (n = 114) from the Saskatoon cohort of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study had annual pQCT scans of the distal and shaft sites of the radius and tibia for 2 years. Median annualized rates of percent change and the MTI were calculated for bone density, area, and strength parameters. Root mean squared coefficients of variation (CV%) were calculated from duplicate scans in a random subgroup of 35 postmenopausal women. CV% ranged from 1.4 to 6.1 % at the radius and 0.7 to 2.1 % at the tibia. MTIs for the distal radius were 3 years for total bone density (ToD) and 4 years for total bone cross sectional area (ToA), trabecular area, and bone strength index. At the diaphyseal radius, MTI was 3 years for ToA, 5 years for cortical density, and 6 years for polar stress strain index (SSIp). Similarly, MTI for total and trabecular density was 3 years at the distal tibia. At the diaphyseal tibia, MTI for ToA was 3 years and SSIp 4 years. MTI for longitudinal studies in older postmenopausal women should be at least 2-6 years at the radius and tibia, with specific monitoring of the total and trabecular area, total density, and bone strength at the radius and total and trabecular density, total area, and bone strength at the tibia.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-06-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00223-014-9881-4
Abstract: High impact loading is known to prevent some of the age-related bone loss but its effects on the density distribution of cortical bone are relatively unknown. This study examined the effects of age and habitual sprinting on tibial and fibular mid-shaft bone traits (structural, cortical radial and polar bone mineral density distributions). Data from 67 habitual male sprinters aged 19-39 and 65-84 years, and 60 non-athletic men (referents) aged 21-39 and 65-80 years are reported. Tibial and fibular mid-shaft bone traits (strength strain index SSI, cortical density CoD, and polar and radial cortical density distributions) were assessed with peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for height and body mass indicated that the sprinters had 21 % greater tibial SSI (P < 0.001) compared to the referents, with no group × age-group interaction (P = 0.54). At the fibula no group difference or group × age-group interaction was identified (P = 0.12-0.81). For tibial radial density distribution ANCOVA indicated no group × radial ision (P = 0.50) or group × age-group × ision interaction (P = 0.63), whereas an age × radial ision interaction was observed (P < 0.001). For polar density distribution, no age-group × polar sector (P = 0.21), group × polar sector (P = 0.46), or group × age-group × polar sector interactions were detected (P = 0.15). Habitual sprint training appears to maintain tibial bone strength, but not radial cortical density distribution into older age. Fibular bone strength appeared unaffected by habitual sprinting.
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 06-12-2019
Abstract: he prevalence of obesity and diabetes in Samoa, like many other Pacific Island nations, has reached epidemic proportions. Although the etiology of these conditions can be largely attributed to the rapidly changing economic and nutritional environment, a recently identified genetic variant, rs373863828 (CREB 3 regulatory factor, CREBRF: c.1370G& A p.[R457Q]) is associated with increased odds of obesity, but paradoxically, decreased odds of diabetes. he overarching goal of the Soifua Manuia (Good Health) study was to precisely characterize the association of the i CREBRF /i variant with metabolic (body composition and glucose homeostasis) and behavioral traits (dietary intake, physical activity, sleep, and weight control behaviors) that influence energy homeostasis in 500 adults. cohort of adult Samoans who participated in a genome-wide association study of adiposity in Samoa in 2010 was followed up, based on the presence or absence of the i CREBRF /i variant, between August 2017 and March 2019. Over a period of 7-10 days, each participant completed the main study protocol, which consisted of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, circumferences, and skinfolds), body composition assessment (bioelectrical impedance and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), point-of-care glycated hemoglobin measurement, a fasting blood draw and oral glucose tolerance test, urine collection, blood pressure measurement, hand grip strength measurement, objective physical activity and sleep apnea monitoring, and questionnaire measures (eg, health interview, cigarette and alcohol use, food frequency questionnaire, socioeconomic position, stress, social support, food and water insecurity, sleep, body image, and dietary preferences). In January 2019, a subs le of the study participants (n=118) completed a buttock fat biopsy procedure to collect subcutaneous adipose tissue s les. nrollment of 519 participants was completed in March 2019. Data analyses are ongoing, with results expected in 2020 and 2021. hile the genetic variant rs373863828, in CREBRF, has the largest known effect size of any identified common obesity gene, very little is currently understood about the mechanisms by which it confers increased odds of obesity but paradoxically lowered odds of type 2 diabetes. The results of this study will provide insights into how the gene functions on a whole-body level, which could provide novel targets to prevent or treat obesity, diabetes, and associated metabolic disorders. This study represents the human arm of a comprehensive and integrated approach involving humans as well as preclinical models that will provide novel insights into metabolic disease. R1-10.2196/17329
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 23-07-2020
DOI: 10.2196/17329
Abstract: The prevalence of obesity and diabetes in Samoa, like many other Pacific Island nations, has reached epidemic proportions. Although the etiology of these conditions can be largely attributed to the rapidly changing economic and nutritional environment, a recently identified genetic variant, rs373863828 (CREB 3 regulatory factor, CREBRF: c.1370G A p.[R457Q]) is associated with increased odds of obesity, but paradoxically, decreased odds of diabetes. The overarching goal of the Soifua Manuia (Good Health) study was to precisely characterize the association of the CREBRF variant with metabolic (body composition and glucose homeostasis) and behavioral traits (dietary intake, physical activity, sleep, and weight control behaviors) that influence energy homeostasis in 500 adults. A cohort of adult Samoans who participated in a genome-wide association study of adiposity in Samoa in 2010 was followed up, based on the presence or absence of the CREBRF variant, between August 2017 and March 2019. Over a period of 7-10 days, each participant completed the main study protocol, which consisted of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, circumferences, and skinfolds), body composition assessment (bioelectrical impedance and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), point-of-care glycated hemoglobin measurement, a fasting blood draw and oral glucose tolerance test, urine collection, blood pressure measurement, hand grip strength measurement, objective physical activity and sleep apnea monitoring, and questionnaire measures (eg, health interview, cigarette and alcohol use, food frequency questionnaire, socioeconomic position, stress, social support, food and water insecurity, sleep, body image, and dietary preferences). In January 2019, a subs le of the study participants (n=118) completed a buttock fat biopsy procedure to collect subcutaneous adipose tissue s les. Enrollment of 519 participants was completed in March 2019. Data analyses are ongoing, with results expected in 2020 and 2021. While the genetic variant rs373863828, in CREBRF, has the largest known effect size of any identified common obesity gene, very little is currently understood about the mechanisms by which it confers increased odds of obesity but paradoxically lowered odds of type 2 diabetes. The results of this study will provide insights into how the gene functions on a whole-body level, which could provide novel targets to prevent or treat obesity, diabetes, and associated metabolic disorders. This study represents the human arm of a comprehensive and integrated approach involving humans as well as preclinical models that will provide novel insights into metabolic disease. RR1-10.2196/17329
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-02-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2013
Abstract: Despite extensive research on risk factors associated with falling in older adults, and current fall prevention interventions focusing on modifiable risk factors, there is a lack of detailed accounts of sex differences in risk factors, circumstances and consequences of falls in the literature. We examined the circumstances, consequences and resulting injuries of indoor and outdoor falls according to sex in a population study of older adults. Men and women 65 years and older (N = 743) were followed for fall events from the Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect, and Zest in the Elderly (MOBILIZE) Boston prospective cohort study. Baseline measurements were collected by comprehensive clinical assessments, home visits and questionnaires. During the follow-up (median = 2.9 years), participants recorded daily fall occurrences on a monthly calendar, and fall circumstances were determined by a telephone interview. Falls were categorized by activity and place of falling. Circumstance-specific annualized fall rates were calculated and compared between men and women using negative binomial regression models. Women had lower rates of outdoor falls overall (Crude Rate Ratio (RR): 0.72, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.56-0.92), in locations of recreation (RR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17-0.70), during vigorous activity (RR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.81) and on snowy or icy surfaces (RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36-0.86) compared to men. Women and men did not differ significantly in their rates of falls outdoors on sidewalks, streets, and curbs, and during walking. Compared to men, women had greater fall rates in the kitchen (RR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.04-3.40) and while performing household activities (RR: 3.68, 95% CI: 1.50-8.98). The injurious outdoor fall rates were equivalent in both sexes. Women’s overall rate of injurious indoor falls was nearly twice that of men’s (RR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.44-2.72), especially in the kitchen (RR: 6.83, 95% CI: 2.05-22.79), their own home (RR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.30-2.59) and another residential home (RR: 4.65, 95% CI: 1.05-20.66) or other buildings (RR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.18-4.44). Significant sex differences exist in the circumstances and injury potential when older adults fall indoors and outdoors, highlighting a need for focused prevention strategies for men and women.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-03-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S11914-014-0207-2
Abstract: Regular exercise and adequate nutrition, particularly dietary calcium, vitamin D, and protein, are prescribed as strategies to optimize peak bone mass and maintain bone and muscle health throughout life. Although the mechanism of action of exercise and nutrition on bone and muscle health are different-exercise has a site-specific modifying effect, whereas nutrition has a permissive generalized effect-there is evidence that combining calcium (or calcium rich dairy foods) or dietary protein with exercise can have a synergetic effect on bone mass and muscle health, respectively. However, many questions still remain as to whether there is a threshold level for these nutrients to optimize the exercise-induced gains. Further studies are also needed to investigate whether other dietary factors, such as vitamin D, soy isoflavones or omega-3 fatty acids, or a multinutrient supplement, can enhance the effects of exercise on bone and muscle health.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-01-2014
DOI: 10.1002/JBMR.2055
Abstract: The long-term benefits of habitual physical activity during adolescence on adult bone structure and strength are poorly understood. We investigated whether physically active adolescents had greater bone size, density, content, and estimated bone strength in young adulthood when compared to their peers who were inactive during adolescence. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used to measure the tibia and radius of 122 (73 females) participants (age mean ± SD, 29.3 ± 2.3 years) of the Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (PBMAS). Total bone area (ToA), cortical density (CoD), cortical area (CoA), cortical content (CoC), and estimated bone strength in torsion (SSIp ) and muscle area (MuA) were measured at the diaphyses (66% tibia and 65% radius). Total density (ToD), trabecular density (TrD), trabecular content (TrC), and estimated bone strength in compression (BSIc ) were measured at the distal ends (4%). Participants were grouped by their adolescent physical activity (PA) levels (inactive, average, and active) based on mean PA Z-scores obtained from serial questionnaire assessments completed during adolescence. We compared adult bone outcomes across adolescent PA groups in each sex using analysis of covariance followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments. When adjusted for adult height, MuA, and PA, adult males who were more physically active than their peers in adolescence had 13% greater adjusted torsional bone strength (SSIp , p < 0.05) and 10% greater adjusted ToA (p < 0.05) at the tibia diaphysis. Females who were more active in adolescence had 10% larger adjusted CoA (p < 0.05), 12% greater adjusted CoC (p < 0.05) at the tibia diaphysis, and 3% greater adjusted TrC (p < 0.05) at the distal tibia when compared to their inactive peers. Benefits to tibia bone size, content, and strength in those who were more active during adolescence seemed to persist into young adulthood, with greater ToA and SSIp in males, and greater CoA, CoC, and TrC in females.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-03-2015
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2011
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Rachel Duckham.