ORCID Profile
0000-0001-8464-7343
Current Organisation
University of Tasmania
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Plant Biology | Marine And Estuarine Ecology (Incl. Marine Ichthyology) | Phycology | Geology | Biological Oceanography | Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology) | Phycology (incl. Marine Grasses) | Microbial Ecology | Separation Science | Microbiology | Civil Engineering | Plant Cell and Molecular Biology | Neurosciences | Molecular Evolution | Palaeontology (incl. Palynology) | Ore Deposit Petrology | Biochemistry And Cell Biology Not Elsewhere Classified | Organic Chemical Synthesis | Oceanography | Photogrammetry And Remote Sensing | Agroforestry | Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology | Ore Deposit Petrology | Central Nervous System | Other Chemical Sciences | Bacteriology | Fish Pests and Diseases | Environmental Chemistry (incl. Atmospheric Chemistry) | Conservation and Biodiversity | Environmental Monitoring | Freshwater Ecology | Water Resources Engineering | Infrastructure Engineering and Asset Management | Fisheries Sciences | Civil Engineering Not Elsewhere Classified | Biologically Active Molecules | Biological Oceanography | Chemical Oceanography | Global Change Biology | Microbial Genetics | Gene Expression | Population And Ecological Genetics | Crop and Pasture Biochemistry and Physiology | Environmental Chemistry (Incl. Atmospheric Chemistry) | Animal Physiology—Systems | Cellular Nervous System | Diagnostic Applications |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Climate change | Aquaculture | Living resources (flora and fauna) | Coastal and Estuarine Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity | Aquaculture Fin Fish (excl. Tuna) | Hydro-electric | Biological sciences | Marine Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity | Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change | Living resources (flora and fauna) | Hardwood plantations | Field crops | Control of Animal Pests, Diseases and Exotic Species in Coastal and Estuarine Environments | Aquaculture Oysters | Nervous System and Disorders | Marine Oceanic Processes (excl. climate related) | Earth sciences | Chemical sciences | Integrated (ecosystem) assessment and management | Fisheries - Wild Caught not elsewhere classified | Diagnostics | Coastal and Marine Management Policy | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Coastal and Estuarine Environments | Wild Caught Fin Fish (excl. Tuna) | Nervous system and disorders | Land and water management | Control of pests and exotic species | Water services and utilities | Coastal and Estuarine Water Management | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Marine Environments | Food Safety
Related Links
Publications
Drag force and surface roughness measurements on freshwater biofouled surfaces
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-04-2010
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.482208
Abstract: The detrimental effect of biofilms on skin friction for near wall flows is well known. The diatom genera Gomphonema and Tabellaria dominated the biofilm mat in the freshwater open channels of the Tarraleah Hydropower Scheme in Tasmania, Australia. A multi-faceted approach was adopted to investigate the drag penalty for biofouled 1.0 m x 0.6 m test plates which incorporated species identification, drag measurement in a recirculating water tunnel and surface characterisation using close-range photogrammetry. Increases in total drag coefficient of up to 99% were measured over clean surface values for biofouled test plates incubated under flow conditions in a hydropower canal. The effective roughness of the biofouled surfaces was found to be larger than the physical roughness the additional energy dissipation was caused in part by the vibration of the biofilms in three-dimensions under flow conditions. The data indicate that there was a roughly linear relationship between the maximum peak-to-valley height of a biofilm and the total drag coefficient.
Harmful Algae Introductions: Vectors of Transfer, Mitigation, and Management
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2018
New observations on the Antarctic Asteromphalus darwinii/hookeri diatom species-complex (Asterolampraceae)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-06-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00300-023-03160-6
Abstract: Antarctic diatom populations of Asteromphalus hookeri and related species such as A. hyalinus and A. parvulus exhibit a highly variable number of hyaline rays ranging from 3 broad + 1 narrow (3 + 1) in the smallest valves, with 4 + 1 (27%) and 5 + 1 rays (35%) most common, and 6 + 1, 7 + 1, and rarely 8 + 1 rays only in larger cells. During December 1959 to April 1960 in the southern sector of the Atlantic Ocean, 6% of valves occurred as “double forms” with epitheca and hypotheca of the same cell exhibiting 4 + 1/3 + 1, 5 + 1/4 + 1, 6 + 1/5 + 1 and 7 + 1/6 + 1 ray combinations. Smaller cells (3 + 1, 4 + 1) always exhibited jagged separating lines in the central area, but larger cells (7 + 1, 8 + 1) had mostly smooth lines, and either jagged or smooth separating lines occurred in intermediate 5 + 1 and 6 + 1 forms, respectively. Epitheca and hypotheca of one and the same cell always exhibited jagged or smooth separating lines, but never mixtures. Observations of silica deposition during October to November 2011 around the Kerguelen Island plateau using the PDMPO fluorescent marker suggest that Asteromphalus separating lines play a key role in silica cell wall development. We discuss implications for taxonomy of what we designate as two highly variable and often confused and overlapping cold-water diatom taxa, A. darwinii (jagged separating lines synonyms A. beaumontii, A. hyalinus, A. leboimei , A. parvulus, A. rossii ) and A. hookeri (smooth separating lines synonyms A. antarcticus, A. buchii ).
Global harmful algal bloom status reporting
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Shirley Winifred Jeffrey 1930–2014
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/HR16002
Abstract: Australian scientist Shirley Jeffrey was a pioneer in oceanographic research, identifying the thentheoretical chlorophyll c, and was a worldwide leader in the application of pigment methods in quantifying phytoplankton as the foundation of the oceanic food supply. Her research paved the way for the successful application of microalgae in aquaculture around the world. Jeffrey earned bachelor's and master's degrees at University of Sydney, majoring in microbiology and biochemistry, followed by a PhD from the King's College London Hospital Medical School. Returning to Sydney, she was hired by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) to research chlorophyll c. Following this successful effort, she became a research fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1962 to 1964. She then became affiliated with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. After a 1973 sabbatical at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, she returned to CSIRO, where she spent the rest of her career.
Phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages in ballast water of U.S. military ships as a function of port of origin, voyage time, and ocean exchange practices
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2007
Species of the Diatom Genus Pseudonitzschia in Australian Waters
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 1994
Accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins by Australian abalone Haliotis rubra : Conclusive association with Gymnodinium catenatum dinoflagellate blooms
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
Species of the Diatom Genus Thalassiosira in Australian Waters
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 1984
A Comparative Analysis of Methods (LC-MS/MS, LC-MS and Rapid Test Kits) for the Determination of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins in Oysters, Mussels and Pipis
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-01-1970
Abstract: Rapid methods for the detection of biotoxins in shellfish can assist the seafood industry and safeguard public health. Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSTs) are produced by species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis, yet the comparative efficacy of their detection methods has not been systematically determined. Here, we examined DSTs in spiked and naturally contaminated shellfish–Sydney Rock Oysters (Saccostrea glomerata), Pacific Oysters (Magallana gigas/Crassostrea gigas), Blue Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Pipis (Plebidonax deltoides/Donax deltoides), using LC-MS/MS and LC-MS in 4 laboratories, and 5 rapid test kits (quantitative Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PP2A), and qualitative Lateral Flow Assay (LFA)). We found all toxins in all species could be recovered by all laboratories using LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography—tandem Mass Spectrometry) and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry) however, DST recovery at low and mid-level concentrations ( .1 mg/kg) was variable (0–150%), while recovery at high-level concentrations ( .86 mg/kg) was higher (60–262%). While no clear differences were observed between shellfish, all kits delivered an unacceptably high level (25–100%) of falsely compliant results for spiked s les. The LFA and the PP2A kits performed satisfactorily for naturally contaminated pipis (0%, 5% falsely compliant, respectively). There were correlations between spiked DSTs and quantitative methods was highest for LC-MS (r2 = 0.86) and the PP2A kit (r2 = 0.72). Overall, our results do not support the use of any DST rapid test kit as a stand-alone quality assurance measure at this time.
Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-01-2019
DOI: 10.1111/GEB.12853
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT AND GENETIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO SOUTHERN OCEAN MORPHOTYPES OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA)1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-05-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1529-8817.2011.00992.X
Abstract: The widespread coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. Mohler plays a pivotal role in the carbon pump and is known to exhibit significant morphological, genetic, and physiological ersity. In this study, we compared photosynthetic pigments and morphology of triplicate strains of Southern Ocean types A and B/C. The two morphotypes differed in width of coccolith distal shield elements (0.11-0.24 μm, type A 0.06-0.12 μm, type B/C) and morphology of distal shield central area (grill of curved rods in type A thin plain plate in type B/C) and showed differences in carotenoid composition. The mean 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (Hex):chl a ratio in type B/C was >1, whereas the type A ratio was <1. The Hex:fucoxanthin (fuc) ratio for type B/C was 11 times greater than that for type A, and the proportion of fuc in type A was 6 times higher than that in type B/C. The fuc derivative 4-keto-19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (4-keto-hex) was present in type A but undetected in B/C. DNA sequencing of tufA distinguished morphotypes A, B/C (indistinguishable from B), and R, while little variation was observed within morphotypes. Thirty single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the 710 bp tufA sequence, of which 10 alleles were unique to B/C and B morphotypes, seven alleles were unique to type A, and six alleles were unique to type R. We propose that the morphologically, physiologically, and genetically distinct Southern Ocean type B/C sensu Young et al. (2003) be classified as E. huxleyi var. aurorae var. nov. S. S. Cook et Hallegr.
Studies of Phytoplankton Species and Photosynthetic Pigments in a Warm Core Eddy of the East Australian Current. II. A Note on Pigment Methodology
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1980
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS003295
Comparative ecophysiology of the harmful alga Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) from South Australian and Japanese waters
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-1999
Short cyst-dormancy period of an Australian isolate of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.1071/MF97264
Abstract: Cyst beds of Alexandrium catenella (a causative organism of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) are widespread in New South Wales coastal and estuarine waters (temperature range 13–25˚C). Cysts produced by cultured isolates exhibited dormancy periods at 17˚C as short as 28–55 days. This contrasts with the usually longer dormancy requirements of temperate populations of A. catenella from Japan (97 days at 23˚C) and of A. tamarense from Cape Cod or British Columbia. With some Australian cysts, a 1-h temperature increase from 17˚ to 25˚C (equivalent to summer heating of shallow estuaries) improved germination success (up to 100% germination achieved after 98 days), but cold–dark storage did not produce the lengthened dormancy requirements that have been reported overseas for overwintering temperate cyst populations. The significance of this finding is that different geographic isolates of the same dinoflagellate taxon can have different cyst dormancy requirements which play different ecological roles (overwintering strategy v. rapid cycling between benthos and plankton).
Coccolithophorids (Calcareous Nanoplankton) from Australian Waters
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 1984
Detection of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels and oysters using the qualitative neogen lateral-flow immunoassay: an interlaboratory study
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2018
Abstract: Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in bivalve molluscs represent a public health risk and are controlled via compliance with a regulatory limit of 0.8 mg saxitoxin (STX)⋅2HCl equivalents per kilogram of shellfish meat (eq/kg). Shellfish industries would benefit from the use of rapid immunological screening tests for PSTs to be used for regulation, but to date none have been fully validated. An interlaboratory study involving 16 laboratories was performed to determine the suitability of the Neogen test to detect PSTs in mussels and oysters. Participants performed the standard protocol recommended by the manufacturer and a modified protocol with a conversion step to improve detection of gonyautoxin 1& . The statistical analysis showed that the protocols had good homogeneity across all laboratories, with satisfactory repeatability, laboratory, and reproducibility variation near the regulatory level. The mean probability of detection (POD) at 0.8 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg using the standard protocol in mussels and oysters was 0.966 and 0.997, respectively, and 0.968 and 0.966 using the modified protocol. The estimated LOD in mussels was 0.316 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg with the standard and 0.682 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg with the modified protocol, and 0.710 and 0.734 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg for oysters, respectively. The Neogen test may be acceptable for regulatory purposes for oysters in accordance with European Commission directives in which the standard protocol provides, at the regulatory level, a probability of a negative response of 0.033 on 95% of occasions. Its use for mussels is less consistent at the regulatory level due to the wide prediction interval around the POD.
Succession and physiological health of freshwater microalgal fouling in a Tasmanian hydropower canal
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-07-2010
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.506610
Abstract: Freshwater microalgal biofouling in hydropower canals in Tarraleah, Tasmania, is dominated by a single diatom species, Gomphonema tarraleahae. The microfouling community is under investigation with the aim of reducing its impact on electricity generation. Species succession was investigated using removable glass slides. Fouled slides were examined microscopically and for chlorophyll a biomass. Chl a biomass increased steeply after 8 weeks (0.09-0.87 mg m(-2)), but increased much earlier on slides surrounded by a biofouled inoculum. Succession began with low profile diatoms such as Tabellaria flocculosa, progressing to stalked diatoms such as Gomphonema spp. and Cymbella aspera. Few chlorophytes and no filamentous algae were present. Pulse litude modulated fluorometry was used to measure the physiological health of fouling on the canal wall. Maximum quantum yield (F(v)/F(m)) measurements were consistently <0.18, indicating that the fouling mat consisted of dead or dying algae. The succession and physiological health of cells in the fouling community has broad implications for mitigation techniques used.
The 1995 mass mortality of pilchard: No role found for physical or biological oceanographic factors in Australia
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1071/MF96052
Abstract: An unprecedented mass mortality of pilchard, Sardinops sagax, occurred in Australia in 1995, spreading east and west from the Great Australian Bight at approximately 0á5 m s-1 and 0·3 m s-1 respectively to span the 6000-km range of the species from Noosa, Queensland, to Geraldton, Western Australia. Mortalities with the same clinical signs of hypoxia also occurred in New Zealand. Upwelling and phytoplankton blooms preceded the first mortalities, leading to widely publicized speculation that environmental stress caused the mortalities. However, upwellings as strong as in February 1995 off Eyre Peninsula occur as often as once every three or four years, and environmental conditions surrounding mortalities elsewhere were normal. Phytoplankton blooms were absent through much of the range where they did accompany mortalities they were of widely differing species. Hence, the hypothesis that environmental stress caused the mortalities is quite confidently rejected. The hypothesis that ocean currents were a vector of an aeteological agent is also rejected, since the Leeuwin and East Australian currents were both flowing strongly against the spread of mortalities. Other potential vectors exist, however, so the hypothesis that an introduced pathogen was responsible cannot be rejected.
Diatom and dinoflagellate assemblages of the Hawkesbury River, N.S.W., over the last two centuries: evidence for changes in hydrology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2004
Tropical phytoplankton species and pigments of continental shelf waters of North and North-West Australia
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1984
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS020059
Chemotaxonomic survey of sterols and fatty acids in six marine raphidophyte algae
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2002
Transport of toxic dinoflagellate cysts via ships' ballast water
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1991
Temperature tolerances of toxic dinoflagellate cysts: application to the treatment of ships' ballast water
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1997
Aspergillus Sydowii Marine Fungal Bloom in Australian Coastal Waters, Its Metabolites and Potential Impact on Symbiodinium Dinoflagellates
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-03-2016
DOI: 10.3390/MD14030059
Progress in Understanding Algal Bloom-Mediated Fish Kills: The Role of Superoxide Radicals, Phycotoxins and Fatty Acids
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 21-07-2015
Production of pinnatoxins E, F and G by scrippsielloid dinoflagellates isolated from Franklin Harbour, South Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2011
Marine planktonic dinophysoid dinoflagellates (order Dinophysales): 60 years of species-level distributions in Australian waters
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 09-12-2022
DOI: 10.1071/SB21023
Abstract: We reviewed 9350 Australian species-level records and confirmed 64 species of the marine planktonic dinoflagellate genera Dinophysis Ehrenb. (17 species), Phalacroma F.Stein (12), Metaphalacroma L.S.Tai (1), Pseudophalacroma Jörg. (1), Ornithocercus F.Stein (7), Histioneis F.Stein (11 spp.), Parahistioneis Kof. & Skogsb. (4), Histiophysis (Kof. & Mich.) Kof. & Skogsb. (1), Citharistes F.Stein (2) and Amphisolenia F.Stein (8), from the period 1938–2019. The widespread D. acuminata Clap. & J.Lachm., D. acuta Ehrenb., D. caudata Kent, D. fortii Pavill., and D. tripos Gourret have attracted attention as causative organisms of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in temperate Australian waters. We discriminate between Dinophysis and Phalacroma. We newly report from Australian waters O. assimilis Jörg., Metaphalacroma skogsbergii L.S.Tai, Parahistioneis pieltainii Osorio-Taffal, Amphisolenia extensa Kof., A. inflata G.Murr. & Whitt. and A. rectangulata Kof. We rediscovered Histiophysis rugosa (Kof. & Mich.) Kof. & Skogsb. here illustrated with two cells from the Coral Sea. The ornate tropical genera Ornithocercus and Histioneis are excellent warm-water indicators, reflecting the southward reach of the East Australian and Leeuwin currents, whereas D. truncata Cleve is a cold-water Subantarctic species.
Genotyping an <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> (prymnesiophyceae) bloom event in the North Sea reveals evidence of asexual reproduction
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 29-09-2014
Abstract: Abstract. Due to the unprecedented rate at which our climate is changing, the ultimate consequence for many species is likely to be either extinction or migration to an alternate habitat. Certain species might, however, evolve at a rate that could make them resilient to the effects of a rapidly changing environment. This scenario is most likely to apply to species that have large population sizes and rapid generation times, such that the genetic variation required for adaptive evolution can be readily supplied. Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay and Mohler (Prymnesiophyceae) is likely to be such a species, as it is the most conspicuous extant calcareous phytoplankton species in our oceans with growth rates of 1 day−1. Here we report on a validated set of microsatellites, in conjunction with the coccolithophore morphology motif genetic marker, to genotype 93 clonal isolates collected from across the world. Of these, 52 came from a single bloom event in the North Sea collected on the D366 United Kingdom Ocean Acidification cruise in June–July 2011. There were 26 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) encountered only once in the North Sea bloom and 8 MLGs encountered twice or up to six times. Each of these repeated MLGs exhibited Psex values of less than 0.05, indicating each repeated MLG was the product of asexual reproduction and not separate meiotic events. In addition, we show that the two most polymorphic microsatellite loci, EHMS37 and P01E05, are reporting on regions likely undergoing rapid genetic drift during asexual reproduction. Despite the small s le size, there were many more repeated genotypes than previously reported for other bloom-forming phytoplankton species, including a previously genotyped E. huxleyi bloom event. This study challenges the current assumption that sexual reproduction predominates during bloom events. Whilst genetic ersity is high amongst extant populations of E. huxleyi, the root cause for this ersity and ultimate fate of these populations still requires further examination. Nonetheless, we show that certain CMM genotypes are found everywhere, while others appear to have a regional bias.
An optimized method for the extraction of ancient eukaryote DNA from marine sediments
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-05-2020
Ichthyotoxicity of gymnodinioid dinoflagellates: PUFA and superoxide effects in sheepshead minnow larvae and rainbow trout gill cells
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 28-03-2011
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS09036
Ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) to damselfish (Acanthochromis polycanthus): the synergistic role of reactive oxygen species and free fatty acids
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2003
Species of the Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Genus Alexandrium in Southeastern Australian Waters
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 1991
PIGMENTS, FATTY ACIDS, AND STEROLS OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1991
Retrospective eDNA assessment of potentially harmful algae in historical ship ballast tank and marine port sediments
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1969
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.15055
Abstract: Microalgal bloom events can cause major ecosystem disturbances, devastate local marine economies, and endanger public health. Therefore, detecting and monitoring harmful microalgal taxa is essential to ensure effective risk management in waterways used for fisheries, aquaculture, recreational activity, and shipping. To fully understand the current status and future direction of algal bloom distributions, we need to know how populations and ecosystems have changed over time. This baseline knowledge is critical for predicting ecosystem responses to future anthropogenic change and will assist in the future management of coastal ecosystems. We explore a NGS metabarcoding approach to rapidly identify potentially harmful microalgal taxa in 63 historic and modern Australian marine port and ballast tank sediment s les. The results provide a record of past microalgal distribution and important baseline data that can be used to assess the efficacy of shipping guidelines, nutrient pollution mitigation, and predict the impact of climate change. Critically, eDNA surveys of archived sediments were able to detect harmful algal taxa that do not produce microscopic fossils, such as Chattonella, Heterosigma, Karlodinium, and Noctiluca. Our data suggest a potential increase in Australian harmful microalgal taxa over the past 30 years, and confirm ship ballast tanks as key dispersal vectors. These molecular mapping tools will assist in the creation of policies aimed at reducing the global increase and spread of harmful algal taxa and help prevent economic and public-health problems caused by harmful algal blooms.
Comparative performance of four immunological test kits for the detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Tasmanian shellfish
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.TOXICON.2016.11.262
Abstract: Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Group 1) seriously impacted the Tasmanian shellfish industry during 2012 and 2015, necessitating product recalls and intensive paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) product testing. The performance of four commercial PST test kits, Abraxis™, Europroxima™, Scotia™ and Neogen™, was compared with the official AOAC LC-FLD method for contaminated mussels and oysters. Abraxis and Europroxima kits underestimated PST in 35-100% of s les when using standard protocols but quantification improved when concentrated extracts were further diluted (underestimation ≤18%). The Scotia kit (cut off 0.2-0.7 mg STX-diHCl eq/kg) delivered 0% false negatives, but 27% false positives. Neogen produced 5% false negatives and 13% false positives when the cut off was altered to 0.5-0.6 mg STX-diHCl eq/kg, the introduction of a conversion step eliminated false negatives. Based on their sensitivity, ease of use and performance, the Neogen kit proved the most suitable kit for use with Tasmanian mussels and oysters. Once formally validated for regulatory purposes, the Neogen kit could provide shellfish growers with a rapid tool for harvesting decisions at the farm gate. Effective rapid screening preventing compliant s les undergoing testing using the more expensive and time consuming LC-FLD method will result in significant savings in analytical costs.
Light as a key driver of freshwater biofouling surface roughness in an experimental hydrocanal pipe rig
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-05-2016
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1184255
Abstract: Biofouling in canals and pipelines used for hydroelectric power generation decreases the flow capacity of conduits. A pipeline rig was designed consisting of test sections of varying substrata (PVC, painted steel) and light levels (transparent, frosted, opaque). Stalk-forming diatoms were abundant in both the frosted and transparent PVC pipes but negligible in the painted steel and opaque PVC pipes. Fungi were slightly more abundant in the painted steel pipe but equally present in all the other pipes while bacterial ersity was similar in all pipes. Photosynthetically functional biofouling (mainly diatoms) was able to develop in near darkness. Different biological fouling compositions generated differing friction factors. The highest friction factor was observed in the transparent pipe (densest diatom fouling), the lowest peak friction for the opaque PVC pipe (lowest fouling biomass), and with the painted steel pipe (high fouling biomass, but composed of fungal and bacterial crusts) being intermediate between the opaque and frosted PVC pipes.
Progress in Understanding Harmful Algal Blooms: Paradigm Shifts and New Technologies for Research, Monitoring, and Management
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 15-01-2012
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-MARINE-120308-081121
Abstract: The public health, tourism, fisheries, and ecosystem impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) have all increased over the past few decades. This has led to heightened scientific and regulatory attention, and the development of many new technologies and approaches for research and management. This, in turn, is leading to significant paradigm shifts with regard to, e.g., our interpretation of the phytoplankton species concept (strain variation), the dogma of their apparent cosmopolitanism, the role of bacteria and zooplankton grazing in HABs, and our approaches to investigating the ecological and genetic basis for the production of toxins and allelochemicals. Increasingly, eutrophication and climate change are viewed and managed as multifactorial environmental stressors that will further challenge managers of coastal resources and those responsible for protecting human health. Here we review HAB science with an eye toward new concepts and approaches, emphasizing, where possible, the unexpected yet promising new directions that research has taken in this erse field.
Toxin composition of resting cysts of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(92)90025-Z
Abstract: Paralytic shellfish toxin composition in the resting cysts of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense was investigated by means of high performance liquid chromatography. A comparison was made between cysts collected from ship ballast tank sediments, natural population of motile vegetative cells collected from the area where ballast water was taken, as well as cultured vegetative cells established from the cysts and the natural plankton bloom. Total toxin concentration of the cysts (595 fmole/cell) was six-fold higher than that of the natural population of vegetative cells. They contained the same ten toxic components but in different relative abundances. The higher proportion of 11-alpha-hydroxysulfate epimers in the cysts suggests that the biosynthesis of toxins is halted at an early stage in cyst formation.
Paralytic shellfish toxins - call for uniform reporting units
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Scale-bearing and Loricate Nanoplankton from the East Australian Current
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 1983
A database of marine phytoplankton abundance, biomass and species composition in Australian waters
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-06-2017
Abstract: There have been many in idual phytoplankton datasets collected across Australia since the mid 1900s, but most are unavailable to the research community. We have searched archives, contacted researchers, and scanned the primary and grey literature to collate 3,621,847 records of marine phytoplankton species from Australian waters from 1844 to the present. Many of these are small datasets collected for local questions, but combined they provide over 170 years of data on phytoplankton communities in Australian waters. Units and taxonomy have been standardised, obviously erroneous data removed, and all metadata included. We have lodged this dataset with the Australian Ocean Data Network ( portal.aodn.org.au/ ) allowing public access. The Australian Phytoplankton Database will be invaluable for global change studies, as it allows analysis of ecological indicators of climate change and eutrophication (e.g., changes in distribution diatom:dinoflagellate ratios). In addition, the standardised conversion of abundance records to biomass provides modellers with quantifiable data to initialise and validate ecosystem models of lower marine trophic levels.
Toxic dinoflagellate blooms of Alexandrium catenella in Chilean fjords: a resilient winner from climate change
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-10-2016
Abstract: Exposure of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella to variations in pCO2 H, comparable to current and near-future levels observed in Southern Chilean fjords, revealed potential functional adaptation mechanisms. Under calculated conditions for pH(total scale) and pCO2 ranging from 7.73–8.66 to 69.7–721.3 μatm, respectively, the Chilean strain Q09 presented an optimum growth rate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) uptake at near-equilibrium pCO2 H conditions (∼8.1). DistaLM analysis between physiological relevant carbonate system parameters (CO2, HCO3−, and H+) and cellular rates (growth rate and DIC uptake) identified HCO3− as the unique variable explaining a significant portion of the physiological response. Estimations of equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and chain-formation index (CI) revealed reduced cell size and enhanced chain formation at high pH/low pCO2 conditions. Light intensity as co-factor during experiments (50 vs. 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1) produced no effect on ESD and CI. Cells exposed to low light however, had reduced cell growth and DIC uptake especially at high pH/low pCO2. We suggest that A. catenella Chilean strains are highly adapted to spatio-temporal pCO2 H fluctuations in Chilean fjords, becoming a resilient winner from expected climate change effects.
Karlodinium australesp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new potentially ichthyotoxic unarmoured dinoflagellate from lagoonal habitats of south-eastern Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2005
The marine dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis (Dinophyceae): photosynthetic, neritic and non-photosynthetic, oceanic species
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-1988
Electron Microscopy Techniques for Imaging Marine Phytoplankton
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-12-2013
COMPARATIVE-STUDY ON CAROTENOID PIGMENTATION OF ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKE MAARSSEVEEN (NETHERLANDS) AND OF LAC PAVIN (AUVERGNE, FRANCE) .1. CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CAROTENOID PIGMENTS
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1978
SURVEY FOR KARLOTOXIN PRODUCTION IN 15 SPECIES OF GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATES (KARENIACEAE, DINOPHYTA)1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1529-8817.2008.00630.X
Abstract: Toxin analysis of 15 species of Kareniaceae revealed the presence of karlotoxin, KmTx 2, in only a single species (Karlodinium veneficum) but with variable activity in strains from the Swan (Km(Swan) Tx 2-1, 2.1 pg · cell(-1) and Km(Swan) Tx 2-2, 0.53 pg · cell(-1) ), Huon (Km(Huon) Tx 2, 0.86 pg · cell(-1) ), and Derwent rivers ( 4,000 ng). Species from the closely related genera Takayama (T. helix, T. tasmanica, T. tuberculata), Karenia (K. asterichroma, K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, K. umbella), and Karlodinium (Ka. australe, Ka. antarcticum, Ka. ballantinum, Ka. corrugatum, Ka. decipiens) were all consistently negative for karlotoxin production. Brevetoxin (PbTx) was only detected in K. brevis, and hemolytic activity was only observed in Ka. veneficum strains.
Ichthyotoxicity of four species of gymnodinioid dinoflagellates (Kareniaceae, Dinophyta) and purified karlotoxins to larval sheepshead minnow
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
TRANSPORT OF DIATOM AND DINOFLAGELLATE RESTING SPORES IN SHIPS BALLAST WATER - IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANKTON BIOGEOGRAPHY AND AQUACULTURE
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1992
Overview of Australian and New Zealand harmful algal species occurrences and their societal impacts in the period 1985 to 2018, including a compilation of historic records
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Detection of a novel ecotype of Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae) in an Antarctic saline lake by real-time PCR
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-01-2007
Prey preference, environmental tolerances and ichthyotoxicity by the red-tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans cultured from Tasmanian waters
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2019
Abstract: The large phagotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca has become a prominent red tide organism in southeast Australian waters since the 2000s, raising concerns for beach tourism, grazing impacts as well as ichthyotoxicity for finfish aquaculture. Satisfactory culture growth rates (0.23–0.56 per day) were obtained by feeding with small Thalassiosira diatom and Tetraselmis flagellate diets, while optimal growth rates sustained for up to 8 months (0.69 per day) were achieved by feeding in a plankton wheel with the large chain-forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Noctiluca was highly tolerant towards salinities from 20 to 35 and growth was stimulated by temperatures increasing from 10 to 23°C, which in combination with the key factor of prey abundance explains the incidence in southeast Australia of predominantly summer and spring but occasionally also winter blooms. Fatty acid biomarkers suggest that Tasmanian field populations indiscriminately feed on available diatom and dinoflagellate mixtures. Noctiluca exhibited very limited ichthyotoxicity, and only at the highest cell concentrations of 2 000 000/L (50% reduction in RTgill W1 cell viability). Only the densest red tide surface slicks contained acutely toxic levels of unionized ammonia of 242 to 510 μg/L while inshore slicks generated oxygen concentrations as low as 0–1.5 ppm. Lipid phycotoxins (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) did not appear to contribute to Noctiluca ichthyotoxicity. The fatty acid 20:0 eicosanoic acid may serve as a potential Noctiluca biomarker in marine food webs and sediments.
Assessment of the efficacy of clay flocculation in Korean fish farm waters: Cochlodinium cell removal and mitigation of ichthyotoxicity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Hybridisation capture allows DNA damage analysis of ancient marine eukaryotes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-02-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-021-82578-6
Abstract: Marine sedimentary ancient DNA ( sed aDNA) is increasingly used to study past ocean ecosystems, however, studies have been severely limited by the very low amounts of DNA preserved in the subseafloor, and the lack of bioinformatic tools to authenticate sed aDNA in metagenomic data. We applied a hybridisation capture ‘baits’ technique to target marine eukaryote sed aDNA (specifically, phyto- and zooplankton, ‘Planktonbaits1’ and harmful algal bloom taxa, ‘HABbaits1’), which resulted in up to 4- and 9-fold increases, respectively, in the relative abundance of eukaryotes compared to shotgun sequencing. We further used the bioinformatic tool ‘HOPS’ to authenticate the sed aDNA component, establishing a new proxy to assess sed aDNA authenticity, “% eukaryote sed aDNA damage”, that is positively correlated with subseafloor depth. We used this proxy to report the first-ever DNA damage profiles from a marine phytoplankton species, the ubiquitous coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi . Our approach opens new avenues for the detailed investigation of long-term change and evolution of marine eukaryotes over geological timescales.
A novel, simplified technique for preservation and rapid isolation of total RNA from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.2216/05-29.1
Lipids in marine diatoms of the genus Thalassiosira: Predominance of 24-methylenecholesterol
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
Independence of nutrient limitation and carbon dioxide impacts on the Southern Ocean coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-04-2017
Effects of experimental seawater acidification on an estuarine plankton community
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 02-03-2012
DOI: 10.3354/AME01554
Dinoflagellate Cysts in Recent Marine Sediments from Tasmania, Australia
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 1990
Harmful algal blooms in the Australian region
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1992
Scale-bearing nanoflagellates from southern Tasmanian coastal waters, Australia. I. Species of the genus Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta)
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 26-01-2004
DOI: 10.1515/BOT.2004.008
Strain variability in fatty acid composition of Chattonella Marina (Raphidophyceae) and its relation to differing Ichthyotoxicity toward Rainbow Trout gill cells
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-03-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JPY.12053
Abstract: Lipid profiles of three strains (Mexico, Australia, Japan) of Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara et Chihara were studied under defined growth (phosphate, light, and growth phase) and harvest (intact and ruptured cells) conditions. Triacylglycerol levels were always <2%, sterols 51% of total lipids). The major fatty acids in C. marina were palmitic (16:0), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5ω3), octadecatetraenoic (18:4ω3), myristic (14:0), and palmitoleic (16:1ω7c) acids. Higher levels of EPA were found in ruptured cells (21.4-29.4%) compared to intact cells (8.5-25.3%). In general, Japanese N-118 C. marina was the highest producer of EPA (14.3-29.4%), and Mexican CMCV-1 the lowest producer (7.9-27.1%). Algal cultures, free fatty acids from C. marina, and the two aldehydes 2E,4E-decadienal and 2E,4E-heptadienal (suspected fatty acid-derived products) were tested against the rainbow trout fish gill cell line RTgill-W1. The configuration of fatty acids plays an important role in ichthyotoxicity. Free fatty acid fractions, obtained by base saponification of total lipids from C. marina showed a potent toxicity toward gill cells (median lethal concentration, LC50 (at 1 h) of 0.44 μg · mL(-1) in light conditions, with a complete loss of viability at >3.2 μg · mL(-1) ). Live cultures of Mexican C. marina were less toxic than Japanese and Australian strains. This difference could be related to differing EPA content, superoxide anion production, and cell fragility. The aldehydes 2E,4E-decadienal and 2E,4E-heptadienal also showed high impact on gill cell viability, with LC50 (at 1 h) of 0.34 and 0.36 μg · mL(-1) , respectively. Superoxide anion production was highest in Australian strain CMPL01, followed by Japanese N-118 and Mexican CMCV-1 strains. Ruptured cells showed higher production of superoxide anion compared to intact cells (e.g., 19 vs. 9.5 pmol · cell(-1) · hr(-1) for CMPL01, respectively). Our results indicate that C. marina is more ichthyotoxic after cell disruption and when switching from dark to light conditions, possibly associated with a higher production of superoxide anion and EPA, which may be quickly oxidized to produce more toxic derivates, such as aldehydes.
Molecular evolution of the Alexandrium tamarense ‘species complex’ (Dinophyceae): dispersal in the North American and West Pacific regions
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-1995
Comparative study of selenium requirements of three phytoplankton species: Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyta) and Chaetoceros cf. tenuissimus (Bacillariophyta)
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-1999
Some Problems in the Estimation of Chlorophyll-a and Phaeopigments from Pre- and Post-acidification Spectrophotometrie Measurements
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1978
sxtA -Based Quantitative Molecular Assay To Identify Saxitoxin-Producing Harmful Algal Blooms in Marine Waters
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 10-2011
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.05308-11
Abstract: The recent identification of genes involved in the production of the potent neurotoxin and keystone metabolite saxitoxin (STX) in marine eukaryotic phytoplankton has allowed us for the first time to develop molecular genetic methods to investigate the chemical ecology of harmful algal blooms in situ . We present a novel method for detecting and quantifying the potential for STX production in marine environmental s les. Our assay detects a domain of the gene sxtA that encodes a unique enzyme putatively involved in the sxt pathway in marine dinoflagellates, sxtA4 . A product of the correct size was recovered from nine strains of four species of STX-producing Alexandrium and Gymnodinium catenatum and was not detected in the non-STX-producing Alexandrium species, other dinoflagellate cultures, or an environmental s le that did not contain known STX-producing species. However, sxtA4 was also detected in the non-STX-producing strain of Alexandrium tamarense , Tasmanian ribotype. We investigated the copy number of sxtA4 in three strains of Alexandrium catenella and found it to be relatively constant among strains. Using our novel method, we detected and quantified sxtA4 in three environmental blooms of Alexandrium catenella that led to STX uptake in oysters. We conclude that this method shows promise as an accurate, fast, and cost-effective means of quantifying the potential for STX production in marine s les and will be useful for biological oceanographic research and harmful algal bloom monitoring.
Supplementary material to "Genotyping an <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> (Prymnesiophyceae) bloom event in the North Sea reveals evidence of asexual reproduction"
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 18-03-2014
The resting cyst of the red-tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-1991
Algicidal bacteria associated with blooms of a toxic dinoflagellate in a temperate Australian estuary
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS244001
Fine structure of silicoflagellate double skeletons
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Cyst and radionucleotide evidence for the recent introduction of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum into Tasmanian waters
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS161165
New observations on the rarely reported tropical dinoflagellates Tripos lanceolatus and T. schroeteri from the Colombian Caribbean, South Pacific and Indian Oceans
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 22-12-2023
Abstract: We report the circumtropical dinoflagellate Tripos lanceolatus (Kofoid) F. Gómez from the Colombian Caribbean, provide a new record from the tropical western Pacific off Tonga, and the first record from the Australian sector of the Indian Ocean. We present the first scanning electron micrographs of thecal ornamentation and apical pore structure which show its morphological similarities to T. furca (Ehrenberg) F. Gómez within the subgenus Biceratium . We also report the more widely distributed tropical species T. schroeteri (B. Schröder) F. Gómez from the Colombian Caribbean, and compare it to the first scanning electron micrographs of the morphologically similar T. digitatus (F. Schütt) F. Gómez within the subgenus Archaeceratium .
Chemotaxonomic survey of sterols and fatty acids in six marine raphidophyte algae
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2002
Genetic differentiation among Australian and Southern Ocean populations of the ubiquitous coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyi(Haptophyta)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2013
DOI: 10.2216/12-111.1
Cyst and radionuclide evidence demonstrate historic Gymnodinium catenatum dinoflagellate populations in Manukau and Hokianga Harbours, New Zealand
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2003
Characterizing the roughness of freshwater biofilms using a photogrammetric methodology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-03-2010
DOI: 10.1080/08927011003699733
Abstract: The physical roughness of a surface changes when freshwater biofilms colonize and grow on it and this has significant implications for surfaces enclosing water conveying systems such as pipelines and canals. Plates with surfaces initially artificially roughened with varying grit size were deployed in an open channel system and biofilms were allowed to grow on the exposed surface. The plates were retrieved at intervals in time and their surfaces mapped using close range photogrammetry. For a fine grit surface (0.5-4 mm particles), diatom-dominated biofilms initially grew between the roughness elements they subsequently developed as a mat to create a physically smoother outer surface than the underlying rough surface. For a coarse grit surface (2-4 mm), biofilms colonized faster in one instance, larger clumps of biofilm were observed as transverse ripples across the plate.
Growth and biomass stimulation of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham) by dissolved organic substances
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1999
Tribute to Shirley Jeffrey: 50 years of research on chlorophyllc
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2012
Seasonal study of phytoplankton pigments and species at a coastal station off Sydney: Importance of diatoms and the nanoplankton
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1981
DOI: 10.1007/BF00386650
Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature’s experiments with extremes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Role of resting cysts in Chilean Alexandrium catenella dinoflagellate blooms revisited
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.HAL.2016.03.020
Abstract: The detection of sparse Alexandrium catenella-resting cysts in sediments of southern Chilean fjords has cast doubts on their importance in the recurrence of massive toxic dinoflagellate blooms in the region. The role of resting cysts and the existence of different regional Chilean populations was studied by culturing and genetic approaches to define: (1) cyst production (2) dormancy period (3) excystment success (4) offspring viability and (5) strain mating compatibility. This study newly revealed a short cyst dormancy (minimum 69 days), the role of key abiotic factors (in decreasing order salinity, irradiance, temperature and nutrients) controlling cyst germination (max. 60%) and germling growth rates (up to 0.36-0.52 .day
Explaining Ocean Warming: Causes, scale, effects and consequences
Publisher: IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature
Date: 02-09-2016
Studies of Phytoplankton Species and Photosynthetic Pigments in a Warm Core Eddy of the East Australian Current. I. Summer Populations
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1980
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS003285
The marine planktonic dinoflagellate Tripos: sixty years of species-level distributions in Australian waters
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1071/SB19043
Abstract: We reviewed 15572 Australian species-level records of the marine planktonic dinoflagellate Tripos Bory (formerly Ceratium Schrank, a genus now restricted to freshwater species). The genus is represented by over 50 species and numerous varieties and forms in Australian tropical, subtropical and temperate marine waters and the Southern Ocean. There exists considerable plasticity in the morphology of many species, which has confounded species delimitations and created uncertainty around their spatial distributions. We newly illustrate by light and electron microscopy the rarely reported Tripos hundhausenii (Schröd.) Hallegr. & Huisman comb. nov. first described from the Arabian Sea, but increasingly being observed in Sydney coastal waters. A large number of Tripos species are widely distributed in temperate, subtropical and tropical waters and their distributions have remained remarkably stable in Australian waters over the past 60–80 years. By contrast, we identified a narrow group of warm-water species, including T. belone (Cleve) F.Gómez, T. cephalotus (Lemmerm.) F.Gómez, T. dens (Ostenf. & E.J.Schmidt) F.Gómez, T. digitatus (F.Schütt) F.Gómez, T. gravidus (Gourret) F.Gómez, T. incisus (G.Karst.) F.Gómez, T. paradoxides (Cleve) F.Gómez and T. praelongus (Lemmerm.) F.Gómez, that are commonly encountered off Sydney, rarely found down to Eden and Batemans Bay or Bass Strait, but occasionally occur as far south as King Island and Maria Island, Tasmania. These rare tropical Tripos species are carried southward by the East Australian and Leeuwin Currents and deserve careful attention in monitoring for future range expansions, changes in seasonality or upwelling or incursion of deep tropical waters.
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase genes from eleven marine dinoflagellates
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2007
DOI: 10.2216/06-28.1
Morphological and molecular genetic characterization of Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi (Dinophyceae) from Australia-wide isolates
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2200
Phytoplankton calcification as an effective mechanism to alleviate cellular calcium poisoning
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 13-11-2202
Abstract: Abstract. Marine phytoplankton have developed the remarkable ability to tightly regulate the concentration of free calcium ions in the intracellular cytosol at a level of ~ 0.1 μmol L−1 in the presence of seawater Ca2+ concentrations of 10 mmol L−1. The low cytosolic calcium ion concentration is of utmost importance for proper cell signalling function. While the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the tight control of intracellular Ca2+ concentration are not completely understood, phytoplankton taxonomic groups appear to have evolved different strategies, which may affect their ability to cope with changes in seawater Ca2+ concentrations in their environment on geological timescales. For ex le, the Cretaceous (145 to 66 Ma), an era known for the high abundance of coccolithophores and the production of enormous calcium carbonate deposits, exhibited seawater calcium concentrations up to 4 times present-day levels. We show that calcifying coccolithophore species (Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Coccolithus braarudii) are able to maintain their relative fitness (in terms of growth rate and photosynthesis) at simulated Cretaceous seawater calcium concentrations, whereas these rates are severely reduced under these conditions in some non-calcareous phytoplankton species (Chaetoceros sp., Ceratoneis closterium and Heterosigma akashiwo). Most notably, this also applies to a non-calcifying strain of E. huxleyi which displays a calcium sensitivity similar to the non-calcareous species. We hypothesize that the process of calcification in coccolithophores provides an efficient mechanism to alleviate cellular calcium poisoning and thereby offered a potential key evolutionary advantage, responsible for the proliferation of coccolithophores during times of high seawater calcium concentrations. The exact function of calcification and the reason behind the highly ornate physical structures of coccoliths remain elusive.
Vertical migration of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum under different concentrations of nutrients and humic substances in culture
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2006
Ballast water - Foreword
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2007
Comparative study on paralytic shellfish toxin profiles of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from three different countries
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-1993
DOI: 10.1007/BF00350064
Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-06-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S43247-021-00178-8
Abstract: Global trends in the occurrence, toxicity and risk posed by harmful algal blooms to natural systems, human health and coastal economies are poorly constrained, but are widely thought to be increasing due to climate change and nutrient pollution. Here, we conduct a statistical analysis on a global dataset extracted from the Harmful Algae Event Database and Ocean Bio ersity Information System for the period 1985–2018 to investigate temporal trends in the frequency and distribution of marine harmful algal blooms. We find no uniform global trend in the number of harmful algal events and their distribution over time, once data were adjusted for regional variations in monitoring effort. Varying and contrasting regional trends were driven by differences in bloom species, type and emergent impacts. Our findings suggest that intensified monitoring efforts associated with increased aquaculture production are responsible for the perceived increase in harmful algae events and that there is no empirical support for broad statements regarding increasing global trends. Instead, trends need to be considered regionally and at the species level.
Mass Mortality of Captive Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in April/May 1996 in Boston Bay, South Australia: A Complex Diagnostic Problem.
Publisher: The Japanese Society of Fish Pathology
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.3147/JSFP.33.343
Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships' ballast water:bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS168297
Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
Harmful or harmless: Biological effects of marennine on marine organisms
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.AQUATOX.2019.01.016
Abstract: Marennine is a water-soluble blue-green pigment produced by the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia. The diatom and its pigment are well known from oyster farming areas as the source of the greening of oyster gills, a natural process increasing their market value in Western France. Blooms of blue Haslea are also present outside oyster ponds and hence marine organisms can be exposed, periodically and locally, to significant amounts of marennine in natural environments. Due to its demonstrated antibacterial activities against marine pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Vibrio) and possible prophylactic effects toward bivalve larvae, marennine is of special interest for the aquaculture industry, especially bivalve hatcheries. The present study aimed to provide new insights into the effects of marennine on a large spectrum of marine organisms belonging to different phyla, including species of aquaculture interest and organisms frequently employed in standardised ecotoxicological assays. Different active solutions containing marennine were tested: partially purified Extracellular Marennine (EMn), and concentrated solutions of marennine present in H. ostrearia culture supernatant the Blue Water (BW) and a new process called Concentrated Supernatant (CS). Biological effects were meanwhile demonstrated in invertebrate species for the three marennine-based solutions at the highest concentrations tested (e.g., decrease of fertilization success, delay of embryonic developmental stages or larval mortality). Exposure to low concentrations did not impact larval survival or development and even tended to enhance larval physiological state. Furthermore, no effects of marennine were observed on the fish gill cell line tested. Marennine could be viewed as a Jekyll and Hyde molecule, which possibly affects the earliest stages of development of some organisms but with no direct impacts on adults. Our results emphasize the need to determine dosages that optimize beneficial effects and critical concentrations not to be exceeded before considering the use of marennine in bivalve or fish hatcheries.
NOVEL UNARMORED DINOFLAGELLATES FROM THE TOXIGENIC FAMILY KARENIACEAE (GYMNODINIALES): FIVE NEW SPECIES OF KARLODINIUM AND ONE NEW TAKAYAMA FROM THE AUSTRALIAN SECTOR OF THE SOUTHERN OCE
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1529-8817.2007.00458.X
Abstract: Six new species of unarmored dinoflagellates in the family Kareniaceae were isolated from the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean in March 2006: Takayama tuberculata de Salas sp. nov, Karlodinium antarcticum de Salas sp. nov., Karl. ballantinum de Salas sp. nov., Karl. conicum de Salas sp. nov., Karl. corrugatum de Salas sp. nov., and Karl. decipiens de Salas et Laza-Martínez sp. nov. These new taxa were characterized using light and electron microscopy and sequencing of the LSU rDNA and are well supported based either on their morphology or molecular phylogeny. Takayama tuberculata, isolated just north of the polar front (55°-57° S), is genetically close to T. tasmanica, but smaller, with a significantly reduced number of hiesmal vesicles. Medium-sized Karl. antarcticum, also isolated from near the polar front, is characterized by its long ovoid cell outline and very long apical groove. The small Karl. ballantinum has a very short apical groove. The large Karl. conicum has a distinct conical epicone and spherical posterior nucleus. The small Karl. corrugatum, from just south of the polar front, has distinctive parallel striations on the epicone surface and a distinctively shaped and placed ventral pore. The large and widespread Karl. decipiens, distributed through Southern Ocean waters from the polar front to Tasmanian coastal waters, and coastal Spain, has a helicoidal chloroplast arrangement and a large central nucleus. This study represents the first description of species in the potentially ichthyotoxic family Kareniaceae recorded from the Southern Ocean.
Superoxide production by marine microalgae
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2005
Hybridisation capture allows DNA damage analysis of ancient marine eukaryotes
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 25-09-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.25.310920
Abstract: Marine sedimentary ancient DNA ( sed aDNA) is increasingly used to study past ocean ecosystems, however, studies have been severely limited by the very low amounts of DNA preserved in the subseafloor, and the lack of bioinformatic tools to authenticate sed aDNA in metagenomic data. We applied a hybridisation capture ‘baits’ technique to target marine eukaryote sed aDNA (specifically, phytoplankton, ‘Phytobaits1’ and harmful algal bloom taxa, ‘HABbaits1’), which resulted in up to 4- and 9-fold increases, respectively, in the relative abundance of eukaryotes compared to shotgun sequencing. We further used the new bioinformatic tool ‘HOPS’ to authenticate the sed aDNA component, establishing a new proxy to assess sed aDNA authenticity, the Ancient: Default (A:D) sequences ratio, here positively correlated with subseafloor depth, and generated the first-ever DNA damage profiles of a key phytoplankton, the ubiquitous coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Our study opens new options for the detailed investigation of marine eukaryotes and their evolution over geological timescales.
GENETIC VARIATION AMONG STRAINS OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM (DINOPHYCEAE)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1999
Phylogenetic study of Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum comb. nov. from tropical Australian coastal waters (Dinophyceae)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-04-2007
Alexandrium diversaporum sp. nov., a new non-saxitoxin producing species: Phylogeny, morphology and sxtA genes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.HAL.2013.09.005
Abstract: Species of the PST producing planktonic marine dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium have been intensively scrutinised, and it is therefore surprising that new taxa can still be found. Here we report a new species, Alexandrium ersaporum nov. sp., isolated from spherical cysts found at two sites in Tasmania, Australia. This species differs in its morphology from all previously reported Alexandrium species, possessing a unique combination of morphological features: the presence of 2 size classes of thecal pores on the cell surface, a medium cell size, the size and shape of the 6″, 1', 2⁗ and Sp plates, the lack of a ventral pore, a lack of anterior and posterior connecting pores, and a lack of chain formation. We determined the relationship of the two strains to other species of Alexandrium based on an alignment of concatenated SSU-ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and partial LSU ribosomal RNA sequences, and found A. ersaporum to be a sister group to Alexandrium leei with high support. A. leei shares several morphological features, including the relative size and shapes of the 6″, 1', 2⁗ and Sp plates and the fact that some strains of A. leei have two size classes of thecal pores. We examined A. ersaporum strains for saxitoxin production and found them to be non-toxic. The species lacked sequences for the domain A4 of sxtA, as has been previously found for non-saxitoxin producing species of Alexandrium.
Evidence for a diurnal variation in the carotenoid content of acanthodiaptomus denticornis (Crustacea, copepoda) in Lac Pavin (Auvergne, France)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-1976
DOI: 10.1007/BF00009826
Accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins by southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii causes minimal impact on lobster health
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
A reinvestigation of saxitoxin production and sxtA in the 'non-toxic' Alexandrium tamarense Group V clade
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
Oceanic protists with different forms of acquired phototrophy display contrasting biogeographies and abundance
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 02-08-2017
Abstract: This first comprehensive analysis of the global biogeography of marine protistan plankton with acquired phototrophy shows these mixotrophic organisms to be ubiquitous and abundant however, their biogeography differs markedly between different functional groups. These mixotrophs, lacking a constitutive capacity for photosynthesis (i.e. non-constitutive mixotrophs, NCMs), acquire their phototrophic potential through either integration of prey-plastids or through endosymbiotic associations with photosynthetic microbes. Analysis of field data reveals that 40–60% of plankton traditionally labelled as (non-phototrophic) microzooplankton are actually NCMs, employing acquired phototrophy in addition to phagotrophy. Specialist NCMs acquire chloroplasts or endosymbionts from specific prey, while generalist NCMs obtain chloroplasts from a variety of prey. These contrasting functional types of NCMs exhibit distinct seasonal and spatial global distribution patterns. Mixotrophs reliant on ‘stolen’ chloroplasts, controlled by prey ersity and abundance, dominate in high-biomass areas. Mixotrophs harbouring intact symbionts are present in all waters and dominate particularly in oligotrophic open ocean systems. The contrasting temporal and spatial patterns of distribution of different mixotroph functional types across the oceanic provinces, as revealed in this study, challenges traditional interpretations of marine food web structures. Mixotrophs with acquired phototrophy (NCMs) warrant greater recognition in marine research.
Reproductive compatibility among four global populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2001
Detection of paralytic shellfish toxins in southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii using the qualitative NeogenTM lateral flow immunoassay: single-laboratory validation
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2020
Abstract: Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) are a significant problem for the Tasmanian shellfish and Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii) industries, and the introduction of a rapid screening test in the monitoring program could save time and money. The aim was to perform a single-laboratory validation of the Neogen rapid test for PST in the hepatopancreas of Southern Rock Lobster. The AOAC INTERNATIONAL guidelines for the validation of qualitative binary chemistry methods were followed. Three different PST profiles (mixtures) were used, of which two were commonly found in naturally contaminated lobster hepatopancreas (high in gonyautoxin 2& and saxitoxin), and the third toxin profile was observed in a few select animals (high in gonyautoxin 1& ). The Neogen test consistently returned negative results for non-target toxins (selectivity). The probability of detection (POD) of PST in the lobster hepatopancreas using the Neogen test increased with increasing PST concentrations. POD values of 1.0 were obtained at ≥0.57 mg STX-diHCl eq/kg in mixtures 1 and 2, and 0.95 and 1.0 for mixture 3 at 0.79 and 1.21 mg STX-diHCl eq/kg, respectively, with a fitted POD of 0.98 for 0.80 mg STX-diHCl eq/kg. The performance of the Neogen test when using four different production lots (ruggedness) showed no significant differences. The results of the validation study were satisfactory and the Neogen test is being trialed within the Tasmanian PST monitoring program of Southern Rock Lobster. The Neogen rapid kit was successfully validated for the detection of PST in Southern Rock Lobster hepatopancreas.
Fish gill damage by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella from Chilean fjords: synergistic action of ROS and PUFA
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
DIATOMS: A COMPLEX EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY BECOMES EVEN MORE COMPLEX
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2003
Reconstructing calcification in ancient coccolithophores: Individual coccolith weight and morphology of Coccolithus pelagicus (sensu lato)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
Uptake, distribution and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum in Australian greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.TOXICON.2011.05.010
Abstract: Farmed greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata were fed commercial seaweed-based food pellets or feed pellets supplemented with 8 × 10⁵ Alexandrium minutum dinoflagellate cells g⁻¹ (containing 12 ± 3.0 μg STX-equivalent 100 g⁻¹, which was mainly GTX-1,4) every second day for 50 days. Exposure of abalone to PST supplemented feed for 50 days did not affect behaviour or survival but saw accumulation of up to 1.6 μg STX-equivalent 100 g⁻¹ in the abalone foot tissue (muscle, mouth without oesophagus and epipodial fringe), which is ∼50 times lower than the maximum permissible limit (80 μg 100 g⁻¹ tissue) for PSTs in molluscan shellfish. The PST levels in the foot were reduced to 0.48 μg STX-equivalent 100 g⁻¹ after scrubbing and removal of the pigment surrounding the epithelium of the epipodial fringe (confirmed by both HPLC and LC-MS/MS). Thus, scrubbing the epipodial fringe, a common procedure during commercial abalone canning, reduced PST levels by ∼70%. Only trace levels of PSTs were detected in the viscera (stomach, gut, heart, gonad, gills and mantle) of the abalone. A toxin reduction of approximately 73% was observed in STX-contaminated abalone held in clean water and fed uncontaminated food over 50 days. The low level of PST uptake when abalone were exposed to high numbers of A. minutum cells over a prolonged period may indicate a low risk of PSP poisoning to humans from the consumption of H. laevigata that has been exposed to a bloom of potentially toxic A. minutum in Australia. Further research is required to establish if non-dietary accumulation can result in significant levels of PSTs in abalone.
Transport of harmful marine microalgae via ship's ballast water: Management and mitigation with special reference to the Arabian Gulf region
Publisher: Michigan State University Press
Date: 03-07-2015
DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2015.1027138
Abstract: The potential for transport of non-indigenous marine microalgae via ship's ballast water has been ly demonstrated, and nearly all known harmful algal bloom species have been documented in viable form from ship's ballast water. Ballast water uptake needs to be strongly discouraged during harmful algal bloom events. Efficacy of ballast water exchange in removing harmful microalgal cells is limited, since this nearly always leaves behind a viable inoculum. The precise location of ballast water exchange needs to be carefully chosen, and retention of dinoflagellate cysts and diatom spores in ballast tank sediments is of special concern. The only fully effective ballast water treatment for microalgae is the application of biocides, but heat treatment also offers considerable promise especially in subtropical and tropical waters. To manage harmful algal blooms, other key environmental drivers such as eutrophication and climate change also need to be addressed. Effective monitoring for harmful algal species and their toxins remains the critical tool to protect human health, fisheries, aquaculture and desalination industries. Challenges and opportunities for ballast water management in the Arabian Gulf region are discussed.
Development of a Real-Time PCR Probe for Quantification of the Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi (Dinophyceae) in Environmental Samples
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 15-04-2007
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02389-06
Abstract: A TaqMan format real-time PCR probe was developed against the internal transcribed spacer 2 ribosomal DNA region for the specific detection and quantification of Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi in environmental s les. The assay specificity was confirmed by testing against related dinoflagellates and verified by sequencing PCR licons from natural water s les. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced environmental s les also showed that this assay is specific to C. brodyi . The C. brodyi -specific assay was used in conjunction with Pfiesteria piscicida- and Pfiesteria shumwayae -specific real-time PCR assays to investigate the temporal variations of C. brodyi , P. piscicida , and P. shumwayae abundance in the Derwent estuary, Tasmania. The 18-month field survey from November 2004 to April 2006 revealed that C. brodyi occurred in all seasons at very low densities, mostly below 25 cells liter −1 , with higher abundance (maximum, 112 cells liter −1 ) in April and May. P. piscicida was detected only once, in May 2005 at 60 cells liter −1 . P. shumwayae was not detected during the survey.
Harmful Algae and their Toxins
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 30-01-2014
DOI: 10.1201/B16569-3
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE TOXIC, CHAIN-FORMING DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM-CATENATUM (DINOPHYCEAE)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1991
Differing responses of three Southern Ocean Emiliania huxleyi ecotypes to changing seawater carbonate chemistry
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 02-07-2015
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS11309
Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum identified as the causative organism of pinnatoxins in Australia, New Zealand and Japan
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2011
DOI: 10.2216/11-19.1
Cobricosphaeridium Harland and Sarjeant: Dinoflagellate Cyst or Copepod Egg?
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 1992
DOI: 10.2307/1485797
Gymnodinium microreticulatum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): a naked, microreticulate cyst-producing dinoflagellate, distinct from Gymnodinium catenatum and Gymnodinium nolleri
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-1999
Global toxicology, ecophysiology and population relationships of the chainforming PST dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
GENETIC VARIATION AMONG STRAINS OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM (DINOPHYCEAE)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1999
Impact of canal development on intertidal microalgal productivity: Comparative assessment of Patterson Lakes and Ralphs Bay, South East Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2008
Disentangling the environmental processes responsible for the world's largest farmed fish-killing harmful algal bloom: Chile, 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay Type
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-04-2015
DOI: 10.3390/JMSE3020154
Calcification morphotypes of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi in the Southern Ocean: changes in 2001 to 2006 compared to historical data
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 25-10-2007
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS07058
EARLY WARNING OF TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE BLOOMS OF GYMNODINIUM-CATENATUM IN SOUTHERN TASMANIAN WATERS
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1995
3 ESTUARINE AUSTRALIAN DINOFLAGELLATES THAT CAN PRODUCE PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXINS
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1988
Genotyping an <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> (Prymnesiophyceae) bloom event in the North Sea reveals evidence of asexual reproduction
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 18-03-2014
Abstract: Abstract. Due to the unprecedented rate at which our climate is changing, the ultimate consequence for many species is likely to be either extinction or migration to an alternate habitat. Certain species might, however, evolve at a rate that could make them resilient to the effects of a rapidly changing environment. This scenario is most likely to apply to species that have large population sizes and rapid generation times, such that the genetic variation required for adaptive evolution can be readily supplied. Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay and Mohler (Prymnesiophyceae) is likely to be such a species as it is the most conspicuous extant calcareous phytoplankton species in our oceans with generation times of 1 day−1. Here we report on a validated set of microsatellites, in conjunction with the coccolithophore morphology motif genetic marker, to genotype 93 clonal isolates collected from across the world. Of these, 52 came from a single bloom event in the North Sea collected on the D366 UK Ocean Acidification cruise in June-July 2011. There were 26 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) encountered only once in the North Sea bloom and 8 MLGs encountered twice or up to six times. Each of these repeated MLGs exhibited Psex values of less than 0.05 indicating each repeated MLG was the product of asexual reproduction and not separate meiotic events. In addition, we show that the two most polymorphic microsatellite loci, EHMS37 and P01E05, are reporting on regions likely undergoing rapid genetic drift during asexual reproduction. Despite the small s le size, there were many more repeated genotypes than previously reported for other bloom-forming phytoplankton species, including a previously genotyped E. huxleyi bloom event. This study challenges our current assumption that sex is the predominant mode of reproduction during bloom events. Whilst genetic ersity is high amongst extant populations of E. huxleyi, the root cause for this ersity and ultimate fate of these populations still requires further examination. Nonetheless, we show that certain CMM genotypes are found everywhere while others appear to have a regional bias.
COMPARATIVE-STUDY ON CAROTENOID PIGMENTATION OF ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKE MAARSSEVEEN (NETHERLANDS) AND OF LAC PAVIN (AUVERGNE, FRANCE) .2. DIURNAL-VARIATIONS IN CAROTENOID CONTENT
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1978
Scale-bearing nanoflagellates from southern Tasmanian coastal waters, Australia. II. Species of Chrysophyceae (Chrysophyta), Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyta, excluding Chrysochromulina) and Prasinophycea
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1515/BOT.2006.027
Millimeter-sized marine plastics: a new pelagic habitat for microorganisms and invertebrates
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 18-06-2014
Algicidal bacteria associated with blooms of a toxic dinoflagellate in a temperate Australian estuary
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS244001
The diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) in New South Wales, Australia: morphotaxonomy, molecular phylogeny, toxicity, and distribution
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-07-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JPY.12087
Abstract: Species belonging to the potentially harmful diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, isolated from 16 localities (31 s ling events) in the coastal waters of south-eastern Australia, were examined. Clonal isolates were characterized by (i) light and transmission electron microscopy (ii) phylogenies, based on sequencing of nuclear-encoded ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) regions and, (iii) domoic acid (DA) production as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten taxa were unequivocally confirmed as Pseudo-nitzschia americana, P. arenysensis, P. calliantha, P. cuspidata, P. fraudulenta, P. hasleana, P. micropora, P. multiseries, P. multistriata, and P. pungens. An updated taxonomic key for south-eastern Australian Pseudo-nitzschia is presented. The occurrence of two toxigenic species, P. multistriata (maximum concentration 11 pg DA per cell) and P. cuspidata (25.4 pg DA per cell), was documented for the first time in Australia. The Australian strains of P. multiseries, a consistent producer of DA in strains throughout the world, were nontoxic. Data from 5,888 water s les, collected from 31 oyster-growing estuaries (2,000 km coastline) from 2005 to 2009, revealed 310 regulatory exceedances for "Total Pseudo-nitzschia," resulting in six toxic episodes. Further examination of high-risk estuaries revealed that the "P. seriata group" had highest cell densities in the austral summer, autumn, or spring (species dependent), and lowest cell densities in the austral winter, while the "P. delicatissima group" had highest in winter and spring.
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLE OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM FROM TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1989
Review of two decades of progress in the development of management options for reducing or eradicating phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacteria in ship's ballast water
Publisher: Regional Euro-Asian Biological Invasions Centre Oy (REABIC)
Date: 09-2009
Supplementary material to "Phytoplankton calcification as an effective mechanism to prevent cellular calcium poisoning"
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 11-08-2015
Environmental conditions influencing growth rate and stalk formation in the estuarine diatomLicmophora flabellata(Carmichael ex Greville) C.Agardh
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2015
Full annual monitoring of Subantarctic Emiliania huxleyi populations reveals highly calcified morphotypes in high-CO2 winter conditions
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-02-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-59375-8
Abstract: Ocean acidification is expected to have detrimental consequences for the most abundant calcifying phytoplankton species Emiliania huxleyi . However, this assumption is mainly based on laboratory manipulations that are unable to reproduce the complexity of natural ecosystems. Here, E. huxleyi coccolith assemblages collected over a year by an autonomous water s ler and sediment traps in the Subantarctic Zone were analysed. The combination of taxonomic and morphometric analyses together with in situ measurements of surface-water properties allowed us to monitor, with unprecedented detail, the seasonal cycle of E. huxleyi at two Subantarctic stations. E. huxleyi subantarctic assemblages were composed of a mixture of, at least, four different morphotypes. Heavier morphotypes exhibited their maximum relative abundances during winter, coinciding with peak annual TCO 2 and nutrient concentrations, while lighter morphotypes dominated during summer, coinciding with lowest TCO 2 and nutrients levels. The similar seasonality observed in both time-series suggests that it may be a circumpolar feature of the Subantarctic zone. Our results challenge the view that ocean acidification will necessarily lead to a replacement of heavily-calcified coccolithophores by lightly-calcified ones in subpolar ecosystems, and emphasize the need to consider the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on the probable succession of morphotypes.
Photosynthesis does influence superoxide production in the ichthyotoxic alga Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae)
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2002
Unraveling the Karenia selliformis complex with the description of a non-gymnodimine producing Patagonian phylotype
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Phytoplankton calcification as an effective mechanism to prevent cellular calcium poisoning
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 11-08-2015
DOI: 10.5194/BGD-12-12691-2015
Abstract: Abstract. Marine phytoplankton has developed the remarkable ability to tightly regulate the concentration of free calcium ions in the intracellular cytosol at a level of ~ 0.1 μmol L−1 in the presence of seawater Ca2+ concentrations of 10 mmol L−1. The low cytosolic calcium ion concentration is of utmost importance for proper cell signalling function. While the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the tight control of intracellular Ca2+ concentration are not completely understood, phytoplankton taxonomic groups appear to have evolved different strategies, which may affect their ability to cope with changes in seawater Ca2+ concentrations in their environment on geological time scales. For ex le, the Cretaceous (145 to 66 Ma ago), an era known for the high abundance of coccolithophores and the production of enormous calcium carbonate deposits, exhibited seawater calcium concentrations up to four times present-day levels. We show that calcifying coccolithophore species (Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Coccolithus braarudii) are able to maintain their relative fitness (in terms of growth rate and photosynthesis) at simulated Cretaceous seawater calcium concentrations, whereas these rates are severely reduced under these conditions in some non-calcareous phytoplankton species (Chaetoceros sp., Ceratoneis closterium and Heterosigma akashiwo). Most notably, this also applies to a non-calcifying strain of E. huxleyi which displays a calcium-sensitivity similar to the non-calcareous species. We hypothesize that the process of calcification in coccolithophores provides an efficient mechanism to prevent cellular calcium poisoning and thereby offered a potential key evolutionary advantage, responsible for the proliferation of coccolithophores during times of high seawater calcium concentrations.
LIPID, FATTY ACID, AND STEROL COMPOSITION OF EIGHT SPECIES OF KARENIACEAE (DINOPHYTA): CHEMOTAXONOMY AND PUTATIVE LIPID PHYCOTOXINS1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2007
Unprecedented toxic algal blooms impact on Tasmanian seafood industry
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/MA16049
Abstract: While most microscopic algae provide food for filter-feeding shellfish and larvae of crustaceans and finfish, other so-called Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) can have negative effects, causing severe economic losses to aquaculture, fisheries and tourism. Of greatest concern to human society are blooms of toxic HAB species that cause illness and death of fish, seabirds and mammals via toxins transferred through the food web. Unprecedented Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) blooms along the East Coast of Tasmania in 2012 and 2015, a previously low biotoxin risk area, led to major impacts on the local oyster, mussel, scallop and rock lobster industries. Four human hospitalisations also occurred from eating wild shellfish.
Future HAB science: Directions and challenges in a changing climate
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Climate-driven range expansion of the red-tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans into the Southern Ocean
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 02-2012
Efficacy of three commercially available ballast water biocides against vegetative microalgae, dinoflagellate cysts and bacteria
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2007
First reports of Pseudo-nitzschia micropora and P. hasleana (Bacillariaceae) from the Southern Hemisphere: Morphological, molecular and toxicological characterization
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-06-2013
DOI: 10.1111/PRE.12020
A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-1993
Genetic affinities, ecophysiology and toxicity of Prorocentrum playfairii and P. foveolata (Dinophyceae) from Tasmanian freshwaters
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2004
TAKAYAMA GEN. NOV. (GYMNODINIALES, DINOPHYCEAE), A NEW GENUS OF UNARMORED DINOFLAGELLATES WITH SIGMOID APICAL GROOVES, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-11-2003
Isolation of new nanoplanktonic diatom strains and their evaluation as diets for juvenile Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2002
Novel ballast water heating technique offers cost-effective treatment to reduce the risk of global transport of harmful marine organisms
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1999
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS191289
Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 26-02-2019
A comparison of different methods used for the quantitative evaluation of biomass of freshwater phytoplankton
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-1977
DOI: 10.1007/BF00021056
Superoxide production by marine microalgae
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-04-2005
Uptake of paralytic shellfish toxins by blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra rubra Leach) from direct exposure to Alexandrium catenella microalgal cells and toxic aquaculture feed
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Larval Crassostrea bivalve and Artemia brine shrimp bioassays to assess toxicity and micropredation by the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi and Pfiesteria piscicida from Australian waters
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-06-2007
Karenia umbella sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new potentially ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate species from Tasmania, Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2004
Combined Cytotoxicity of the Phycotoxin Okadaic Acid and Mycotoxins on Intestinal and Neuroblastoma Human Cell Models
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-12-2018
Abstract: Mycotoxins are emerging toxins in the marine environment, which can co-occur with algal toxins to exert synergistic or antagonistic effects for human seafood consumption. The current study assesses the cytotoxicity of the algal toxin okadaic acid, shellfish, and dust storm-associated mycotoxins alone or in combination on human intestinal (HT-29) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell lines. Based on calculated IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) values, mycotoxins and the algal toxin on their own exhibited increased cytotoxicity in the order of sydowinin A sydowinin B patulin alamethicin sydowinol gliotoxin ≈ okadaic acid against the HT-29 cell line, and sydowinin B sydowinin A alamethicin ≈ sydowinol patulin, gliotoxin okadaic acid against the SH-SY5Y cell line. Combinations of okadaic acid–sydowinin A, –alamethicin, –patulin, and –gliotoxin exhibited antagonistic effects at low-moderate cytotoxicity, but became synergistic at high cytotoxicity, while okadaic acid–sydowinol displayed an antagonistic relationship against HT-29 cells. Furthermore, only okadaic acid–sydowinin A showed synergism, while okadaic acid–sydowinol, –alamethicin, –patulin, and –gliotoxin combinations demonstrated antagonism against SH-SY5Y. While diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) from okadaic acid and analogues in many parts of the world is considered to be a comparatively minor seafood toxin syndrome, our human cell model studies suggest that synergisms with certain mycotoxins may aggravate human health impacts, depending on the concentrations. These findings highlight the issues of the shortcomings of current regulatory approaches, which do not regulate for mycotoxins in shellfish and treat seafood toxins as if they occur as single toxins.
Fish gill damage by harmful microalgae newly explored by microelectrode ion flux estimation techniques
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.HAL.2018.09.004
Abstract: Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are responsible for massive mortalities of wild and aquacultured fish due to noticeable gill damage, but the precise fish-killing mechanisms remain poorly understood. A non-invasive microelectrode ion flux estimation (MIFE) technique was successfully applied to assess changes in membrane-transport processes in a model fish gill cell line exposed to harmful microplankton. Net Ca
Karenia asterichroma sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new dinoflagellate species associated with finfish aquaculture mortalities in Tasmania, Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2004
Haslea ostrearia-like Diatoms
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2014
Intraspecific variation in the selenium requirement of different geographic strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2000
Chlorophyllase distribution in ten classes of phytoplankton: a problem for chlorophyll analysis
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1987
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS035293
Field Validation of the Southern Rock Lobster Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Monitoring Program in Tasmania, Australia
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-09-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MD19090510
Abstract: Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) are found in the hepatopancreas of Southern Rock Lobster Jasus edwardsii from the east coast of Tasmania in association with blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Tasmania’s rock lobster fishery is one of the state’s most important wild capture fisheries, supporting a significant commercial industry (AUD 97M) and recreational fishing sector. A comprehensive 8 years of field data collected across multiple sites has allowed continued improvements to the risk management program protecting public health and market access for the Tasmanian lobster fishery. High variability was seen in toxin levels between in iduals, sites, months, and years. The highest risk sites were those on the central east coast, with July to January identified as the most at-risk months. Relatively high uptake rates were observed (exponential rate of 2% per day), similar to filter-feeding mussels, and meant that lobster accumulated toxins quickly. Similarly, lobsters were relatively fast detoxifiers, losing up to 3% PST per day, following bloom demise. Mussel sentinel lines were effective in indicating a risk of elevated PST in lobster hepatopancreas, with annual baseline monitoring costing approximately 0.06% of the industry value. In addition, it was determined that if the mean hepatopancreas PST levels in five in idual lobsters from a site were .22 mg STX equiv. kg−1, there is a 97.5% probability that any lobster from that site would be below the bivalve maximum level of 0.8 mg STX equiv. kg−1. The combination of using a sentinel species to identify risk areas and s ling five in idual lobsters at a particular site, provides a cost-effective strategy for managing PST risk in the Tasmanian commercial lobster fishery.
Defining Planktonic Protist Functional Groups on Mechanisms for Energy and Nutrient Acquisition: Incorporation of Diverse Mixotrophic Strategies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PROTIS.2016.01.003
Abstract: Arranging organisms into functional groups aids ecological research by grouping organisms (irrespective of phylogenetic origin) that interact with environmental factors in similar ways. Planktonic protists traditionally have been split between photoautotrophic "phytoplankton" and phagotrophic "microzooplankton". However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of mixotrophy in euphotic aquatic systems, where many protists often combine photoautotrophic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition. Such organisms do not align with the traditional dichotomy of phytoplankton and microzooplankton. To reflect this understanding, we propose a new functional grouping of planktonic protists in an eco-physiological context: (i) phagoheterotrophs lacking phototrophic capacity, (ii) photoautotrophs lacking phagotrophic capacity, (iii) constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) as phagotrophs with an inherent capacity for phototrophy, and (iv) non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire their phototrophic capacity by ingesting specific (SNCM) or general non-specific (GNCM) prey. For the first time, we incorporate these functional groups within a foodweb structure and show, using model outputs, that there is scope for significant changes in trophic dynamics depending on the protist functional type description. Accordingly, to better reflect the role of mixotrophy, we recommend that as important tools for explanatory and predictive research, aquatic food-web and biogeochemical models need to redefine the protist groups within their frameworks.
OCEAN CLIMATE CHANGE, PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY RESPONSES, AND HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS: A FORMIDABLE PREDICTIVE CHALLENGE
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2010
Environmental drivers of unprecedented Alexandrium catenella dinoflagellate blooms off eastern Tasmania, 2012–2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.HAL.2019.101628
Abstract: Blooms of the highly toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (previously referred to as tamarense group 1) were first detected off eastern Tasmania in 2012 and have since been responsible for incidences of human paralytic shellfish poisoning and extended closures (up to 25 weeks) of mussel, oyster, scallop, abalone and rock lobster industries (up to 150 mg/kg PST in mussels). Investigation of meteorological and oceanographic influences indicate that the annually recurrent winter-spring blooms (June-Oct) occur within a narrow water temperature window (10-15 °C) under two distinct sets of conditions: (1) following high rainfall and land run-off, under relatively light winds and (2) following periods of anomalously low air temperatures and associated cooling of shallow coastal waters, again under relatively light winds. The common driver of blooms appears to be the development of stratification in coastal waters, via salinity and/or temperature gradients. We propose a framework for evaluating the risk of Alexandrium with the aim of developing a forecasting capability, and compare these environmental conditions with historic data to understand the recent advent of these blooms.
Ancient DNA and microfossils reveal dynamics of three harmful dinoflagellate species off Eastern Tasmania, Australia, over the last 9,000 years
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 18-02-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.18.431790
Abstract: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have significantly impacted the seafood industry along the Tasmanian east coast over the past three decades, and are expected to change in frequency and magnitude due to climate change induced changing oceanographic conditions. To investigate the long-term history of regional HABs, a combination of palynological and sedimentary ancient DNA ( sed aDNA) analyses was applied to marine sediment cores from inshore (up to 145 years old) and offshore (up to ~9,000 years) sites at Maria Island, southeast Tasmania. Analyses focused Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST) producing dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Gymnodinium catenatum , and the red-tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans , which were specifically targeted using a hybridization capture sed aDNA technique. Identification of primulin-stained A. catenella cysts throughout the inshore sediment core, together with sed aDNA evidence of a bloom-phase of Alexandrium ~15 years ago, indicates recent stimulation of a cryptic endemic population. Morphologically similar but unstained Alexandrium cysts were observed throughout the offshore core, with sed aDNA confirming the presence of A. catenella from ~8,300 years ago to present. Gymnodinium catenatum cysts were detected only in inshore surface sediments from 30 years ago to present, supporting previous evidence of a 1970s introduction via shipping ballast water. sed aDNA confirmed the presence of G. catenatum -related sequences in the inshore and offshore cores, however, unambiguous species identification could not be achieved due to limited reference sequence coverage of Gymnodinium . Our hybridization capture sed aDNA data also confirmed the historically recent dispersal of the non-fossilizing dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans , detected inshore from ~30 years ago, matching first observations of this species in Tasmanian waters in 1994. At the offshore site, N. scintillans sed aDNA was detected only in surface sediments, confirming a recent climate-driven range expansion this species. This study provides new insights into the distribution and abundance of three HAB species in the Tasmanian region, including clues to past bloom phases. Further research into paleo-environmental conditions and paleo-community structure are required to identify the factors driving bloom phases through time and predict plankton community responses under different future climate scenarios. Dinocyst and sed aDNA analyses were applied to marine sediments off Tasmania Alexandrium catenella has been endemic to Australia for at least ~9,000 years Recent A. catenella blooms are likely induced by climate and oceanographic change Gymnodinium catenatum cysts in recent (~30y) sediments confirm a 1970s introduction Noctiluca scintillans sed aDNAin recent (~30y) sediments matches a 1994 introduction
Lobster Supply Chains Are Not at Risk from Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Accumulation during Wet Storage
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-02-2021
Abstract: Lobster species can accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) in their hepatopancreas following the consumption of toxic prey. The Southern Rock Lobster (SRL), Jasus edwardsii, industry in Tasmania, Australia, and New Zealand, collectively valued at AUD 365 M, actively manages PST risk based on toxin monitoring of lobsters in coastal waters. The SRL supply chain predominantly provides live lobsters, which includes wet holding in fishing vessels, sea-cages, or processing facilities for periods of up to several months. Survival, quality, and safety of this largely exported high-value product is a major consideration for the industry. In a controlled experiment, SRL were exposed to highly toxic cultures of Alexandrium catenella at field relevant concentrations (2 × 105 cells L−1) in an experimental aquaculture facility over a period of 21 days. While significant PST accumulation in the lobster hepatopancreas has been reported in parallel experiments feeding lobsters with toxic mussels, no PST toxin accumulated in this experiment from exposure to toxic algal cells, and no negative impact on lobster health was observed as assessed via a wide range of behavioural, immunological, and physiological measures. We conclude that there is no risk of PST accumulation, nor risk to survival or quality at the point of consumption through exposure to toxic algal cells.
Comparative ecophysiology of the harmful alga Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) from South Australian and Japanese waters
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-1999
New observations on the large hemidiscoid diatomPalmerina ostenfeldiiand its symbiotic ciliateVaginicola collariformasp. nov.from subtropical Australian waters
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2021
Paralytic shellfish toxin uptake, tissue distribution, and depuration in the Southern Rock Lobster Jasus edwardsii Hutton
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Description of new chlorophyll a alteration products in marine phytoplankton
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1985
Single-laboratory validation of the neogen qualitative lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels and oysters
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2018
Abstract: Detection of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in bivalve shellfish by analytical methods is complicated and costly, requiring specific expertise and equipment. Following extensive blooms of Alexandrium tamarense Group 1 in Tasmania, Australia, an investigation was made into commercially available screening test kits suitable for use with the toxin profiles found in affected bivalves. The qualitative Neogen rapid test kit, with a modified protocol to convert gonyautoxins GTX1& and GTX2& into neosaxitoxin and saxitoxin (STX), respectively, with higher cross-reactivities, was the best fit-for-purpose. This validation study of the test kit and the modified protocol was undertaken following AOAC INTERNATIONAL guidelines for the validation of qualitative binary chemistry methods. The validation used four different PST profiles representing natural profiles found in Australia and in Europe: two in a mussel matrix and two in an oyster matrix. The test kit was shown to have appropriate selectivity of the toxin analogs commonly found in bivalve shellfish. The matrix and probability of detection (POD) study showed that the rapid test kit used with the modified protocol was able to consistently detect PST at the bivalve regulatory level of 0.8 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg, with a POD estimated via the binomial logistic regression of 1.0 at 0.8 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg in all tested profiles in both matrixes. The POD at 0.4 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg was 0.75 and 0.46 for the two toxin profiles in an oyster matrix and 0.96 and 1.0 for the two toxin profiles in a mussel matrix. No significant differences in the PODs of the PSTs at the regulatory level were found between production lots of the test kits. The results suggest the method is suitable to undergo a collaborative validation study.
Sam, Sahh and Map gene expression during cell division and paralytic shellfish toxin production of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2007
DOI: 10.2216/07-25.1
Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
High abundance of the potentially maitotoxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus carpenteri in temperate waters of New South Wales, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
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