ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4236-9688
Current Organisations
University of Warwick
,
Deakin University
,
Conjoint Board, Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons
,
Monash University
,
Southern Health
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Publisher: Informa Healthcare
Date: 18-10-2010
DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.528394
Abstract: Autism is a severe, pervasive developmental disorder, the aetiology of which is poorly understood. Current pharmacological treatment options for autism are often focused on addressing comorbid behavioural problems, rather than core features of the disorder. Investigation of a new treatment approach is needed. Recent research has indicated a possible role of abnormalities in oxidative homeostasis in the pathophysiology of autism, based on reports that a range of oxidative biomarkers are significantly altered in people with autism. This article reviews the current findings on oxidative stress in autism, including genetic links to oxidative pathways, changes in antioxidant levels and other oxidative stress markers. We conducted a search of the literature up to June 2010, using Medline, Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL PLUS and BIOSIS Previews. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress in autism. This will assist in highlighting areas of future therapeutic targets and potential underlying pathophysiology of this disorder. Abnormalities in oxidative homeostasis may play a role in the pathophysiology of autism. Antioxidant treatment may form a potential therapeutic pathway for this complex disorder.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.RIDD.2014.04.010
Abstract: The literature on the association between behavioural and emotional problems and ageing in adults with Down syndrome (DS) without dementia is limited and has generally not reported on a wide range of behavioural and emotional problems. This research aimed to extend the field by examining the associations between age and a wide spectrum of behavioural and emotional problems in adults with DS without dementia. A preliminary analysis of the association between potential covariates and behavioural and emotional problems was also undertaken. Parents and caregivers completed a questionnaire on behavioural and emotional problems for 53 adults with DS aged between 16 and 56 years. Twenty-eight adults with DS and their caregivers were part of a longitudinal s le, which provided two time points of data approximately four years apart. Additionally, 25 participants with DS and their caregivers were from a cross sectional s le, which provided one time point of data. Random effects regression analyses were used to examine the patterns in item scores for behavioural and emotional problems associated with age. No significant associations between age and the range or severity of any behavioural and emotional items were found. This suggested a more positive pattern for ageing adults with DS than has been previously described. Given that behavioural and emotional problems were not associated with age, investigation into other factors that may be associated with the behavioural and emotional difficulties for adults with DS is discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2007
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900003193
Abstract: The heterogeneous nature of school refusal has led to much confusion surrounding the conceptualisation of this phenomenon. A number of researchers have developed taxonomic systems in an effort to enhance our understanding of school refusal and to facilitate communication among professionals working in the field. The current paper explores the evolution of these systems and outlines the limitations of each. Non-empirical classificatory systems are reviewed first, followed by empirical systems based on factor analyses and diagnostic profiles. A functional taxonomic system for problematic school attendance is then reviewed. Future research based on sound methodological procedures should aim to examine a broad range of child and family characteristics in order to develop reliable, homogenous subtypes for this population.
Publisher: Unpublished
Date: 2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-11-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2788.2006.00904.X
Abstract: Behavioural and emotional problems occur at a high rate in children and adolescents with intellectual disability, often from a young age. Some studies have indicated that children and adolescents with autism present with even higher rates. Less is known about the presentation, development and family impact of these difficulties in young children with autism. This study aimed to explore these issues in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), those with delay without a PDD, and their families. Participants were 123 children aged 20-51 months, referred to a developmental assessment clinic. Parents completed a checklist on child behavioural and emotional problems, and in idual questionnaires on family functioning, their own mental health, and stress in relation to parenting their child. The child's language and cognitive skills, adaptive functioning and behaviour were assessed by standardized measures. Measures were repeated 1 year postdiagnosis. Behavioural and emotional problems in young children with a PDD were compared with those in children with developmental delay without a PDD, and their impact on parental outcomes explored over time. Initial and follow-up measures of child behaviour and emotional problems, parent mental health problems, parent stress and family functioning were significantly correlated, providing some evidence of stability over time. Child emotional and behavioural problems contributed significantly more to mother stress, parent mental health problems, and perceived family dysfunction than child diagnosis (PDD/non-PDD), delay or gender. Compared with mothers, all fathers reported significantly less stress in relation to parenting their child. Results highlighted the importance of addressing emotional and behavioural problems in very young children with autism and/or developmental delay. The need for early support and intervention for mothers, fathers and families in this context was also evidenced. As research has shown that behavioural and emotional problems persist into adolescence and young adulthood, understanding of these issues in very young children and their parents has important implications for intervention and long-term outcomes.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2003
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1992.TB02705.X
Abstract: Previously we observed that neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) deficiency in beta tumor cells facilitates metastasis into distant organs and local lymph nodes. Here, we show that NCAM-deficient beta cell tumors grew leaky blood vessels with perturbed pericyte-endothelial cell-cell interactions and deficient perivascular deposition of ECM components. Conversely, tumor cell expression of NCAM in a fibrosarcoma model (T241) improved pericyte recruitment and increased perivascular deposition of ECM molecules. Together, these findings suggest that NCAM may limit tumor cell metastasis by stabilizing the microvessel wall. To directly address whether pericyte dysfunction increases the metastatic potential of solid tumors, we studied beta cell tumorigenesis in primary pericyte-deficient Pdgfb(ret/ret) mice. This resulted in beta tumor cell metastases in distant organs and local lymph nodes, demonstrating a role for pericytes in limiting tumor cell metastasis. These data support a new model for how tumor cells trigger metastasis by perturbing pericyte-endothelial cell-cell interactions.
Publisher: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)
Date: 2001
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2006
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2000
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1991
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2001
DOI: 10.1177/1362361301005001007
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine executive functioning, in particular, attentional set-shifting deficits in high-functioning autism (n = 12) and Asperger’s disorder (n = 12). A large or global digit composed of smaller or local digits was presented during each trial. The participants indicated the presence of 1s or 2s by pressing the appropriate button. These targets could appear globally or locally. Relative to IQ, sex and age matched controls, reaction time to global targets in in iduals with autism was retarded when the previous target appeared locally. This deficiency in shifting from local to global processing, however, was not observed in in iduals with Asperger’s disorder. The theoretical and neurobiological significance of this dissociation in executive functioning in these clinically related disorders was explored.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1080/00048670902817679
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this naturalistic longitudinal study was to examine the effectiveness of in idual psychoanalytic psychotherapy in reducing symptoms and improving overall functioning for adolescents with severe mental illness beyond the changes observed with treatment as usual. Changes to family functioning were also examined. Method: Participants at 12 month follow up were 55 of an initial group of 80 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services patients with complex, severe mental illness (32 female, mean age = 15.11 years). At initial assessment 40 participants were offered psychoanalytic psychotherapy when a psychotherapist became available 23 accepted and received once- or twice-weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapy for 4–12 months. Out of the initial 57 participants who received Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services treatment as usual, 33 were reassessed at 12 months. Self-reported depressive symptoms, parent-reported social and attention problems and researcher-evaluated overall functioning and family functioning were measured at initial assessment and 12 months later. Results: At 12 months, psychotherapy was associated with a greater reduction in depressive, social and attention problems than treatment as usual, alone, if these problems were initially in the clinical range. There was no effect on participant overall functioning or family functioning. Conclusions: This naturally occurring s le of seriously ill adolescents referred to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services for assessment were suffering complex mental illness and poor mental health. Empirical evidence is presented that psychoanalytic psychotherapy is an effective addition to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services treatment as usual for mental illness in adolescence, particularly for more severe and complex cases. The naturalistic study design and participant attrition are possible study limitations.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1155/2015/635732
Abstract: Despite being identified as a high risk cohort for psychosis, there has been relatively little research on the clinical presentation and assessment of Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) in childhood. The current study aimed to develop a measure of childhood SPD (Melbourne Assessment of Schizotypy in Kids (MASK)) and assess discriminant validity against another neurodevelopmental disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Sixty-eight children aged between 5 and 12 (21 SPD, 15 ASD, and 32 typically developing) and their parents were administered the MASK. The MASK is a 57-item semistructured interview that obtains information from the child, their parents, and the clinician. The results showed high internal consistency for the MASK and higher scores in the SPD group. A factor analysis revealed two MASK factors: social ragmatic symptoms and positive schizotypal symptoms. Both factors were associated with SPD, while only the social ragmatic factor was associated with ASD. Within the two clinical groups, a receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the MASK (cut-off score: 132 out of 228) was a good indicator of SPD diagnosis. These preliminary MASK findings were reliable and consistent and suggest that childhood SPD is characterised by complex symptomology distinguishable from ASD.
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2023
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2002
DOI: 10.1177/1534582302001002004
Abstract: The repetitive, stereotyped, and obsessive behaviors that characterize autism may in part be attributable to disruption of the region of the fronto-striatal system, which mediates executive abilities. Neuropsychological testing has shown that children with autism exhibit set-shifting deficiencies on tests such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting task but show normal inhibitory ability on variants of the Stroop color-word test. According to Minshew and Goldstein’s multiple primary deficit theory, the complexity of the executive functioning task is important in determining the performance of in iduals with autism. This study employed a visual-spatial task (with a Stroop-type component) to examine the integrity of executive functioning, in particular inhibition, in autism ( n= 12) and Asperger’s disorder ( n= 12) under increasing levels of cognitive complexity. Whereas the Asperger’s disorder group performed similarly to age and IQ-matched control participants, even at the higher levels of cognitive complexity, the high-functioning autism group displayed inhibitory deficits specifically associated with increasing cognitive load.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2006
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-02-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1991
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-03-2013
Abstract: Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in adolescents with depressive disorders. To date there is limited evidence of the extent to which sleep disturbances are associated with treatment response in adolescents. This study aimed to examine the extent to which self-reported sleep disturbances are associated with treatment response in adolescents with depression. Sleep data were gathered from a s le of 166 adolescents (aged 12–18 years) with a diagnosis of a DSM-IV depressive disorder who underwent 3 months of treatment (psychosocial and/or pharmacotherapy (sertraline)) in community-based research programs. The subjective report of sleep disturbance within depressive disorders was assessed using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children at three time points: pre-treatment, post-treatment and 6-month follow-up. Sixty-nine percent of participants had a sleep disturbance pre-treatment and approximately 75% of these participants had threshold symptoms. Threshold sleep disturbances that persisted from pre- to post-treatment assessments were positively associated with depression at the 6-month follow-up. An ordered logistic regression model controlling for gender, treatment group and comorbid anxiety estimated a 70% risk of depression or partial remission for those with persistent sleep disturbance. Treatment group, anxiety and gender generally had no significant effect on the relationship between sleep and depression. Sleep disturbances were highly related to depressive state and were associated with poorer treatment response in adolescents with depression. These results provide a rationale for further exploration of sleep-related treatments for adolescents with depression. Knowledge of patient-reported persistent sleep disturbances can help clinicians to predict treatment outcomes and may direct them to augment treatment or focus on sleep-related treatment strategies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-07-1994
Abstract: A range of behaviours has been postulated as specific manifestations of the Fragile X (fra(X)) syndrome. This study examines a broad range of behaviours in subjects with fra(X) syndrome and in control in iduals. It was designed to take account of methodological factors which may account for differing findings in previous studies. Subjects were 48 children, adolescents, and young adults with fra(X) syndrome. They were compared with a large community epidemiological s le (N = 454) of persons with mental retardation (M.R.), matched for age, sex, and IQ. Behavioural problems were studied using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist, an instrument of established reliability and validity in the evaluation of behavioural and emotional disturbance in children and adolescents with mental retardation. Fragile X subjects had more shyness and avoidance of eye contact and less antisocial behaviour. Further methodological issues pertaining to studies of behaviour phenotype in general are discussed.
Publisher: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)
Date: 1997
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 06-2004
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2001
Abstract: Autism and Asperger disorder have long been associated with movement abnormalities, although the neurobehavioural details of these abnormalities remain poorly defined. Clumsiness has traditionally been associated with Asperger disorder but not autism, although this is controversial. Others have suggested that both groups demonstrate a similar global motor delay. In this study we aimed to determine whether movement preparation or movement execution was atypical in these disorders and to describe any differences between autism and Asperger disorder. A simple motor reprogramming task was employed. The results indicated that in iduals with autism and Asperger disorder have atypical movement preparation with an intact ability to execute movement. An atypical deficit in motor preparation was found in Asperger disorder, whereas movement preparation was characterized by a "lack of anticipation" in autism. The differences in movement preparation profiles in these disorders were suggested to reflect differential involvement of the fronto-striatal region, in particular the supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-06-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-014-2159-X
Abstract: Longitudinal research has demonstrated that social outcomes for adults with autism are restricted, particularly in terms of employment and living arrangements. However, understanding of in idual and environmental factors that influence these outcomes is far from complete. This longitudinal study followed a community s le of children and adolescents with autism into adulthood. Social outcomes in relation to community inclusion and living skills were examined, including the predictive role of a range of in idual factors and the environment (socio-economic disadvantage). Overall, the degree of community inclusion and living skills was restricted for the majority, and while childhood IQ was an important determinant of these outcomes, it was not the sole predictor. The implications of these findings in relation to interventions are discussed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-12-1999
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991222)87:5<436::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-M
Abstract: We describe a follow-up of a study of behavior and emotional problems in a cohort of young people with Fragile X syndrome over 7 years. The study demonstrates that there is substantial persistence of the overall level of behavior and emotional problems. However, there are changes in certain types of behavior. Scores on the "disruptive" subscale of the Developmental Behavior Checklist decline significantly, whereas those on the "antisocial" subscale increase significantly. These changes parallel those seen in a large epidemiological control s le of young people with intellectual disability due to other causes. Further, two in idual behaviors that distinguished the Fragile X in iduals from the control in iduals in the original study, namely "shy" and "avoids eye contact," continue to do so 7 years later.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2001
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2011
DOI: 10.1038/SC.2010.102
Abstract: The study design used is cross-sectional descriptive survey. The aim of this study is to describe the subjective and objective quality of life (QoL) of adults with chronic non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NT-SCI) and to compare the objective and subjective QoL of adults with chronic NT-SCI with adults who have a chronic traumatic spinal cord injury (T-SCI) and the general population. Living in the general community (non-residential care), Australia. The study included 443 adults with SCI (T-SCI, n=381) (NT-SCI, n=62), all SCI ≥6 months duration. Not applicable. Objective and subjective QoL domains--Comprehensive QoL Scale for Adults, version 5 (COMQoL-A5) acceptance subscale--the Spinal Cord Lesion Coping Strategies Questionnaire, version 1 Australia (SCL CSQ v1.0 Australia). Despite demographic differences, only the objective QoL domain material (higher in NT-SCI) and the subjective QoL domain health (lower in NT-SCI) were significantly different between the SCI subgroups. In contrast, five of the seven objective domains and four of the seven subjective domains were significantly lower in the SCI s le as a whole, compared with the general population. Post hoc analyses suggested that aetiology of the SCI was not responsible for QoL differences within the cohort with SCI. On the whole, aetiology makes little difference to QoL outcomes after SCI. The QoL of adults with chronic T-SCI and NT-SCI fall significantly below that of the general population in most domains.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1984
DOI: 10.1007/BF00717325
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2010.11.002
Abstract: The potential for the coexistence of the developmental disorders autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in any one in idual has for a long time been a contentious issue. While from a neurobiological perspective it is possible, and even highly likely, that ADHD and autism might clinically co-exist, our major diagnostic classification systems (DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10) currently preclude such a dual-diagnosis. The aim of the current review is to summarise current diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies for the two disorders, relevant theories of developmental dysfunction, and update the state of the debate regarding comorbidity. Evidence from clinical, neuroimaging and neuropsychological domains is considered, and similarities and differences between the two disorders are identified. Suggestions for future research into the comorbid profiles of these disorders are proposed, with a strong emphasis placed on the neuropsychological assessment of executive functioning as a potentially useful tool for both identifying similarities, and differentiating the disorders.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2001
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.2001.00653.X
Abstract: Autism is characterized by impairments in three areas: (i) reciprocal social interaction (ii) communication and (iii) repetitive and stereotyped patterns of interest and behaviour. Despite the finding that parents notice abnormalities and problems with their child's development at a very early age, research shows that diagnoses are often made at an age beyond that recommended for the commencement of early intervention. This paper reviews the range of studies that have sought to elucidate the early features of autism in young, preschool children. Impairments in the capacity for reciprocal social interaction involving preverbal, verbal and non-verbal communication, and play and symbolic behaviour are the key features indicative of autism in infants and preschool children.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 06-2020
DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/869/7/072034
Abstract: Cold-rolled aluminium alloy sections have been well known as new products of BlueScope Permalite, and have been produced by utilising the existing rolling system for cold-formed steel sections to successfully roll-form Channel and Zed sections in Australian market. The roll-forming approach is proven to be faster and more cost-effective as compared to the conventional extrusion method. This method has attracted the attention from the manufacturers and users as well as researchers which resulted in the ARC Linkage Research Project-LP140100863 grant funded by the Australian Research Council and BlueScope Permalite to perform research on these types of cold-rolled aluminium sections. One of the objects in this project is to evaluate the application of current design standards in designing cold-rolled aluminium alloy members which are necessary to propose modifications in Aluminium design standards. This paper presents the applicability of current Aluminium design standards including Australian Standard, American Specification and Euro code in designing cold-rolled Aluminium Alloy Channel Beams by using reliability analysis.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2011
Abstract: The presence or absence of clinically delayed language development prior to 3 years of age is a key, but contentious, clinical feature distinguishing autism from Asperger’s disorder. The aim of this study was to examine language processing in children with high-functioning autism (HFA) and Asperger’s disorder (AD) using a task which taps lexical processing, a core language ability. Eleven in iduals with HFA, 11 with AD and 11 typically developing (TD) in iduals completed a masked priming task, a psycholinguistic paradigm that directly examines lexical processes. Within-group analyses revealed the AD and TD groups had intact lexical processing systems and orthographic processing of the written word. The outcomes for the HFA group were ambiguous, suggesting that their lexical processing system is either delayed or is structurally different. This suggests that fundamental differences in lexical processing exist between HFA and AD and remain evident later in development.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.2000.00487.X
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the role of epilepsy in psychopathology among an epidemiological s le of young people with intellectual disability (ID). The study also compared behavioural and emotional problems in young people on medication to control their epilepsy with those not on medication, and young people with epilepsy who were having current seizure activity with those with no current seizure activity. An epidemiological cohort of 392 participants, representative of the general Australian population of young people with ID, were used in the study. One hundred and fifteen in iduals from this cohort were identified as suffering from epilepsy. The Developmental Behaviour Checklist was used to measure symptoms of behavioural and emotional disturbance. Results confirmed that young people with ID and epilepsy did not differ from controls without epilepsy on measures of psychopathology. Furthermore, those with epilepsy on medication had no difference in levels of problem behaviours than epileptics not on medication. The results suggest that epilepsy has little or no influence on problem behaviours for young people with ID. Our attempt to understand the pathogenesis of behaviour problems in persons with ID may be better directed towards understanding genetic mechanisms than epilepsy pathologies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 31-10-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-01-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JIR.12813
Abstract: Parents of children with developmental or intellectual disabilities tend to report greater use of coercive parenting practices relative to parents of typically developing children, increasing the risk of adverse child outcomes. However, to date, there is limited research exploring the role and relative contribution of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors in parents of children with a disability. The present study aimed to explore the role of various modifiable and nonmodifiable parenting, family and sociodemographic factors associated with the use of coercive parenting practices in parents of children with a disability. Caregivers (N = 1392) enrolled in the Mental Health of Young People with Developmental Disabilities (MHYPeDD) programme in Australia completed a cross-sectional survey about their parenting and their child aged 2-12 years with a disability. Measures covered a range of domains including relevant demographic and family background, use of coercive parenting practices, intensity of child behavioural difficulties and questions relating to parent and family functioning such as parental self-efficacy, adjustment difficulties and quality of family relationships. Parents of older children, those who were younger at the birth of their child, and parents who were co-parenting or working reported more use of coercive parenting practices. Greater intensity of child difficulties, poorer parental self-efficacy and parent-child relationships, and more parental adjustment difficulties were also significantly associated with more use of coercive parenting. Examination of the relative contribution of variables revealed parent-child relationship was a key contributing factor, followed by intensity of child behaviour problems, parent adjustment and parent confidence. These findings highlight a range of factors that should be targeted and modified through upstream prevention programmes and further inform our understanding of how coercive practices may be influenced through targeted parenting interventions.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-1999
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2010.538838
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the demographic and clinical factors that predicted depression in adolescents at 6 months after treatment. Method: A total of 130 adolescents (aged 12 to 18 years) who had been clinically referred for treatment with a DSM-IV major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder or minor depression were treated with either CBT, sertraline, their combination or supportive psychotherapy, in two randomized clinical trials using the same assessment instruments. Assessments in both studies were conducted at initial assessment, three months later at the conclusion of treatment, and at 6-month follow up. The data of these two trials were pooled. The primary outcome measures were the presence of a depressive disorder and the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS) score at 6-month follow up. Results: At baseline, only the Self Efficacy Questionnaire for Depressed Adolescents (SEQ-DA) predicted depression at 6-month follow up. In idual measures following 3 months of acute treatment that predicted depression at 6-month follow up were SEQ-DA, RADS, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-total score, Global Assessment of Function, adolescent-rated Family Assessment Device General Functioning Subscale and adolescent-rated Visual Analogue Scores of mood states. Conclusion: Clinical variables as reported by the adolescent and identified by the clinician at baseline assessment and following 3 months of treatment predicted depression at 6-month follow up. No demographic variables were predictive of depression at 6-month follow up.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2000
Publisher: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)
Date: 2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-07-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8749.2010.03665.X
Abstract: Controversy surrounds the distinction between high-functioning autism (HFA) and Asperger disorder, but motor abnormalities are associated features of both conditions. This study examined motor cortical inhibition and excitability in HFA and Asperger disorder using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Participants were diagnosed by experienced clinicians strictly according to DSM-IV criteria. Participants with HFA (nine males, two females mean age 16y 8mo, SD 4y 5mo) or Asperger disorder (11 males, three females mean age 19y 1mo, SD 4y 2mo) and neurotypical participants (eight males, three females mean age 19y 0mo, SD 3y 1mo) were administered a paired-pulse TMS paradigm intended to assess motor cortical inhibition and excitability. Responses to TMS were recorded by electromyography. Cortical inhibition was significantly reduced in the HFA group compared with both the Asperger disorder (p<0.001) and neurotypical (p<0.001) groups, suggesting disruption of activity at gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptors. There was no group difference in cortical excitability. Cortical inhibition deficits may underlie motor dysfunction in autism, and perhaps even relate to specific clinical symptoms (e.g. repetitive behaviours). These findings provide novel evidence for a possible neurobiological dissociation between HFA and Asperger disorder based on GABAergic function.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1037/A0034891
Abstract: Irritable mood is implicated in a range of psychiatric conditions in both adults and adolescents. Research into appropriate measures of irritability, however, has been sparse. Recently, Stringaris et al. (2012) published the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI), a measure of chronic irritability with promising psychometric properties. This article presents psychometric properties of the ARI with Australian adolescents and, for the first time, with adults. The adolescent s le (n = 396) was recruited from 11 secondary schools in southeastern Australia. The adult s le (n = 221) was recruited through poster and online advertising. Both s les completed a battery of measures (including the ARI, Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-2, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screen, and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale) on a single occasion, and a subs le of adults (n = 32) completed the ARI a 2nd time after 1 week to establish test-retest reliability. Parent and self-report scales had excellent internal consistency and correlated well with each other. Test-retest reliability was also very good in the adult s le (intraclass correlation coefficient = .80). Convergent validity was demonstrated, as irritability was related to psychopathology in both adults and adolescents as expected. The ARI is a brief, easy-to-use scale to measure chronic irritability, with promising psychometric properties for use with Australian adults and adolescents.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-1990
DOI: 10.3109/00048679009062912
Abstract: The impact of television on children and child development and on the practice of child psychiatry is reviewed. Evidence from research is that children learn from watching television and the programs they see can change their behaviour. Programs with violent and aggressive themes tend to make children more aggressive and disobedient. Cultural sex-role and social stereotypes depicted on the television can also influence children's perceptions of society. Programs specifically designed for different age groups of children which depict pro-social behaviour are likely to lead children to become more friendly, co-operative and self-controlled. The use of television in child psychiatric clinical work supervision and research, and its potential to reduce the psychological trauma experienced by children in the legal proceedings of child abuse cases is discussed. More research is needed to determine the content and intervening variables that effect the acquisition of both positive and negative behaviour from television and enhance its promotion of mental health.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Date: 1994
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-03-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-02-2003
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2788.2003.00470.X
Abstract: The Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC) is a 96-item instrument designed for assessing behavioural and emotional problems among young people with intellectual disability. The present study investigated the validity of the DBC as a measure of change. Changes in in idual's DBC scores were correlated with changes in expert clinicians' ratings of the same subjects. A high correlation was found between expert clinician ratings of change in behaviour and change in the total behaviour problem score of the DBC. The DBC is able to measure changes in behaviour and emotions which are recognized by an experienced clinician who is following the progress of a child with ID.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1375/BECH.28.1.45
Abstract: Accessibility, stigma and adverse effects of self-reliance can hinder the receipt of psychological treatments, especially in people living with chronic illness or disability. The aim of this study was to develop and pilot a flexible online psychological treatment using CBT and positive-psychology based techniques, for in iduals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who also lived with depression or both depression and anxiety. A multiple case study approach provided in-principle evidence of the acceptability of the Electronic Personal Administration of Cognitive Therapy: e PACT. Three adults living with SCI completed pre- and post-intervention interviews and multiple modules of e PACT. The interviews used the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID/-N/P) for diagnosis and the standardised survey instruments: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale — short version (DASS-21), Personal Wellbeing Index 4th edition (PWI) and the Spinal Cord Lesion Emotional Wellbeing Questionnaire (SCL EWQ v1 Australia). The results indicated that the online program was acceptable, and they all showed some improvement in symptoms. All participants indicated that they would not have sought face-to-face therapy for reasons of access and stigma. They all had a strong sense of independence and felt this would have been questioned if they sought therapy.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-03-2008
DOI: 10.1038/SC.2008.22
Abstract: Representative community cross-sectional self-report survey of adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). To establish semantic translation and validation of the Swedish scales--the Spinal Cord Lesion Coping Strategies Questionnaire and the Spinal Cord Lesion Emotional Wellbeing Questionnaire. Adults on the Victorian traumatic SCI register and attendees of the nontraumatic outpatient clinic were invited to participate. Instruments were forward and backward translated to establish semantic equivalence. Principle components analyses were undertaken. Correlation and logistic regression analyses were conducted to demonstrate validity of the instruments using both positive (high quality of life) and negative (depression and anxiety) psychological outcomes. The final s le consisted of 443 adults with SCI living in the community. Both instruments demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. Univariate correlation analyses showed most of the new scale components displayed medium to large relationships in the expected direction with the psychological outcomes and the other subscales. Health status and helplessness were significant predictors of both the positive and negative psychological outcomes in the logistic regression analyses. Acceptance was significantly related to the positive outcome only. Female and incomplete tetraplegia categories were significantly and positively related to depression only. Notwithstanding a few issues with some of the subscales, the results support the usefulness of these easy to use instruments and point to ways for further development of the scales.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 21-09-2010
Abstract: The aim of the study was to examine the temporal characteristics of information processing in in iduals with high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder using a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. The results clearly showed that such people demonstrate an attentional blink of similar magnitude to comparison groups. This supports the proposition that the social processing difficulties experienced by these in iduals are not underpinned by a basic temporal-cognitive processing deficit, which is consistent with Minshew’s complex information processing theory. This is the second study to show that automatic inhibitory processes are intact in both autism and Asperger’s disorder, which appears to distinguish these disorders from some other frontostriatal disorders. The finding that in iduals with autism were generally poorer than the comparison group at detecting black Xs, while being as good in responding to white letters, was accounted for in the context of a potential dual-task processing difficulty or visual search superiority.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1997
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-01-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2788.2010.01372.X
Abstract: With the publication of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC-A), people of all ages with intellectual disability (ID) can now be assessed using a carer-completed screening checklist of emotional and behavioural disturbance. This provides a broad assessment framework across the life span, assists the process of clinical assessment, diagnosis and management, and, through efficient screening, helps ensure that people with ID and high levels of disturbed behaviour are more likely to receive the often scarce and costly behavioural and mental health services that are available. Earlier studies have reported acceptable results of test-retest reliability studies with family members and paid carers in community settings and the results of an inter-rater reliability study completed with family members. This study reports on another aspect of DBC-A reliability, inter-rater reliability with paid carers, in two small community-based accommodation settings. Participants were 38 pairs of paid carers employed by two non-government agencies providing residential services in small group homes to 38 adults with ID in the community. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.69 (n = 38, 95% CI 0.54-0.86) was found between pairs of paid carers employed in small group homes. Pairs of paid carers working with adults with ID in small group homes reliably completed DBC-A checklists. An ICC result of 0.69 compares favourably with the results of an earlier inter-rater study completed with the family members of people with ID living in the community. Inter-rater reliability on the six DBC-A sub-scales was also computed and the results were satisfactory. The carer-completed DBC-A provides a broad and comprehensive survey of the emotional and behavioural problems of adults with ID. It has satisfactory psychometric properties, which have been further extended. The DBC-A can be used in clinical, research and service settings to assess psychopathology across the adult life span in people with ID.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2006
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 02-2022
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 26-09-2012
Abstract: The relationship of motor proficiency with emotional/behavioural disturbance, autistic symptoms and communication disturbance was investigated in children diagnosed with autism and Asperger’s disorder (AD). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children was used as a measure of motor impairment, and the Developmental Behavioural Checklist was used as a measure of emotional/behavioural disturbance in the following groups: AD (n = 22), high functioning autism (HFA) (n = 23), LFA (n = 8) and typically developing children (n = 20). The HFA group had more difficulty with motor items, such as ball skills and balance, than did the AD group. There were significant positive correlations between impairments in motor proficiency (in particular ball skills and balance) and emotional/behavioural disturbance, autistic symptoms and communication disturbance. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that there are qualitative and quantitative differences in the motor profile between autism and AD. In addition, the association between motor proficiency impairment and emotional/behavioural disturbance in autism and AD emphasizes the importance for screening of co-occurring emotional/behavioural symptoms in in iduals with motor difficulties. These findings have implications for the potential use of adjunct motor measures in the diagnosis and definition of autism spectrum disorders.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2013
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2000
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1614.2000.00695.X
Abstract: Objective: This study addresses the question of how prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorder change from childhood to adolescence in young people with intellectual disability (ID). Method: A representative epidemiological s le of 582 young people with ID aged 4–19 years was surveyed in 1991–1992 and again in 1995–1996. The main measure of psychiatric disturbance was the developmental behaviour checklist (DBC), a 96 item parent/carer completed questionnaire with robust psychometric properties which provided an overall score, 6 subscale or syndrome measures of psychiatric disturbance and determined caseness. Results: The findings confirmed that about 40% of young people with ID had psychiatric disorders which persisted over 4 years. Clinically significant change in symptoms with either deterioration or improvement occurred in around 14% of the s le. Conclusion: Psychiatric disorder is 3–4 times more prevalent in young people with ID than in the general population. Less than 10% of these young people receive specialist services for a problem which is numerically as large as schizophrenia.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 13-10-2022
Abstract: The current study explored the process of change in Stepping Stones Triple P (SSTP) using a community-based s le of 891 families of children with developmental disabilities (DD) who participated in an SSTP intervention at a community level. A preliminary analysis of outcome data indicated that SSTP intervention was effective in reducing parental adjustment difficulties, coercive parenting, and children’s behavioral and emotional difficulties immediately after the intervention. The effects were maintained at 12-month follow-up. The results also indicated that change in parental adjustment over the course of intervention was significantly associated with a change in parenting behaviors. However, change in parenting behaviors but not change in parental adjustment, predicted children’s behavioral and emotional problems following the intervention. The results suggest that positive parenting skills are the most salient ingredient driving the change in child behaviors in SSTP interventions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-01-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1991
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1991.TB00373.X
Abstract: Childhood OCD is a distressing and debilitating condition. Childhood OCD is not a simple exaggeration of the rituals and superstitions that occur over the course of normal development. More males than females are diagnosed as having OCD. Not unexpectedly, anxiety and affective disorders are often associated with childhood OCD. Compulsive personality disorder is also an associated feature for a proportion of children with OCD. Treatment usually involves in idual psychotherapy and family counselling, although behavioural treatment and medication (clomipramine) have also been used by clinicians.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2014
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 2013
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-1994
DOI: 10.1080/00048679409080787
Abstract: The relationship between depression and stressors and the relationship between depression in children and depression in their parents were investigated. Depressed children aged 7–11 years (n=20) were compared with clinical non-depressed children (n=88) and normal children (n=55). Children, mothers and fathers in the three groups were tested. Measures included the Children's Depression Inventory, Recent Life Events Scale, Stressor Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The findings showed that children and mothers in the depressed group reported more stressors than other children and other mothers while fathers of children in the depressed group did not report more stressors. The findings also showed that mothers of depressed children were more depressed than mothers of normal children while there were no differences between the scores of fathers in the three groups.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1080/00048670802119770
Abstract: Objective: Adolescents accessing inpatient psychiatric services typically have severe and complex disturbance. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive description of an adolescent inpatient s le by examining their psychiatric diagnosis, symptomatology and functioning and associated parental mental health, family functioning and cultural and socioeconomic factors. Few studies have described all these factors and existing studies have reported varying results. Methods: Participants were 88 adolescents (37 male) aged 12–18 years (mean=15.4 years) consecutively recruited through a small number of case clinicians from a regional metropolitan public inpatient unit over a 5 year period. Adolescents and parents participated in clinical interviews and completed psychometric measures. Case clinicians provided diagnostic information. Results: In contrast to previous studies, adolescents were from a cross-section of socioeconomic backgrounds. Results showed a high rate of comorbid Axis I diagnoses with depressive disorders the most common principal diagnosis. Two-thirds of adolescents experienced clinical levels of internalizing problems. Clinical levels of thought disturbance and externalizing problems were reported for most adolescents, although adolescents self-reported fewer of these symptoms. Educational and social difficulties were common. A salient result was the high level of family dysfunction reported by multiple informants. Most parents reported minimal personality or psychological disturbance but results contradicted other studies and may reflect response bias. In a preliminary finding, non-English-speaking background and low socioeconomic status were associated with a psychosis-related principal diagnosis. Conclusion: Findings indicate the multiplicity of issues facing adolescent inpatients including psychiatric symptoms, impaired personal and family functioning and family cultural and background factors. Treatment that focuses on only some of these factors may have limited effectiveness.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1992
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-04-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-63134-0
Abstract: Hyperuricemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. However, the threshold value of serum uric acid levels for increased risk of mortality has not been determined. This large-scale cohort study used a nationwide database of 500,511 Japanese subjects (40–74 years) who participated in the annual health checkup and were followed up for 7 years. The association of serum uric acid levels at baseline with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was examined. The Cox proportional hazard model analysis with adjustment for possible confounders revealed that the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality showed a J-shaped association with serum uric acid levels at baseline in both men and women. A significant increase in the hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was noted with serum uric acid levels ≥ 7 mg/dL in men and ≥ 5 mg/dL in women. A similar trend was observed for cardiovascular mortality. This study disclosed that even a slight increase in serum uric acid levels was an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in both men and women in a community-based population. Moreover, the threshold values of uric acid for mortality might be different for men and women.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1996
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-1997
DOI: 10.1007/BF02806721
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-04-2009
DOI: 10.1038/SC.2009.43
Abstract: Community cross-sectional self-report survey of adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to examine the likelihood of depression, anxiety and stress in adults with non-traumatic SCI (NT-SCI) compared with adults with traumatic SCI (T-SCI). Victoria, Australia. Adults (N=443 NT-SCI n=62) living in the community and attending specialist SCI rehabilitation clinics. Participants completed a self-report survey by internet, telephone or hard copy. Items included demographic and injury-related characteristics and the short form Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Persons with NT-SCI were significantly more likely to be female (P<0.05), older (P<0.001) and have lower-level incomplete injuries (P 0.05). Overall, the prevalence of adverse mental health problems defined by scoring above DASS-21 cutoffs, were depression 37%, anxiety 30%, and clinically significant stress 25%. This study examined multiple mental health outcomes after NT-SCI in Australia. This study provides some evidence that the results of studies of depression, anxiety or stress in persons with T-SCI can be generalised to those with NT-SCI in the post-acute phase. NT-SCI patients are also at substantial risk of poor mental health outcomes. General demographic and injury-related characteristics do not seem to be important factors associated with the mental health of adults with SCI whether the SCI is traumatic or non-traumatic in origin.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-11-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2011.02238.X
Abstract: Research has suggested an abnormal acceleration in head circumference growth in children with autism within the first 12 months of life. This study aimed to examine head circumference at birth and head circumference growth rates in young children with autism and developmental delay, and young children with developmental delay without autism. This study assessed head circumference at birth and rate of change in head circumference in young children with autism (n=86) and children with developmental delay without autism (n=40). For both groups of children, head circumference at birth and head circumference growth were compared with Centers for Disease Control normative data. No differences were found between the group of children with autism and developmental delay compared with the group with developmental delay only. However, when the s le was compared with a range of selected Centers for Disease Control normative medians, the children with autism were found to have significantly smaller head circumferences at birth and significantly larger head circumference at 18.5 months of age. These results are discussed in relation to the potential of accelerated head circumference growth as an early marker for autism. This study failed to find a difference in the head circumferences of children with autism and developmental delay and children with developmental delay only, thus suggesting that head circumference measurement has limited value as an early marker for autism.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2788.2002.00346.X
Abstract: Epidemiological studies have established injury as a major public health problem for young people in the general population, but minimal population-based injury information exists on those with intellectual disability (ID). The present study investigated risk factors for injury to subjects in the Australian Child and Adolescent Development (ACAD) programme, which is examining emotional and behavioural problems in young people with ID. Extensive biopsychosocial data for the ACAD programme were collected at two time intervals (i.e. 1990-1991 and 1995-1996). Carer report of medically attended injury over one year was collected for the first time period (1995-1996) on a s le of 465 ACAD subjects (aged 5-29 years) representative of young people with ID (IQ < 70) to determine risk factors for injury using the ACAD biopsychosocial data. Psychopathology [odds ratio (OR)=3.4] epilepsy (OR = 2.4) and an overly sociable temperament (OR=2.2) are associated with injury in young people with ID. Social and family factors had minimal influence on injury risk in this population. Those who are highly disruptive, self-absorbed, anxious, have problems relating socially, have communication disturbance or have attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms are particularly at increased risk for injury. The present study demonstrates a largely under-recognized public health problem of a high unintentional injury risk for young people with ID, and identifies substantial and important risk factors for injury. Injury prevention programmes, with a particular focus on those with highly disturbed behaviours or epilepsy, are warranted in this population.
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 21-10-2018
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-2005
DOI: 10.1192/S1749367600007463
Abstract: Psychiatry has probably always been the least attractive of the medical specialties. The choice of psychiatry as a career has been consistently low in the English-speaking world over the past 50 years ( British Medical Journal , 1973 Feifel et al , 1999 Brockington & Mumford, 2002). Over the past decade there has probably been a further decline in the proportion of medical graduates choosing to train in psychiatry (Sierles & Taylor, 1995 Feifel et al , 1999).
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2004
DOI: 10.1080/J.1440-1614.2004.01421.X
Abstract: Objective: To assess from a health sector perspective the incremental cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents, compared to ‘current practice’. Method: The health benefit is measured as a reduction in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), based on effect size calculations from meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. An assessment on second stage filter criteria (‘equity’ ‘strength of evidence’, ‘feasibility’ and ‘acceptability to stakeholders’) is also undertaken to incorporate additional factors that impact on resource allocation decisions. Costs and benefits are tracked for the duration of a new episode of MDD arising in eligible children (age 6–17 years) in the Australian population in the year 2000. Simulation-modelling techniques are used to present a 95% uncertainty interval (UI) around the cost-effectiveness ratios. Results: Compared to current practice, CBT by public psychologists is the most costeffective intervention for MDD in children and adolescents at A$9000 per DALY saved (95% UI A$3900 to A$24 000). SSRIs and CBT by other providers are less cost-effective but likely to be less than A$50 000 per DALY saved ( 80% chance). CBT is more effective than SSRIs in children and adolescents, resulting in a greater total health benefit (DALYs saved) than could be achieved with SSRIs. Issues that require attention for the CBT intervention include equity concerns, ensuring an adequate workforce, funding arrangements and acceptability to various stakeholders. Conclusions: Cognitive behavioural therapy provided by a public psychologist is the most effective and cost-effective option for the first-line treatment of MDD in children and adolescents. However, this option is not currently accessible by all patients and will require change in policy to allow more widespread uptake. It will also require ‘start-up’ costs and attention to ensuring an adequate workforce.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-007-0432-Y
Abstract: Few studies have focused on the validity of the ADI-R and ADOS in the assessment of preschool children with developmental delay. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic validity of the ADI-R and the ADOS in young children. Two-hundred and nine children aged 20-55 months participated in the study, 120 of whom received a diagnosis of autism. ADI-R and ADOS diagnostic classifications were compared to consensus clinical diagnoses. Children with a clinical diagnosis of autism scored significantly higher on all algorithm domains of the ADI-R and ADOS. The ADOS performed better than the ADI-R in comparison to consensus clinical diagnosis. Characteristics of the ADI-R and ADOS false positive and false negative cases are explored. Further research is recommended in terms of examining which items of the ADI-R best predict a diagnosis of autism for very young children with developmental problems.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 21-10-2018
Publisher: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited
Date: 02-1998
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1991
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900006719
Abstract: Despite their significance, childhood anxiety disorders, compared to those of adults, have been neglected by researchers. However, recent years have witnessed increasing research on childhood anxiety disorders. Normative and developmental aspects of fear and anxiety are briefly discussed and we examine the classification and diagnostic reliability of childhood anxiety disorders. In relation to assessment, we focus on some recent research developments on self-report instruments and behavioural avoidance tests. An integrative behavioural treatment model is presented in which the need for age-appropriate intervention is emphasised. Also, data on the social validity of fear reduction procedures are presented. Finally, we outline several directions for future research.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-06-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JIR.12953
Abstract: Research suggests that adults with autism tend to have poor outcomes. Outcomes have mostly been defined using summary outcome ratings, with less focus on specific outcomes such as employment, living situation, social satisfaction, loneliness, and friendships. This study aimed to explore social and community outcomes, including employment, education, living arrangements, friendships, and social satisfaction, for autistic adults with and without intellectual disability. Eighty‐four adults with autism (mean age 34.2 years, SD = 4.5 67% with co‐occurring intellectual disability), recruited as children and adolescents, participated in the current study. Adult social and community inclusion outcomes were explored through interview and questionnaire, both parent/carer‐report and self‐report. Participants predominantly lived with family or in supported accommodation, did not pursue higher education, and mostly participated in day activity programmes. Most had limited friendships as reported by parents/carers however, self‐report data ( n = 28) indicated that adults were largely satisfied with their social relationships. Overall outcome was poor for 57%, and good / very good for 34%. Adults with intellectual disability generally had poorer outcomes. Autistic adults encountered numerous difficulties in leading an independent life. Adults with co‐occurring intellectual disability were most likely to experience difficulties however, outcomes ranged from poor to very good for adults without intellectual disability. Discrepancies in parent/carer‐report and self‐reported experiences of friendships highlight the need to ensure in idual experiences are captured in addition to parent/carer‐report. Appropriate resources and programmes are crucial for adults with autism to support them to have the choice to live independently.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-01-2012
DOI: 10.1002/AJMG.A.34405
Abstract: Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is caused by a heterozygous mutation or deletion of the ZEB2 gene. It is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance in association with intellectual disability (ID) and variable other features including agenesis of the corpus callosum, seizures, congenital heart defects, microcephaly, short stature, hypotonia, and Hirschsprung disease. The current study investigated the behavioral phenotype of MWS. Parents and carers of 61 in iduals with MWS completed the Developmental Behavior Checklist. Data were compared with those for in iduals selected from an epidemiological s le of people with ID from other causes. The behaviors associated with MWS included a high rate of oral behaviors, an increased rate of repetitive behaviors, and an under-reaction to pain. Other aspects of the MWS behavioral phenotype are suggestive of a happy affect and sociable demeanor. Despite this, those with MWS displayed similarly high levels of behavioral problems as those with intellectual disabilities from other causes, with over 30% showing clinically significant levels of behavioral or emotional disturbance. These findings have the potential to expand our knowledge of the role of the ZEB2 gene during neurodevelopment. Furthermore, they are a foundation for informing interventions and management options to enhance the independence and quality of life for persons with MWS.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-12-2014
DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.867832
Abstract: There is substantial evidence for facial emotion recognition (FER) deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extent of this impairment, however, remains unclear, and there is some suggestion that clinical groups might benefit from the use of dynamic rather than static images. High-functioning in iduals with ASD (n = 36) and typically developing controls (n = 36) completed a computerised FER task involving static and dynamic expressions of the six basic emotions. The ASD group showed poorer overall performance in identifying anger and disgust and were disadvantaged by dynamic (relative to static) stimuli when presented with sad expressions. Among both groups, however, dynamic stimuli appeared to improve recognition of anger. This research provides further evidence of specific impairment in the recognition of negative emotions in ASD, but argues against any broad advantages associated with the use of dynamic displays.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRS.2011.02.001
Abstract: Motor impairments are common in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Electrophysiologic studies reveal abnormalities in the preparation of movement repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to key motor cortical sites may therefore be a useful technique for improving motor function in ASD. To examine whether rTMS can improve electrophysiologic and behavioral indices of motor activity. Eleven participants with ASD completed three sessions in which they were administered one of three rTMS conditions (left M1, supplementary motor area [SMA], sham) at 1 Hz for 15 minutes. Movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) were assessed before and after rTMS. rTMS to the SMA was associated with a gradient increase to the early component of MRCPs, whereas rTMS to left M1 produced a stronger gradient in the late component. rTMS appears to improve movement-related electrophysiologic activity in ASD, perhaps through an influence on cortical inhibitory processes.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 05-08-2016
Abstract: How to effectively improve the tracking and erosion resistance of silicone rubber (SR) was an urgent topic in the field of high-voltage insulation. In this work, the tracking and erosion resistance of SR was significantly improved by incorporating platinum (Pt) catalyst and nitrogen-containing silane (NS). The suppression effect and mechanism of Pt/NS on tracking and erosion were studied by inclined plane (IP) test, thermogravimetry (TG), thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It revealed that when 1.4 phr of NS and 6.7 ppm of Pt were added, the tracking resistance of SR was improved from 2.5 to 4.5 kV level in the IP test, and the eroded mass was significantly reduced. This might be attributed to the synergistic effect of Pt/NS on silicone chains. At a high temperature produced by arc discharge, Pt/NS would catalyze radical cross-linking, meanwhile suppressing oxidation and depolymerization of silicone chains. Hence, a tightly cross-linked network was formed and protected inner materials from arc ablation. Moreover, carbon deposit during pyrolysis was suppressed by Pt/NS, which served as the secondary mechanism of tracking suppression.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-01-2016
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.1592
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-01-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-008-0680-5
Abstract: The aim of the current study was to investigate the manifestation of repetitive behaviour profiles in young children with a Pervasive Developmental Disorder. The s le consisted of 137 developmentally delayed children with a DSM-IV-TR Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and 61 developmentally delayed children without a PDD. An exploratory factor analytic investigation using 12 ADI-R repetitive behaviour items from parent report of children with a PDD reported the emergence of two factors. The first factor consisted of higher-level, "insistence on sameness" behaviours, and the second of lower-level, repetitive "sensory-motor" behaviours. This factor structure was also applicable to a more general group of young children with developmental delay, regardless of their diagnosis. Correlational analyses highlighted contrasting relationships between developmental variables and the different repetitive behaviour factors. These relationships were different for children with a PDD and those without a PDD. The findings have potential implications for the early assessment and diagnosis of PDDs in young children.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-018-3517-X
Abstract: This paper investigates the role of caregiver mental health and parenting practices as predictors of attachment in children with intellectual disability/developmental delay, comparing between children with ASD (n = 29) and children with other developmental disabilities (n = 20). Parents reported that children with ASD had high levels of anxiety and stress, and attachment insecurity in children (less closeness and more conflict in attachment relationships, and more inhibited attachment behaviours) compared with children with other developmental disabilities. Children's attachment quality was associated with parenting practices and the presence of an ASD diagnosis. These results highlight the bidirectional nature of the quality of caregiving environments and attachment in children with ASD, and also provide a strong rationale for targeting children's attachment quality in early interventions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-01-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2788.2010.01373.X
Abstract: People with severe and profound levels of intellectual disability (ID) are frequently examined as a single group in research. However, these two groups may be significantly different, particularly in the area of emotional and behavioural difficulties. The Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC) was completed by parents and caregivers of 107 people with severe ID and 22 people with profound ID at four time periods across 12 years. Regression analyses were used to examine trends in sub-scale scores across time and groups. Significant differences between the groups of people with severe and profound ID were found. People with profound ID had significantly lower scores across all sub-scales except Social Relating. This was usually related to fewer items being selected as present for people with profound ID, as opposed to the scores being attributable to lower item severity scores. There are significant differences between groups of people with severe and profound ID in scores on the DBC, indicating differences in behavioural and emotional problems. Caution should be exercised by researchers treating these two disparate groups as a single group, and by practitioners translating such findings into practice.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1998
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.1998.00291.X
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the specificity of sleep problems in children with autism and further explore the currently unclear association between sleep problems and daytime behaviour. The Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) group consisted of 31 children with autism and 7 children with Asperger's Disorder ranging in age from 44 to 152 months. The control group consisted of 36 children ranging in age from 63 to 171 months. The children were matched on age and gender, and group-matched on IQ level. A sleep diary was completed by parents over a 2-week period, in addition to several behaviour questionnaires. Results showed that children in the PDD group exhibited qualitatively and quantitatively different sleep patterns to nonautistic control children. The findings were discussed in light of current literature concerning circadian rhythm dysfunction, social difficulties, and abnormal melatonin levels in children with autism.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-1998
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900005866
Abstract: Traditionally, mental health professionals and school authorities have found school refusal to be a perplexing and challenging problem. Relevant to an understanding of school refusal, we initially review some important developmental-normative considerations. The clinical features, epidemiology, and etiology of school refusal are also briefly discussed. We then describe a number of behavioural strategies that have been used in the management of school refusal. Finally, we review the research support for the efficacy and acceptability of behavioural strategies in the treatment of school refusal.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1093/MED-PSYCH/9780190629069.003.0041
Abstract: This chapter emphasizes the need for targeted support at a population level for families of children with disabilities. The significantly higher risk of child behavioral and emotional problems can leave parents open to much greater stress, social isolation, and a sense that no help is available. Evidence-based parenting support can redress this, but it is likely to take some time before such support is widely available. Engagement with both professionals and parents takes time and occurs within a political climate that can easily change and disrupt the introduction and sustainability of an effective program. Despite difficulties, however, when parents are able to access an evidence-based parenting program the outcomes are positive for both parents and children, and parents report greater confidence in moving forward with their children.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 29-01-2018
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder is associated with erse social, educational, and occupational challenges. To date, no standardized, internationally accepted tools exist to assess autism spectrum disorder–related functioning. World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health can serve as foundation for developing such tools. This study aimed to identify a comprehensive, a common brief, and three age-appropriate brief autism spectrum disorder Core Sets. Four international preparatory studies yielded in total 164 second-level International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health candidate categories. Based on this evidence, 20 international autism spectrum disorder experts applied an established iterative decision-making consensus process to select from the candidate categories the most relevant ones to constitute the autism spectrum disorder Core Sets. The consensus process generated 111 second-level International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categories in the Comprehensive Core Set for autism spectrum disorder—one body structure, 20 body functions, 59 activities and participation categories, and 31 environmental factors. The Common Brief Core Set comprised 60 categories, while the age-appropriate core sets included 73 categories in the preschool version (0- to 5-year-old children), 81 in the school-age version (6- to 16-year-old children and adolescents), and 79 in the older adolescent and adult version (⩾17-year-old in iduals). The autism spectrum disorder Core Sets mark a milestone toward the standardized assessment of autism spectrum disorder–related functioning in educational, administrative, clinical, and research settings.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-12-2014
DOI: 10.1002/AJMG.A.36279
Abstract: Chromosomal microarray (CMA) is the first-line diagnostic test for in iduals with intellectual disability, autism, or multiple congenital anomalies, with a 10-20% diagnostic yield. An ongoing challenge for the clinician and laboratory scientist is the interpretation of variants of uncertain significance (VOUS)-usually rare, unreported genetic variants. Laboratories differ in their threshold for reporting VOUS, and clinical practice varies in how this information is conveyed to the family and what follow-up is arranged. Workflows, websites, and databases are constantly being updated to aid the interpretation of VOUS. There is a growing literature reporting new microdeletion and duplication syndromes, susceptibility, and modifier copy number variants (CNVs). Diagnostic methods are also evolving with new array platforms and genome builds. In 2010, high-resolution arrays (Affymetrix 2.7 M Oligo and SNP, 50 kB resolution) were performed on a community cohort of 67 in iduals with intellectual disability of unknown aetiology. Three hundred and one CNVs were detected and analyzed using contemporary resources and a simple scoring system. Thirteen (19%) of the arrays were assessed as potentially pathogenic, 4 (6%) as benign and 50 (75%) of uncertain clinical significance. The CNV data were re-analyzed in 2012 using the contemporary interpretative resources. There was a statistically significant difference in the assessment of in idual CNVs (P < 0.0001). An additional eight patients were reassessed as having a potentially pathogenic array (n = 21, 31%) and several additional susceptibility or modifier CNVs were identified. This study highlights the complexity involved in the interpretation of CMA and uniquely demonstrates how, even on the same array platform, it can be subject to change over time.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1017/S081348390000320X
Abstract: This article describes a cognitive-behavioural intervention implemented over 10 sessions with an adolescent girl experiencing school refusal and depression. Treatment focused on the learning of various coping skills to deal with stressful situations at home and school. Following a decision to change schools, a rapid school return was employed. A multimethod, multisource evaluation was used at pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up assessments. The data indicated positive treatment outcomes: the adolescent returned to full-time attendance at school and exhibited decreased levels of emotional distress. The treatment gains were maintained at a 3-month follow-up.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2001
DOI: 10.2165/00128072-200103100-00002
Abstract: School refusal is differentiated from other attendance problems such as truancy and school withdrawal. It is characterised by the child's emotional upset at the prospect of going to school, parental awareness of and antipathy toward the problem, and an absence of significant antisocial behaviour in the child. The child's emotional upset is frequently associated with an anxiety disorder, but it may also be associated with a mood disorder. School refusal affects approximately 1% of school children across the primary and secondary school levels. Severe and prolonged school refusal jeopardises the young person's social, emotional and academic development, and may be associated with mental health problems in adulthood. A first step in management involves efficient identification and the assessment of contributing and maintaining factors. Clinical outcome studies support the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The psychosocial approach encompassed in CBT incorporates anxiety management training with the young person, behaviour management training with parents and consultation with school personnel. Pharmacological treatments are commonly employed although empirical support for their use is limited. Tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors are the more commonly used agents, with the latter having fewer associated adverse effects. It is suggested that the first line of treatment should be CBT, with simultaneous or subsequent pharmacological treatment contingent upon the response to CBT.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROPHARM.2012.06.017
Abstract: Mounting evidence suggests a possible role for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the neuropathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but the extent of this impairment is unclear. A non-invasive, in vivo measure of GABA involves transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex to probe cortical inhibition. In iduals diagnosed with ASD (high-functioning autism or Asperger's disorder) (n = 36 [28 male] mean age: 26.00 years) and a group of healthy in iduals (n = 34 [23 male] mean age: 26.21 years) (matched for age, gender, and cognitive function) were administered motor cortical TMS paradigms putatively measuring activity at GABAA and GABAB receptors (i.e., short and long interval paired pulse TMS, cortical silent period). All cortical inhibition paradigms yielded no difference between ASD and control groups. There was, however, evidence for short interval cortical inhibition (SICI) deficits among those ASD participants who had experienced early language delay, suggesting that GABA may be implicated in an ASD subtype. The current findings do not support a broad role for GABA in the neuropathophysiology of ASD, but provide further indication that GABAA could be involved in ASD where there is a delay in language acquisition. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-05-2019
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2007
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2012
Abstract: Objective: Self-efficacy can be conceptualised as a person’s perception of their own ability to produce a desired outcome. Low self-efficacy has been reported to be a mediating variable in developing depression. The Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Depressed Adolescents (SEQ-DA) is a 12-item inventory, designed to measure self-perceived ability of the young person to cope with depressive symptoms. This paper presents further information on the psychometric properties of the SEQ-DA in a clinical s le of depressed adolescents. Method: The SEQ-DA was administered to a clinical s le of 130 adolescents with a depressive disorder at baseline, at the end of 3 months of therapy and 6 months following therapy. A diagnosis of depression was made using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children. The ability of the SEQ-DA to identify those adolescents who had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder at baseline, following treatment and at 6-month follow-up was evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the SEQ-DA in this clinical s le of depressed adolescents was undertaken to establish cut-off scores of the SEQ-DA. Results: The SEQ-DA score at baseline of 36 and following treatment of 43 were predictive of a depressive disorder. Conclusions: The SEQ-DA is a very simple self-report measure that can be used to predict which adolescents treated for depression are likely to remain depressed, thus prompting more intensive treatment and follow-up.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2001
DOI: 10.1002/CPP.313
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1996
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-05-2003
DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0447.2003.00050.X
Abstract: To survey the attitudes of Australian medical students to determine their views about the relative attractiveness of psychiatry as a career compared with other specialties, and against findings from a North American study. We surveyed 655 first-year medical students attending six Australian Universities. Responses indicated that Australian medical students view psychiatry as distinctly less 'attractive' than other career options, as reported in the North American s le. In comparison with other disciplines, psychiatry was regarded as more interesting and intellectually challenging, but also as lacking a scientific foundation, not being enjoyable and failing to draw on training experiences. Our findings suggest that psychiatry has an image problem that is widespread, reflecting community perceptions and the specialist interests of medical students on recruitment. If psychiatry is to improve its 'attractiveness' as a career option, identified image problems need to be corrected and medical student selection processes re-considered.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 25-10-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JCPP.12305
Abstract: There is increasing interest in oxytocin as a therapeutic to treat social deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a course of oxytocin nasal spray to improve social behavior in youth with ASD. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial across two Australian university sites between February 2009 and January 2012, 50 male participants aged between 12 and 18 years, with Autistic or Asperger's Disorder, were randomized to receive either oxytocin (n = 26) or placebo (n = 24) nasal sprays (either 18 or 24 International Units), administered twice-daily for 8 weeks. Participants were assessed at baseline, after 4- and 8-weeks of treatment, and at 3-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were change in total scores on the caregiver-completed Social Responsiveness Scale and clinician-ratings on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale. Secondary assessments included caregiver reports of repetitive and other developmental behaviors and social cognition. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry www.anzctr.org.au ACTRN12609000513213. Participants who received oxytocin showed no benefit following treatment on primary or secondary outcomes. However, caregivers who believed their children received oxytocin reported greater improvements compared to caregivers who believed their child received placebo. Nasal sprays were well tolerated and there was no evidence of increased side effects resulting from oxytocin administration. This is the first evaluation of the efficacy for a course of oxytocin treatment for youth with ASD. Although results did not suggest clinical efficacy, further research is needed to explore alternative delivery methods, earlier age of intervention, and the influence of caregiver expectation on treatment response.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900003211
Abstract: This paper reviews the role and indications for pharmacotherapy of children with school refusal. The psychopharmacological treatment of school refusal is based mainly on evidence of the effectiveness of certain drugs in the treatment of adult disorders. There is some evidence that tricyclic antidepressants and benzobiazepines may be specifically useful in the treatment of school refusal, but further research is warranted. Potentially serious side effects mean that drugs are best confined to cases where psychological treatments have not been effective or where drugs are used briefly as an adjunct to a broader psychological treatment plan. Drugs may also have a role in the specific treatment of comorbid conditions associated with school refusal. Any use of drugs should involve regular reviews to monitor response, compliance, and side effects.
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 21-10-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2002
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200211000-00019
Abstract: To determine whether a subset of items from the Developmental Behavior Checklist (DBC) could be selected to construct a reliable autism screening tool. A 29-item scale-the Developmental Behavior Checklist-Autism Screening Algorithm (DBC-ASA)-was developed by using items from the DBC and evaluated in a s le comprising 180 children who met criteria for autism and 180 controls matched for age, sex, and IQ range. This study found that the DBC-ASA has good validity in discriminating young people (4-18 years) with autism and IQ ranging from normal to severe intellectual disability from others using a cutoff score of 17. The DBC-ASA is an effective autism screening questionnaire for at-risk young people, including those with intellectual disability.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-07-2018
DOI: 10.1111/SLTB.12490
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_96
Abstract: Gender is an important factor to consider in understanding the clinical presentation, management, and developmental trajectory of children with neuropsychiatric disorders. While much is known about the clinical and neurobehavioural profiles of boys with neuropsychiatric disorders, surprisingly little is known about girls. The aim of this chapter was to review our understanding of gender by considering the most prevalent childhood onset neuropsychiatric disorders, autism and Fragile X syndrome. This chapter highlights findings which suggest that girls with autism and Fragile X syndrome show some unique differences in cognitive and clinical profiles when compared to boys with these conditions this may indicate the need for innovative assessment and management approaches which take gender into consideration. Our understanding of how differences emerge in boys and girls with neuropsychiatric disorders is unclear, future research needs to focus on the role of biological maturation rates, sex hormones, and psychosocial factors in order to progress this field.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.RIDD.2017.10.011
Abstract: Children with a developmental disability are three to four times more likely than their typically developing peers of developing significant emotional and behavioural problems. There is strong evidence to suggest that in idual biological and psychological factors interact with family functioning to precipitate and perpetuate these problems. This study examined the psychometric properties of a brief measure, the Parent and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) for use with parents of children with a developmental disability. A s le of 914 parents of children (M=6.27years) with a developmental disability participated in the study. Disabilities included Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability RESULTS: A confirmatory factor analysis supported a 16-item, four factor model of PAFAS Parenting, and an 11-item, three factor model of PAFAS Family Adjustment. The Parenting Scale measures parental consistency, coercive practices, use of encouragement and the quality of parent-child relationship. The Family Adjustment Scale measures parental emotional adjustment and partner and family support in parenting. The current study indicated that the PAFAS demonstrates promise as a brief measure of multiple domains of family functioning important for families who have a child with a developmental disability.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-05-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JAR.12050
Abstract: Intervention for behavioural and psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities often only takes place once these conditions are well established and more resistant to change. As an alternative, this paper promotes a public health prevention model and maps out opportunities for intervention at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. The resulting model is partly derived from generic research into these issues and partly on specific evidence on interventions for people with intellectual disabilities it also contains more theoretical considerations. The additional research that is necessary to demonstrate the efficacy of the interventions identified is also considered. Central to this proposal is a greater integration of issues for people with intellectual disabilities within much broader policy and research agendas.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-11-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2002
Abstract: The objective of the reported study was to reassess the factor structure of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC) in a large cross-cultural s le representing all levels of intellectual disability. Parent and teacher DBC ratings on a combined s le of 1536 Dutch and Australian children and adolescents (ages 3-22) with mild to profound intellectual disability were used. Principal components analyses produced five subscales: Disruptive/Antisocial, Self-Absorbed. Communication Disturbance, Anxiety, and Social Relating, explaining 43.7% of the total variance. Internal consistencies of these subscales ranged from .66 to .91. The revised factor structure of the DBC appears to be an improved and useful tool for assessing emotional and behavioral problems in children with intellectual disabilities.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-11-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JIR.12172
Abstract: Studies on adaptive behaviour and ageing in adults with Down syndrome (DS) (without dementia) have typically analysed age-related change in terms of the total item scores on questionnaires. This research extends the literature by investigating whether the age-related changes in adaptive abilities could be differentially attributed to changes in the number or severity (intensity) of behavioural questionnaire items endorsed. The Adaptive Behaviour Assessment System-II Adult (ABAS-II Adult) was completed by parents and caregivers of 53 adults with DS aged between 16 and 56 years. Twenty adults with DS and their parents/caregivers were a part of a longitudinal study, which provided two time points of data. In addition 33 adults with DS and their parents/caregivers from a cross-sectional study were included. Random effects regression analyses were used to examine the patterns in item scores associated with ageing. Increasing age was found to be significantly associated with lower adaptive behaviour abilities for all the adaptive behaviour composite scores, expect for the practical composite. These associations were entirely related to fewer ABAS-II Adult items being selected as present for the older participants, as opposed to the scores being attributable to lower item severity. This study provides evidence for a differential pattern of age-related change for various adaptive behaviour skills in terms of range, but not severity. Possible reasons for this pattern will be discussed. Overall, these findings suggest that adults with DS may benefit from additional support in terms of their social and conceptual abilities as they age.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 07-2007
DOI: 10.1002/HUMU.20546
Abstract: Autism and mental retardation (MR) are often associated, suggesting that these conditions are etiologically related. Recently, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) has identified submicroscopic deletions and duplications as a common cause of MR, prompting us to search for such genomic imbalances in autism. Here we describe a 1.5-Mb duplication on chromosome 16p13.1 that was found by high-resolution array CGH in four severe autistic male patients from three unrelated families. The same duplication was identified in several variably affected and unaffected relatives. A deletion of the same interval was detected in three unrelated patients with MR and other clinical abnormalities. In one patient we revealed a further rearrangement of the 16p13 imbalance that was not present in his unaffected mother. Duplications and deletions of this 1.5-Mb interval have not been described as copy number variants in the Database of Genomic Variants and have not been identified in >600 in iduals from other cohorts examined by high-resolution array CGH in our laboratory. Thus we conclude that these aberrations represent recurrent genomic imbalances which predispose to autism and/or MR.
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.RIDD.2013.06.003
Abstract: It has been consistently reported that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show considerable handwriting difficulties, specifically relating to accurate and consistent letter formation, and maintaining appropriate letter size. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying factors that contribute to these difficulties, specifically relating to motor control. We examined the integrity of fundamental handwriting movements and contributions of neuromotor noise in 26 children with ASD aged 8-13 years (IQ>75), and 17 typically developing controls. Children wrote a series of four cursive letter l's using a graphics tablet and stylus. Children with ASD had significantly larger stroke height and width, more variable movement trajectory, and higher movement velocities. The absolute level of neuromotor noise in the velocity profiles, as measured by power spectral density analysis, was significantly higher in children with ASD relatively higher neuromotor noise was found in bands >3 Hz. Our findings suggest that significant instability of fundamental handwriting movements, in combination with atypical biomechanical strategies, contribute to larger and less consistent handwriting in children with ASD.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-2002
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1614.2002.01008.X
Abstract: Objective: Anxiety is a frequent comorbid condition in referred primary school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT), yet there has been relatively little systematic research of the nature of this comorbid anxiety. We describe the characteristics of parent-reported child anxiety disorders and child-reported anxiety disorders in primary school-age children with ADHD-CT. Method: A cross-sectional study of 75 clinically-referred psychostimulant medication naïve children with ADHD-CT examining separately parent and child reports of anxiety, defined categorically and dimensionally. A two-year follow up of 12 children with parent-reported child anxiety and 12 children with child-reported anxiety was also completed. Results: There was no significant association between the child and parent reports of anxiety. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobia (SpPh) and social phobia (SoPh) were the most common anxiety disorder diagnoses reported by parents and children. Two-year follow-up data revealed no decrease in the parent report but a significant decrease in the child report of anxiety disorders. Conclusions: The dissonance between the parent report of child anxiety and the child report of anxiety, emphasizes the importance of careful and thorough clinical assessment of the child's perspective. The nature of parent-reported child anxiety and children's self-report of anxiety requires further systematic research.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1080/00048670801886080
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the mental health of adults with spinal cord injury living in the community Methods: The study was a representative community cross-sectional cohort self-report survey, carried out in adults with traumatic spinal cord injury registered on the Victorian Spinal Cord Injury Register and adults with non-traumatic spinal cord injury attending a specialist non-traumatic spinal cord injury rehabilitation clinic. Participants (n=443) completed a self-report survey by internet, telephone or hard copy, which used reliable and valid measures of depression, anxiety and stress (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) and post-traumatic stress disorder (Impact of Events Scale–Revised). Results: Nearly half (48.5%) of the population with spinal cord injury suffered mental health problems of depression (37%), anxiety (30%), clinical-level stress (25%) or post-traumatic stress disorder (8.4%). Overall, there was a twofold or more increase in the probability of emotional disorders compared to the general population. Of those with one mental health disorder, 60% also had at least one other emotional disorder, representing a substantial 56% increase over the general population in the probability of comorbidity of psychopathology. Better health and time since injury were associated with decreasing the risk of psychopathology. Conclusion: The results of the present study underscore the vulnerability of the population with spinal cord injury to emotional disorders. This study highlights the complexity of mental health problems experienced by many in iduals with spinal cord injury living in the community. The delivery of mental health services to this vulnerable population requires recognition of comorbidity and problems of mobility, access and stigma.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-12-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JAR.12970
Abstract: This systematic review aimed to explore how adults with autism participate in the community, the impact of community participation on quality of life and mental health, and factors that support and hinder participation. A systematic review was conducted including studies published from inception to 17 January 2021. Sixty‐three reports were included, reporting on 58 studies. Solitary activities, organised group activities, community activities, religious groups and online social participation were identified. The relationship between community participation and quality of life was examined. Barriers and facilitators to increased community participation were identified. Most studies had a moderate to high risk of bias. Adults with autism participate in a range of independent and community activities. The impact of community participation on quality of life and mental health warrants further exploration. Future studies should find effective ways of supporting adults with autism to participate in the community.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2001
Publisher: Medical Journals Sweden AB
Date: 2009
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine factors associated with the subjective well-being of in iduals with spinal cord injuries, while acknowledging theories that describe the subjective well-being tendency to homeostasis. A representative community cross-sectional cohort of 443 adults with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury completed a self-report survey (by internet, telephone or hard copy) that included reliable and valid measures of quality of life, depression, anxiety and stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, coping strategies, and emotional consequences. The subjective well-being of half of the population with spinal cord injury lay above the normative subjective well-being set-point threshold. Despite the inclusion of many biopsychosocial factors, only Intimacy, Safety, Acceptance, and Helplessness were significantly associated with normative subjective well-being. Comparatively few factors were significantly associated with normative subjective well-being, but the results help to explain observed contradictions noted in previous research into subjective well-being after spinal cord injuries. The results highlight the resilience of in iduals in general and are in keeping with the disability paradox. However, many in iduals with spinal cord injuries do not live satisfactory lives. It is for them that further psychological care and rehabilitation is necessary to create a good life after spinal cord injury.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-06-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S00787-015-0727-Z
Abstract: This is the first in a series of four empirical investigations to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The objective here was to use a comprehensive scoping review approach to identify the concepts of functional ability and disability used in the scientific ADHD literature and link these to the nomenclature of the ICF-CY. Systematic searches were conducted using Medline/PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC and Cinahl, to extract the relevant concepts of functional ability and disability from the identified outcome studies of ADHD. These concepts were then linked to ICF-CY by two independent researchers using a standardized linking procedure. Data from identified studies were analysed until saturation of ICF-CY categories was reached. Eighty studies were included in the final analysis. Concepts contained in these studies were linked to 128 ICF-CY categories. Of these categories, 68 were considered to be particularly relevant to ADHD (i.e., identified in at least 5 % of the studies). Of these, 32 were related to Activities and participation, 31 were related to Body functions, and five were related to environmental factors. The five most frequently identified categories were school education (53 %), energy and drive functions (50 %), psychomotor functions (50 %), attention functions (49 %), and emotional functions (45 %). The broad variety of ICF-CY categories identified in this study underlines the necessity to consider ability and disability in ADHD across all dimensions of life, for which the ICF-CY provides a valuable and universally applicable framework. These results, in combination with three additional preparatory studies (expert survey, focus groups, clinical study), will provide a scientific basis to define the ICF Core Sets for ADHD for multi-purpose use in basic and applied research, and every day clinical practice.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1980
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1996
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-08-2013
DOI: 10.1002/PDS.3484
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-08-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-7610.2012.02593.X
Abstract: Children with autism have difficulties in emotion recognition and a number of interventions have been designed to target these problems. However, few emotion training interventions have been trialled with young children with autism and co-morbid ID. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an emotion training programme for a group of young children with autism with a range of intellectual ability. Participants were 55 children with autistic disorder, aged 4-7 years (FSIQ 42-107). Children were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 28) or control group (n = 27). Participants in the intervention group watched a DVD designed to teach emotion recognition skills to children with autism (the Transporters), whereas the control group watched a DVD of Thomas the Tank Engine. Participants were assessed on their ability to complete basic emotion recognition tasks, mindreading and theory of mind (TOM) tasks before and after the 4-week intervention period, and at 3-month follow-up. Analyses controlled for the effect of chronological age, verbal intelligence, gender and DVD viewing time on outcomes. Children in the intervention group showed improved performance in the recognition of anger compared with the control group, with few improvements maintained at 3-month follow-up. There was no generalisation of skills to TOM or social skills. The Transporters programme showed limited efficacy in teaching basic emotion recognition skills to young children with autism with a lower range of cognitive ability. Improvements were limited to the recognition of expressions of anger, with poor maintenance of these skills at follow-up. These findings provide limited support for the efficacy of the Transporters programme for young children with autism of a lower cognitive range.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1994
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1994.TB00590.X
Abstract: It is now 50 years since Leo Kanner first described autism as a distinctive pattern of symptoms in some children with severe developmental problems. Since then the assessment and diagnosis of children with pervasive disorders of development has been refined and much is known about the phenomenology and epidemiology. Autism is a biological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown cause. It is associated with a number of organic disorders such as epilepsy and has comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders such as tic disorder. Cognitive abnormalities in social interactions, affect and language are present but there is still debate regarding which of these, if any, is the primary cognitive deficit. Special education and behavioral management has led to modest but important developmental improvement in many children with autism. Autism remains a life-long condition but patterns of symptoms change and skills develop from childhood into adult life.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1991
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-07-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-06-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-011-1299-5
Abstract: Autism and Asperger's disorder (AD) are characterised by impairments in social interaction, stereotypic behaviours or restricted interests. Although currently listed as distinct clinical disorders, the validity of their distinction remains controversial. This study examined gait in children with autism and AD. Eleven children with high-functioning autism and eleven children with AD completed a series of walking tasks. Results indicated distinct movement disturbance these findings are discussed in light of seminal papers in this field by Vilensky et al. (Arch Neurol 38:646-649, 1981) and Hallett et al. (Arch Neurol 50:1304-1308, 1993) who interpret the gait of in iduals with autism using parkinsonian and cerebellar-ataxia patient models, respectively. Distinctions in gait patterns implicating perhaps unique motor circuit disturbances support the hypothesis that autism and AD may have unique neurodevelopmental trajectories.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-03-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2018.02.008
Abstract: This study assessed the psychometric properties of two visual analogue scales of irritability, known as the Cranky Thermometers (CT), in both an Australian community secondary‐school s le (N = 164) and a s le of adolescents with a depressive disorder (N = 127). The first scale Cranky Now measures current irritability, and the second, Cranky Two Weeks, measures peak irritability within the last two weeks. CT scores were significantly higher in adolescents with major depressive disorder than in the school s le and showed improvement following treatment for depression. Positive associations were found between CT and irritability scores as determined by Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (not irritable, sub‐threshold, threshold irritability) and Affective Reactivity Index scores. Results suggest that the CTs are rapidly administered, have promising psychometric properties and demonstrate utility in measuring irritability in clinical and community settings.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2000
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-03-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S00787-006-0530-Y
Abstract: Gait abnormalities have been widely reported in in iduals with autism and Asperger's disorder. There is controversy as to whether the cerebellum or the basal-ganglia frontostriatal regions underpin these abnormalities. This is the first direct comparison of gait and upper-body postural features in autism and Asperger's disorder. Clinical and control groups were matched according to age, height, weight, performance, and full scale IQ. Consistent with Hallet's (1993) cerebellar-gait hypothesis, the autistic group showed significantly increased stride-length variability in their gait in comparison to control and Asperger's disorder participants. No quantitative gait deficits were found for the Asperger's disorder group. In support of Damasio and Maurer's (1982) basal-ganglia frontostriatal-gait hypothesis, both clinical groups were rated as showing abnormal arm posturing, however, only the Asperger's group were rated as significantly different from controls in terms of head and trunk posturing. While DSM-IV-TR suggests that Asperger's disorder, but not autism, is associated with motoric clumsiness, our data suggest that both clinical groups are uncoordinated and lacking in motor smoothness. Gait differences in autism and Asperger's disorder were suggested to reflect differential involvement of the cerebellum, with commonalities reflecting similar involvement of the basal-ganglia frontostriatal region.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-01-1999
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990115)82:2<123::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-C
Abstract: To determine if persons with the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have increased psychopathology when compared with matched controls, and whether there is a specific behavior phenotype in PWS, the behavior of 46 persons with PWS was compared with that of control in iduals derived from a community s le (N = 454) of persons with mental retardation (MR). Behaviors were studied using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist, an instrument of established validity in the evaluation of behavioral disturbance in in iduals with MR. PWS subjects were found to be more behaviorally disturbed than controls overall, and especially in antisocial behavior. In addition, some in idual behaviors were more common in PWS subjects than controls. When these behaviors are considered together with findings from other studies using acceptably rigorous methods, a consensus behavior phenotype for PWS can be formulated. This will provide a valid foundation for studies of the mechanism of genetic pathogenesis of behavior in PWS.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1375/BECH.17.1.1
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1375/BECH.17.1.2
Abstract: This overview examines the nature, prevalence, and impact of child sexual abuse. Associations and potential risk factors are identified, thus showing that child sexual abuse is not randomly distributed through the population. Finally, we discuss the ways in which clinicians and researchers have conceptualised the impact of child sexual abuse. A social and developmental model is outlined.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-07-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JIR.12069
Abstract: Despite recognition of the importance of integrated community living and support, there is evidence that parents remain the primary caregivers of young adults with intellectual disability (ID). In addition, employment rates remain low in this population. This study aimed to investigate the changes in living arrangements and participation in daytime activities over time in a community population of young people with ID. The s le consisted of 536 participants aged 4.0-18.9 years at Wave 1, followed up at Wave 5 when aged 20.5-37.6 years. Information was collected on their living arrangements and daytime activities at both time points, along with living skills and information on community social inclusion at Wave 5. For parents still caring for their adult child with ID, information was also collected on parental ratings of their own mental and physical health, and their satisfaction with the long-term care arrangements for their adult child. A significant proportion of young people were still living with their parents at Wave 5. A greater proportion of those with a severe-profound degree of ID were living in residential care. Parents caring for their adult child reported high levels of mental health problems and dissatisfaction with the long-term care arrangements for their child. A small proportion of young people were in paid employment, and the majority was engaged in structured activities provided for those with an ID. Over one-third of the s le participated in a structured daytime activity for 10 or fewer hours per week, and 7% were not engaged in any structured daytime activity. These results suggest that adequate provision of accommodation and employment services for young adults with an ID is lacking. In many cases the responsibility of care continues to reside with parents as their children transition from childhood to adulthood. Greater attention is needed to address these issues and facilitate social inclusion and integration for young people with ID.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 25-11-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-03-2019
DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2018.1443455
Abstract: A high proportion of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- Combined type (ADHD-CT) experience sleep and motor problems. This study investigated (a) whether motor proficiency moderated the relationship between ADHD symptoms and sleep problems in children with and without ADHD-CT and (b) whether this moderation differed as a function of ADHD diagnosis. A s le of 70 primary school male children between 8-15 years were recruited children with ADHD-CT (n = 38 mean age 10 years, 2 months [SD = 1 year, 6 months]) and a typically developing (TD) (n = 32 mean age 9 years, 6 months [SD = 1 year, 5 months]) group. Motor proficiency was measured using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition (MABC-2), ADHD symptoms were measured using the Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) and parent reported sleep problems were measured using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Children who reported higher ADHD symptoms and lower motor proficiency scores reported more sleep problems. The moderation effect only held in children with a diagnosis of ADHD-CT and not in the typically developing group. These findings indicate that children who experience greater severity of ADHD symptoms who also have lower motor proficiency may be at increased risk of experiencing sleep problems. These findings also illustrate the importance of considering motor proficiency when exploring risk factors for sleep problems in children with ADHD-CT as well as sleep interventions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-11-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S12311-010-0229-Y
Abstract: It remains unclear whether autism and Asperger's disorder (AD) exist on a symptom continuum or are separate disorders with discrete neurobiological underpinnings. In addition to impairments in communication and social cognition, motor deficits constitute a significant clinical feature in both disorders. It has been suggested that motor deficits and in particular the integrity of cerebellar modulation of movement may differentiate these disorders. We used a simple volitional saccade task to comprehensively profile the integrity of voluntary ocular motor behaviour in in iduals with high functioning autism (HFA) or AD, and included measures sensitive to cerebellar dysfunction. We tested three groups of age-matched young males with normal intelligence (full scale, verbal, and performance IQ estimates >70) aged between 11 and 19 years nine with AD, eight with HFA, and ten normally developing males as the comparison group. Overall, the metrics and dynamics of the voluntary saccades produced in this task were preserved in the AD group. In contrast, the HFA group demonstrated relatively preserved mean measures of ocular motricity with cerebellar-like deficits demonstrated in increased variability on measures of response time, final eye position, and movement dynamics. These deficits were considered to be consistent with reduced cerebellar online adaptation of movement. The results support the notion that the integrity of cerebellar modulation of movement may be different in AD and HFA, suggesting potentially differential neurobiological substrates may underpin these complex disorders.
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1176/AJP.2006.163.8.1440
Abstract: In iduals with autism spectrum disorders typically have normal visuospatial abilities but impaired executive functioning, particularly in abilities related to working memory and attention. The aim of this study was to elucidate the functioning of frontoparietal networks underlying spatial working memory processes during mental rotation in persons with autism spectrum disorders. Seven adolescent males with normal IQ with an autism spectrum disorder and nine age- and IQ-matched male comparison subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scans while performing a mental rotation task. The autism spectrum disorders group showed less activation in lateral and medial premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and caudate nucleus. The finding of less activation in prefrontal regions but not in parietal regions supports a model of dysfunction of frontostriatal networks in autism spectrum disorders.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-1999
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1614.1999.00575.X
Abstract: Objective: The intermediate- to long-term use of psychostimulant medication has unclear benefits on the core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and delayed onset affective symptom side effects which can mimic these core ADHD symptoms. ‘ADHD and anxiety’ has also been associated with a poor response to short-term psychostimulant medication treatment. In addition, it is unclear whether ‘ADHD and anxiety’ should be defined from the child's and/or the parent's perspective. We propose that anxiety will be increased in children with ADHD who are treated with psychostimulant medication in the intermediate- to long-term who are identified by clinicians as poor responders. Method: Twenty children with ADHD who were medicated for 6 months or more and who had ongoing core symptoms of ADHD were compared to 20 age- and IQ-matched children with ADHD who were medication-naive. Chi-squared tests were performed on the categorical dependent variables and independent t-tests on the dependent continuous variables. Results: Anxiety is significantly increased in children with ADHD treated with psychostimulant medication in the intermediate- to long-term who are noted by clinicians to have ongoing core symptoms of ADHD. This statistically significant finding is evident with both categorical and dimensional measures of anxiety from the child's perspective. Conclusions: The recognition of anxiety and its management in children with ADHD is generally poorly understood. In this particular group of children with ADHD, anxiety may be a side effect of intermediate- to long-term psychostimulant medication and/or a potential marker for a poor response to intermediate- to long-term psychostimulant medication treatment.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2005
DOI: 10.1080/J.1440-1614.2005.01610.X
Abstract: Objective: A new instrument, the Adolescent Depression Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (ADTSQ) was devised to measure the consumer satisfaction of depressed adolescents and their parents. The objectives of the paper were to present the psychometric proper ties ofthe ADTSQ and to investigate the relative consumer satisfaction with cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), sertraline (SRT) and a combined treatment of CBT and SRT (COMBINED) for the treatment of adolescent depression. In addition, participants were asked to rank their most preferred treatment from the following approaches: medication, in idual counselling, group program and family therapy. Method: Thirty-eight adolescents with a unipolar depressive disorder and 37 parents who participated in a randomized clinical trial of CBT versus SRT versus COMBINED completed the ADTSQ following the completion of acute treatment. Results: The ADTSQ was found to have high internal consistency and exploratory factor analysis detected three underlying factors. High levels of consumer satisfaction were reported by both adolescents and parents in all three treatments. Those treated with CBT treatments reported higher levels of skill acquisition than those treated with SRT. Of the four treatment approaches, most parents and adolescentsrated in idual counsellingas their first preference. Conclusions: The ADTSQ is a useful measure of consumer satisfaction for depressed adolescents and their parents. CBT, SRT and COMBINED were shown to have high consumer satisfaction with CBT's higher skills training content reflected in the participants' reports. In idual counselling was perceived as the most favourable choice of treatment for adolescent depression. Although limitations associated with the measurement of consumer satisfaction and of the study are acknowledged, it is recommended that the inclusion of consumer satisfaction measures be considered in clinical trials that examine treatment efficacy.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-09-2008
DOI: 10.1002/MPR.260
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-006-0125-Y
Abstract: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a specific pattern of behavioural, communication and social problems. Additional mental health problems are often poorly understood and undetected. This study investigates the level and pattern of emotional and behavioural problems in young people with autism compared with children with intellectual disability (ID). Subjects were 381 young people with autism and a representative group of 581 Australian young people with ID aged 4-18 years. Parents/carers provided details of the emotional and behavioural problems of their child using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC-P). Young people with autism were found to suffer from significantly higher levels of psychopathology than young people with ID. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-1998
DOI: 10.1017/S081348390000588X
Abstract: Following Bandura's theory, a Self-efficacy Questionnaire for School Situations (SEQ-SS) was developed to assess the cognitions of school refusers. The instrument contains twelve school-related situations which are rated by children according to their belief about their ability to cope with each situation. Factor analysis yielded two reliable factors labelled Academic/Social Stress and Separation/Discipline Stress. Psychometric evaluation also revealed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Total self-efficacy scores for 135 school refusers ranged from very low to very high. Self-efficacy was highest with regard to doing school work and lowest with regard to answering peers' questions about absences. The clinical utility of the SEQ-SS is discussed, with implications for the selection of cognitive and behavioural treatment procedures. The application of the instrument in future research is also considered.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-1999
DOI: 10.1177/1362361399003002003
Abstract: This study aimed to determine whether there were differences in behavioural and emotional disturbance (psychopathology) between children and adolescents with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Subjects consisted of 75 children and adolescents with high-functioning autism and 52 with Asperger's disorder (DSM-IV diagnoses). Psychopathology was measured using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for the effects of age and cognitive level was used to determine whether the groups differed in their levels of psychopathology. It was found that children and adolescents with Asperger's disorder presented with higher levels of psychopathology than those with high-functioning autism, were more disruptive, antisocial and anxious, and had more problems with social relationships. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2000
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200011000-00008
Abstract: To evaluate the efficacy of child and caregiver participation in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Thirty-six sexually abused children (aged 5-17 years) were randomly assigned to a child-alone cognitive-behavioral treatment condition, a family cognitive-behavioral treatment condition, or a waiting-list control condition. Compared with controls, children who received treatment exhibited significant improvements in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and self-reports of fear and anxiety. Significant improvements also occurred in relation to parent-completed measures and clinician ratings of global functioning. In general, parental involvement did not improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Maintenance of improvement was evident at a 12-week follow-up assessment. Cognitive-behavioral treatment was useful, but further research is required on caregiver involvement.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2000
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000501)92:1<57::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-0
Abstract: The clinical genetic diagnosis was reviewed in 429 subjects with intellectual disability in the Australian Child and Adolescent Development (ACAD) study of behavioural problems. With minor differences, the overall "general distribution by causation" was similar to that to that found by the Consensus Conference of the American College of Medical Genetics in 1995. There was a significant male excess in the whole series which was shown to reside in those with "autism," those with undiagnosed nonsyndromic mental retardation (NSMR) and those with X-linked monogenic disorders. It is argued that a substantial proportion of undiagnosed NSMR is caused by genes on the X chromosome. Some of the practical problems of assigning in iduals to diagnostic groups are discussed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-04-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2002
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200206000-00008
Abstract: To evaluate the relative efficacy of (1) child therapy, (2) parent/teacher training, and (3) the combination of child therapy and parent/teacher training in the treatment of anxiety-based school refusal. Sixty-one school-refusing children (aged 7-14 years) from throughout Melbourne, Australia, were randomized to a child therapy program, a parent and teacher training program, or a combination of the two. Children were assessed before and after treatment, and at 4.5-month follow-up, by means of attendance records, self-report of emotional distress and self-efficacy, parent and teacher reports of emotional distress, and clinician ratings of overall functioning. Statistically and clinically significant pretreatment-posttreatment change occurred for each group. Immediately posttreatment, child therapy appeared to be the least effective in increasing attendance. By follow-up, the attendance and adjustment of those in the child therapy group equalled that of children whose parents and teachers were involved in treatment, whether on their own (parent/teacher training) or together with their children (combined child therapy and parent/teacher training). Contrary to expectations, combined child therapy and parent/teacher training did not produce better outcomes at posttreatment or follow-up.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2006
Abstract: The repetitive, stereotyped and obsessive behaviours, which are core diagnostic features of autism, are thought to be underpinned by executive dysfunction. This study examined executive impairment in in iduals with autism and Asperger’s disorder using a verbal equivalent of an established pseudo-random number generating task. Different patterns of disinhibition emerged in the autism ( n = 12) and Asperger’s disorder ( n = 12) groups. Consistent with previous research, the autism group repeated single numbers (e.g. 2, 2, 2) more frequently than the control group. In contrast to past research suggesting intact executive abilities, this study found that the Asperger’s disorder group generated more repetitive number patterns (e.g. 45, 45) than the controls. Executive functioning in children with Asperger’s disorder may be particularly vulnerable to a lack of visual cueing and concrete rules. Qualitative differences in executive dysfunction between these groups may implicate differential disruption within the fronto-striatal circuitry.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-2005
DOI: 10.1080/J.1440-1614.2005.01585.X
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to identify emotional and behavioural problems specific to young children with autism using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC-P) and thus evaluate the efficacy of this checklist as a screening tool for autism in children with developmental delay aged 18–48 months. Method: Subjects were 60 children with autism and developmental delay and 60 children with developmental delay without autism. Results: Features were identified which differentiated the children with autism from those with developmental delay without autism. Analyses revealed that a 17-item version of the DBC-P performed well as a screening tool for autism, with an ‘area under the curve’ of 0.874, sensitivity of 0.8750, and specificity of 0.6909. Conclusions: The DBC-P offers a potential simple and inexpensive method of screening at risk populations of preschool children with developmental delay for autism, thus facilitating timely referral to scarce specialist autism diagnostic services.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-09-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-010-1101-0
Abstract: Key theories of autism implicate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) compromise, while olfactory identification (OI) deficits are associated with OFC dysfunction. This study aimed to complete a 5-year follow-up of children with high-functioning autism (HFA) who previously lacked the normal age-OI association and compare unirhinal-OI in children with HFA, Asperger's disorder (ASP), and controls. While both HFA and controls had improved birhinal-OI at follow-up, reduced OI in some HFA participants suggested OFC deterioration and heterogeneous OFC development. Unirhinal-OI was impaired in HFA but not ASP relative to controls, suggesting orbitofrontal compromise in HFA but integrity in ASP. Differing IQ-OI relationships existed between HFA and ASP. Findings support the hypothesis of separate neurobiological underpinnings in ASP and HFA, specifically differential orbitofrontal functioning.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-11-2006
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-2001
DOI: 10.1136/IP.7.1.56
Abstract: To assess the public health importance of injury in a representative s le of young people with intellectual disability relative to the general population. This study forms part of the Australian Child and Adolescent Development (ACAD) program examining emotional and behavioural problems in a cohort of young people with intellectual disability (IQ<70). The program has collected extensive biopsychosocial data from carers of subjects at two time intervals, 1990 (n = 579) and 1996 (n = 465). Carer report of medically attended injury to subjects was collected for the first time during 1996 (age 5-29 years) and supplemented with medical record injury data from hospitals and general practitioners for 147 of the ACAD s le and 110 supplementary subjects. These data were compared with general population injury data to assess relative epidemiological differences. Annual injury mortality and morbidity rates were 150/100,000 and 55.6/1000 persons, with age standardised mortality and morbidity ratios of 8 and 2 respectively. Males and females had similar injury rates. The rate for injury hospitalisations was twice that of the general population. Falls were more common and transport injury and intentional injury less common causes of injury morbidity compared with general population. The patterns of cause, circumstances, and severity of injury in young people with intellectual disability have more similarities with younger children than with their same age group in the general population. This study should alert clinicians and others to the increased risk for injury and possible further handicap in this population. It is essential that injury prevention programs be implemented and evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing the substantial additional burden of suffering, care and cost resulting from injury to young people with intellectual disability.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S00787-005-0462-Y
Abstract: The 12-item clinician or self-administered Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Depression in Adolescents (SEQ-DA) was developed as a measure of perceived ability to cope with depressive symptomatology. This study examined the reliability and validity of the SEQ-DA in a clinical population of 130 adolescents that were receiving treatment for depression. Psychometric evaluation revealed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results indicated that higher SEQ-DA scores were associated with lower self-rated depression scores (Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale), which is evidence of good construct validity. Further, higher SEQ-DA scores prior to treatment predicted better outcome at the end of the 3 months of treatment and at 6 months post-treatment. Therefore, the SEQ-DA has a potentially useful role in clinical work and research with depressed young people.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2006
Abstract: Objective: The belief that children with externalizing disorders have difficulties with self-awareness raises the question of whether children with externalizing disorders are good informants of their own behavior. Method: This study investigates how children with ADHD rate their behaviors compared to children without ADHD on a new rating scale (the Self-Evaluation Scale for Children). Results: Preliminary results indicate that this rating scale has acceptable reliability and validity. Furthermore, children with ADHD are found to provide useful information about their feelings and behaviors. Compared to children without ADHD, children with ADHD report more disorganized, disruptive, and impulsive behaviors poorer self-perception and poorer social and communication skills. They do not report any less interest in school activities nor more anxiety than the children without ADHD. Conclusion: These findings suggest that children with ADHD are more self-aware than previously thought, and this information should inform our clinical and research practice.
Publisher: Unpublished
Date: 2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1111/IMJ.12825
Abstract: There is little understanding of the prevalence of mental health issues in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) after they leave rehabilitation or how mental health issues can alter over time. The aims were to (i) determine the prevalence of mood disturbance in adults with chronic SCI living in the community, (ii) ascertain whether the prevalence of mood disturbance had changed since a previous study in 2004-2005 and (iii) establish whether people with chronic SCI remain vulnerable to mood disturbance, irrespective of time since injury. Prospective, open-cohort case series. Participants were 573 community-based adults with a chronic SCI. The depression, anxiety and stress scale - short version was used. Analyses included simple descriptors, Chi-squared and repeated measures t-tests. Nearly half of participants (n = 263/573 46%) reported symptoms indicating mood disturbance, which was similar to the level found in the previous study. While the presence of mood disturbance persisted in 23% of adults (n = 26) and 46 (41%) were in the 'below threshold' category, just over a third of the adults who participated in both studies (n = 111) experienced a change (n = 21, 19% mood disturbance resolved and n = 18, 16% mood disturbance developed). Both resilience and change are common. At no time after SCI is the risk of mental health problems considered reduced or even stable. These results highlight the importance of regular mental health reviews even in those who have previously displayed good resilience.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1080/16506070310003620
Abstract: Child sexual abuse is a highly prevalent problem that frequently occasions the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder in the victimized youngster. This selective review addresses recent advances in the assessment and treatment of sexually abused children with post-traumatic stress disorder. Firstly, we outline the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder and significant moderating variables in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. Secondly, we address the clinical assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children, recommending a developmentally sensitive, multi-informant approach. Thirdly, we consider a family-wide cognitive-behavioural treatment framework for sexually abused children with post-traumatic stress disorder that involves both child and non-offending caregivers. Fourthly, we examine the results of recent evaluation studies supportive of cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of sexually abused children. Lastly, we consider conclusions for clinical practice and directions for future research.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-08-2007
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-05-2018
Abstract: While diagnostically independent, autism and schizotypal disorders can co-occur. Their concurrent impact on outcomes and phenotypes has not been investigated. We investigated the impact of comorbid autism and schizotypal disorders in children on executive functioning and socio-pragmatic skills - core features of both disorders. Executive functioning (assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) and socio-pragmatic skills (assessed using the Melbourne Assessment of Schizotypy in Kids) were investigated in a total of 67 (6-12 year old) children with autism ( n = 15 M/F = 10/5), schizotypal disorder ( n = 8 M/F = 5/3) and comorbid autism and schizotypal disorder ( n = 12 M/F = 5/7) and typically developing children ( n = 32 M/F = 17/15). Both the autism and schizotypal disorder groups performed more poorly than the typically developing group on socio-pragmatic skills and overall performance (i.e. number of stages completed) of the intra-/extra-dimensional set-shifting task (all ps < 0.001). Clear distinctions between the autism and schizotypal groups were present in the intra-/extra-dimensional task relative to the typically developing group - the autism group had difficulties with extra-dimensional shifts ( p < 0.001), and the schizotypal disorder group with intra-dimensional shifts ( p = 0.08). Interestingly, the overall performance of the comorbid group on the intra-/extra-dimensional task was not significantly different from the typically developing group, and they were superior to both the autism ( p = 0.019) and schizotypal disorder ( p = 0.042) groups on socio-pragmatic skills. The phenotypical overlap between autism and schizotypal disorders may be precipitated by different cognitive styles and/or mechanisms associated with attention and information processing. We propose that sustaining and switching attention represent two poles of irregularities across the autism and schizotypal spectra, which appear to converge in a compensatory manner in the comorbid group. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating children with a dual diagnosis of autism and schizotypal disorders, and raise intriguing questions about possible mechanisms to explain the attenuated impairment observed in the group of children with comorbid autism and schizotpyal disorders.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2002
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1614.2002.01097.X
Abstract: Objective: To compare, contrast and review clinical and neuropsychological studies of highfunctioning autism and Asperger's disorder. Method: This paper reviews past and contemporary conceptualizations of autism and Asperger's disorder, together with epidemiological information, genetic and neurobehavioural findings. This paper focuses on neurobehavioural studies, in particular, executive functioning, lateralization, visual-perceptual and motor processing, which have provided an important source of information about the potential neurobiological dissociation that may exist between autism and Asperger's disorder. Results: The clinical profiles of autism and Asperger's disorder contain a mixture of psychiatric and neurological symptoms: for ex le, movement abnormalities (i.e. stereotyped behaviours, hand flapping, toe walking, whole-body movements), atypical processing of parts and wholes, verbal and non-verbal deficits, ritualistic/compulsive behaviour, disturbances in reciprocal social interaction and associated depression and anxiety. The considerable clinical overlap between autism and Asperger's disorder has led many to question whether Asperger's disorder is merely a mild form of autism, or whether it should be considered as a separate clinical entity. Conclusion: In light of the growing body of epidemiological information, genetic, and neurobehavioural evidence that distinguishes autism from Asperger's disorder, it is premature to rule out the possibility that these disorders may be clinically, and possibly neurobiologically separate.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2001
Abstract: Anxiety is a highly prevalent problem with various manifestations in young children, especially those with an intellectual disability. Many parents of children with disabilities also experience a wide range of health problems, including anxiety, stress and depression. Very few group-based programs for parents of disabled children have been evaluated, and none of the existing research studies specifically address child or parental anxiety. Given the success of cognitive-behavioural interventions for anxious children without disabilities, it is logical that these interventions be applied to anxious intellectually disabled children. This paper presents a rationale for a new parent training-based early intervention program, targeting anxiety in this population of young people.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 09-07-2019
Abstract: The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles play critical roles in regulating nano-bio interactions. Whereas the effects of the size, shape, and surface charge of nanoparticles on their biological performances have been extensively investigated, the roles of nanoparticle mechanical properties in drug delivery, which have only been recognized recently, remain the least explored. This review article provides an overview of the impacts of nanoparticle mechanical properties on cancer drug delivery, including (1) basic terminologies of the mechanical properties of nanoparticles and techniques for characterizing these properties (2) current methods for fabricating nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties (3)
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-07-2017
Abstract: Oxidative stress, inflammation and heavy metals have been implicated in the aetiology of autistic disorder. N-acetyl cysteine has been shown to modulate these pathways, providing a rationale to trial N-acetyl cysteine for autistic disorder. There are now two published pilot studies suggesting efficacy, particularly in symptoms of irritability. This study aimed to explore if N-acetyl cysteine is a useful treatment for autistic disorder. This was a placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of 500 mg/day oral N-acetyl cysteine over 6 months, in addition to treatment as usual, in children with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision diagnosis of autistic disorder. The study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. The primary outcome measures were the Social Responsiveness Scale, Children’s Communication Checklist–Second Edition and the Repetitive Behavior Scale–Revised. Additionally, demographic data, the parent-completed Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Social Communication Questionnaire and clinician-administered Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule were completed. A total of 102 children were randomised into the study, and 98 (79 male, 19 female age range: 3.1–9.9 years) attended the baseline appointment with their parent/guardian, forming the Intention to Treat s le. There were no differences between N-acetyl cysteine and placebo-treated groups on any of the outcome measures for either primary or secondary endpoints. There was no significant difference in the number and severity of adverse events between groups. This study failed to demonstrate any benefit of adjunctive N-acetyl cysteine in treating autistic disorder. While this may reflect a true null result, methodological issues particularly the lower dose utilised in this study may be confounders.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-1980
DOI: 10.3109/00048678009159359
Abstract: 5-(Adamantan-1-yl)-3-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (4) was identified as a potential 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor and this paper describes the in-depth structural analysis thereof. Compound 4 was synthesized in a 92% yield and its 3D-structure confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated that H
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 08-07-2016
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1037/FAM0000050
Abstract: Parental characteristics such as psychopathology and parenting practices are understood to be implicated in school-refusal presentations. Expanding upon these largely affective and behavioral factors, the present study sought to examine the role of a parenting cognitive construct--parenting self-efficacy--in understanding school-refusal. School-refusing adolescents (n = 60, 53% male) and school-attending adolescents (n = 46, 39% male) aged 12-17 years (M = 13.93, SD = 1.33), along with a parent, participated in the study. Participants completed study measures of demographics, psychopathology, overall family functioning, and parenting self-efficacy. As expected, parents of school-refusing adolescents were found to have lower levels of parental self-efficacy than parents of school-attending adolescents. Parenting self-efficacy was inversely associated with parent- and adolescent- psychopathology as well as family dysfunction. Logistic regression analyses determined parenting self-efficacy to be a predictor of school-refusal. However, upon controlling for related constructs including family dysfunction, adolescent depression, and parent depression, the predictive capacity of parenting self-efficacy was eliminated. Taken together, the results highlight the likely complex relationships between parental self-efficacy, familial psychopathology, and dysfunctional family processes within this population. Research is required to further delineate these dynamic relationships among families of school-refusing adolescents.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-08-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIR.12405
Abstract: Service responses to behaviour phenotypes include care by expert clinicians, syndrome-specific clinics, disability-specific mental health services and generic mental health services. While these services contribute to care, they are often of limited accessibility. We describe a population-wide public health intervention aimed at increasing the accessibility of services to the target population. Stepping Stones Triple P (SSTP) is a public health intervention of known efficacy in reducing behaviour problems when delivered to parents of children aged 0-12 with mixed developmental disabilities. The strategy we discuss involves enhancing SSTP with modules for specific causes of developmental disabilities including Down, Fetal Alcohol, Fragile X, Prader-Willi and Williams syndromes. We propose that enhancing SSTP with syndrome specific modules will increase the accessibility of support to families who have a child with a specific behaviour phenotype. We suggest that future research should confirm the public health impact of the modified SSTP programme using the RE-AIM framework.
Publisher: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)
Date: 2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2014.03.005
Abstract: Irritability is ubiquitous in child and adolescent psychopathology. This study aimed to determine if the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI), a measure of irritability, could be used to screen for psychopathology in adolescents. The clinical s le comprised 31 adolescents with a DSM‐IV diagnosis. The control s le was 31 gender and age matched adolescents recruited through schools. Both s les completed a test battery that included the Affective Reactivity Index. The clinical participants reported significantly higher levels of irritability than the control s le by both self‐ and parent‐report. Using ROC analysis a cut off value of 4 on the self‐report ARI was found to be optimal for indicating psychopathology with a specificity of 77.4% and a sensitivity of 77.4%, the area under the curve was 0.86. This paper provides evidence to suggest that irritability may be used as a general predictor of psychopathology in adolescents.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-03-2015
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.1485
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1996
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2788.1996.767767.X
Abstract: Our knowledge of the epidemiology of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) is h ered by a number of factors. These include the relative scarcity of studies of children rather than adults, the study of non-epidemiological s les such as those in institutions or those attending psychiatric clinics, a lack of standardized methods of assessment of psychopathology, studies with numbers too small to provide adequate confidence intervals around identified prevalence rates, insufficient detail concerning symptoms or syndromes as well as disorder, and a lack of consistent data concerning the effects of basic demographic variables such as age, sex and IQ. Despite these limitations, it is clear that psychopathology is several times more prevalent in children and adolescents with ID than in those without this disability. This paper reviews findings from previous studies and describes the methodology of a new study using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist.
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 11-10-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1998
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199804000-00017
Abstract: To evaluate the efficacy of a 4-week cognitive-behavioral treatment program for children who refuse to go to school. Thirty-four school-refusing children (aged 5 to 15 years) were randomly assigned to a cognitive-behavioral treatment condition or a waiting-list control condition. Treatment consisted of in idual child cognitive-behavioral therapy plus parent/teacher training in child behavior management skills. Measures taken before and after treatment included school attendance, child self-report of emotional distress and coping, caregiver reports on emotional and behavioral problems, and clinician ratings of global functioning. Relative to waiting-list controls, children who received cognitive-behavioral therapy exhibited a significant improvement in school attendance. These children also improved on self-reports of fear, anxiety, depression, and coping. Significant improvements also occurred in relation to caregiver reports and clinician ratings. Maintenance of therapeutic gains was demonstrated at a 3-month follow-up assessment. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school refusal was efficacious and acceptable. The relative contributions of child therapy and parent/teacher training require further study.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1993
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90049-Z
Abstract: A recent paper by Nelles and Barlow (1988 Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 359-372) provided the rationale for an investigation of panic attacks in adolescents. A panic attack questionnaire and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale were administered to an unselected s le of Australian adolescents. Of 534 adolescents, 42.9% reported having at least one panic attack. Other data are reported on the characteristics of panic attacks, life interference and avoidance behaviour. Panickers reported significantly higher anxiety levels than nonpanickers. Differences between the findings of Australian and American s les were noted and directions for future research were identified. Several methodological issues were also discussed including the reliability and validity of self-report data on panic attacks.
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 11-10-2020
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 2001
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 11-10-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF02178498
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2002
Abstract: Neurobiological and behavioural studies of possible left hemisphere dysfunction in autism have generated conflicting results. Left hemisphere dysfunction may manifest in autism only in tasks that invoke executive functions. Moreover, left hemisphere dysfunction may underpin autism but not Asperger's disorder. We thus aimed to systematically investigate reports of anomalous lateralization in in iduals with high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder. Two of the tasks were sensitive to executive dysfunction: a serial choice reaction-time task and a Posner-type paradigm the remaining tasks instead investigated aspects of perceptual lateralisation. Compared with age- and IQ-matched controls, the autism group displayed deficiencies in right hemispace (and by implication, left hemisphere) performance on both executive function tasks however, this group demonstrated normal lateralization effects on the nonexecutive, visual-perceptual tasks. In contrast, the Asperger's disorder group showed similar laterality effects to their age- and IQ-matched controls on both executive and nonexecutive function tasks. The etiological relevance of this neurobehavioral dissociation between high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder was discussed in particular, it was suggested that the period where dominance shifts from right to left hemisphere is important in whatever process might dictate the emergence of either autism or Asperger's disorder.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-1984
DOI: 10.3109/00048678409161038
Abstract: The results of a study investigating the relationship of psychiatric and cognitive disorder with strabismus and its treatment in primary school aged children are reported. Results suggest that children with strabismus have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorder, particularly an emotional disorder or psychosis. Subjects also had an increased risk of having educational problems and of exhibiting difficulties with tasks involving visual perception. Variables related to the nature and treatment of the strabismus did not appear influential in the development of the psychiatric disorder. Family disruption was significantly associated with both the presence of strabismus and emotional and behaviourial problems in the children reported by parents and teachers.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 19-06-2011
Abstract: Although neuropsychological deficits in adult depression are relatively well established, findings in children/adolescents have been inconsistent and thus require further investigation. The current study investigated verbal fluency (VF), cognitive speed, motor speed, and executive functions in adolescents with unipolar depression. Results indicated that adolescents with minor depression showed working memory deficits and poorer VF (letter task). Adolescents with major depression showed working memory deficits and processing speed deficits from the early stages of information processing to the later stages of motor output. Executive function deficits of set-shifting and response inhibition that are well established in adults were not found, but may reflect task differences. Thus, it appears that depression subtype or severity of symptoms may impact on neuropsychological functioning and may in part explain previous inconsistent results.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2001
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 29-04-2008
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the superior search abilities observed in autism/Asperger's disorder may in part be a consequence of a more pronounced inhibition of return (IOR). Contrary to our prediction, IOR in in iduals with autism was comparable to the matched comparison group. However, the autism group committed more false alarm responses than the matched comparison group this may reflect a possible inhibitory deficit, or suggest that in iduals with autism rely more on probabilities to determine their behavioural responses. There was a borderline-significant trend ( p = 0.052) to indicate that IOR may be more pronounced in in iduals with Asperger's disorder. In contrast to the autism group, the Asperger's disorder group had a pattern of false alarm responses similar to that of the comparison group. The findings further inform Minshew's complex information processing theory which seeks to establish which areas of neuropsychological functioning are preserved and deficit in autism.
Publisher: Oxford University PressOxford
Date: 02-2012
DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199696758.003.0245
Abstract: Children with ID often suffer the added handicap of emotional and behavioural disorder which seriously compromises their adjustment and causes significant extra burden and cost for their parents and the community. A comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment of the child and family provides the context for understanding psychopathological symptoms and the basis for a best practice management plan incorporating psychological, educational, family, and perhaps pharmacological interventions.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-05-2017
Abstract: Adolescents with intellectual disability have increased rates of psychopathology compared with their typically developing peers and present to hospital more frequently for ambulant conditions. The aim of this study is to describe the psychopathology and related characteristics of a s le of adolescents with intellectual disability who presented to general hospital services. We investigated a cohort of adolescents with intellectual disability in South East Queensland, Australia between January 2006 and June 2010. Demographic and clinical data were obtained via mailed questionnaires and from general practice notes. Psychopathology was measured with the Short Form of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist. Of 98 in iduals presenting to hospital, 71 (72.5%) had significant levels of psychopathology. Unknown aetiology for the intellectual disability was associated with presence of problem behaviours. Adolescents with more severe intellectual disability were more likely to have major problem behaviours. Co-morbid physical health issues were not associated with psychopathology. Only 12 (12.1%) adolescents had undergone specialized mental health intervention. The general hospital environment may offer opportunities for liaison psychiatry services to screen and provide management expertise for adolescent in iduals with intellectual disability presenting for physical health issues.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-05-2015
DOI: 10.1002/AJMG.C.31442
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental trajectories of verbal aggression, physical aggression, and temper tantrums in four genetic syndrome groups. Participants were part of the Australian Child to Adult Development Study (ACAD), which collected information from a cohort of in iduals with an intellectual disability at five time points over 18 years. Data were examined from a total of 248 people with one of the four following syndromes: Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, or Williams syndrome. Changes in behaviors were measured using validated items from the Developmental Behavior Checklist (DBC). The results indicate that, while verbal aggression shows no evidence of diminishing with age, physical aggression, and temper tantrums decline with age before 19 years for people with Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and William syndrome and after 19 years for people with Prader-Willi syndrome. These findings offer a somewhat more optimistic outlook for people with an intellectual disability than has previously been suggested. Research is needed to investigate the mechanisms predisposing people with PWS to persistence of temper tantrums and physical aggression into adulthood.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOPSYCH.2009.09.020
Abstract: A diagnostic hallmark of autism spectrum disorders is a qualitative impairment in social communication and interaction. Deficits in the ability to recognize the emotions of others are believed to contribute to this. There is currently no effective treatment for these problems. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design, we administered oxytocin nasal spray (18 or 24 IU) or a placebo to 16 male youth aged 12 to 19 who were diagnosed with Autistic or Asperger's Disorder. Participants then completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task, a widely used and reliable test of emotion recognition. In comparison with placebo, oxytocin administration improved performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task. This effect was also shown when analysis was restricted to the younger participants aged 12 to 15 who received the lower dose. This study provides the first evidence that oxytocin nasal spray improves emotion recognition in young people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Findings suggest the potential of earlier intervention and further evaluation of oxytocin nasal spray as a treatment to improve social communication and interaction in young people with autism spectrum disorders.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.3109/00048679209072101
Abstract: Although the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders can be approached from numerous theoretical perspectives, the concentration of research has been on the efficacy of behaviour therapy. Behaviour therapy procedures are briefly described and evaluated, including systematic desensitisation, flooding, modelling, reinforcement and cognitive procedures. We also review research findings on pharmacotherapy, focusing on benzodiazepine and antidepressant usage. Finally, several conclusions are drawn concerning the scientific and clinical status of these treatment approaches for childhood anxiety disorders.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-1977
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 11-10-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOPSYCH.2011.09.001
Abstract: The neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not particularly well understood, and biomedical treatment approaches are therefore extremely limited. A prominent explanatory model suggests that social-relating symptoms may arise from dysfunction within the mirror neuron system, while a recent neuroimaging study suggests that these impairments in ASD might reduce with age. Participants with autism spectrum disorder (i.e., DSM-IV autistic disorder or Asperger's disorder) (n = 34) and matched control subjects (n = 36) completed a transcranial magnetic stimulation study in which corticospinal excitability was assessed during the observation of hand gestures. Regression analyses revealed that the ASD group presented with significantly reduced corticospinal excitability during the observation of a transitive hand gesture (relative to observation of a static hand) (p < .05), which indicates reduced putative mirror neuron system activity within ventral premotor cortex/inferior frontal gyrus. Among the ASD group, there was also a negative association between putative mirror neuron activity and self-reported social-relating impairments, but there was no indication that mirror neuron impairments in ASD decrease with age. These data provide general support for the mirror neuron hypothesis of autism researchers now must clarify the precise functional significance of mirror neurons to truly understand their role in the neuropathophysiology of ASD and to determine whether they should be used as targets for the treatment of ASD.
Publisher: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)
Date: 02-2012
DOI: 10.1352/1944-7588-117-2.121
Abstract: High rates of behavior and emotional problems have been consistently reported in children and adolescents with autism. Elevated rates of mental health problems have also been reported in adults with autism. Little is known, however, about the longitudinal development of behavior and emotional problems in autism. This study followed a cohort of children and adolescents over 18 years. Outcomes were evaluated in terms of behavior and emotional problems and autism symptomatology. The role of childhood factors (age, gender, IQ, behavior, and emotional problems) and the environment (socioeconomic disadvantage) were considered in terms of adult outcomes. Overall, improvements in comorbid behavior and emotional problems and autism symptomatology were observed. However, rates of comorbid behavior and emotional problems in adulthood remained high.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-10-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JIR.12426
Abstract: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is widely used to measure emotional and behavioural problems in typically developing young people, although there is some evidence that it may also be suitable for children with intellectual disability (ID). The Developmental Behaviour Checklist - Parent version (DBC-P) is a measure of emotional and behavioural problems that was specifically designed for children and adolescents with an ID. The DBC-P cut-off has high agreement with clinical diagnosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between DBC-P and SDQ scores in a s le of children with ID. Parents of 83 young people with ID aged 4-17 years completed the parent versions of the SDQ and the DBC-P. We evaluated the concurrent validity of the SDQ and DBC-P total scores, and the agreement between the DBC-P cut-off and the SDQ cut-offs for 'borderline' and 'abnormal' behaviour. The SDQ total difficulties score correlated well with the DBC-P total behaviour problem score. Agreement between the SDQ borderline cut-off and the DBC-P cut-off for abnormality was high (83%), but was lower for the SDQ abnormal cut-off (75%). Positive agreement between the DBC-P and the SDQ borderline cut-off was also high, with the SDQ borderline cut-off identifying 86% of those who met the DBC-P criterion. Negative agreement was weaker, with the SDQ borderline cut-off identifying only 79% of the participants who did not meet the DBC-P cut-off. The SDQ borderline cut-off has some validity as a measure of overall levels of behavioural and emotional problems in young people with ID, and may be useful in epidemiological studies that include participants with and without ID. However, where it is important to focus on behavioural profiles in children with ID, a specialised ID instrument with established psychometric properties, such as the DBC-P, may provide more reliable and valid information.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-11-2010
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 15-09-2018
Abstract: Objective: Cognitive flexibility or attentional set-shifting capacity has long been considered a core area of executive dysfunction for in iduals with autism. Whether these difficulties are due to higher-level attentional difficulties associated with comorbid ADHD remains unclear. Method: The current study compared the performance of 48 participants with autism, ADHD, autism-ADHD, and a comparison group ( N = 12 per group) on a set-shifting task, which included a local–global paradigm. Results: Results of this study revealed that participants with attentional difficulties (autism + ADHD and ADHD alone) exhibited a significant shifting cost (difference between maintaining and shifting attention). Conclusion: Attentional difficulties associated with ADHD may be associated with an enhanced attentional shifting cost. Implications of these results were discussed in relation to screening for ADHD symptoms in studies of in iduals with autism which seek to determine the neuropsychological profile of this condition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-11-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1996
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2788.1996.768768.X
Abstract: This paper reports findings from an epidemiologically derived population in a multicentre study in NSW, Australia. The design of this study is described in the accompanying paper. Those with mild intellectual disability (ID) were likely to have been underascertained, but identification and participation rates for those with more severe ID were high. The study found that in the regions surveyed 40.7% of those with ID and aged between 4 and 18 could be classified as having severe emotional and behaviour disorder or as being psychiatrically disordered. The profoundly intellectually handicapped had lower levels of disturbance overall compared with those with mild, moderate and severe ID. The level of ID affected scores on a number of behavioural dimensions, with disruptive and antisocial behaviours more prominent in the mild ID group, and 'self-absorbed' and 'autistic' behaviours more prominent in those with severe ID. Age and sex did not affect prevalence, a finding that is in contrast to that found in general child psychopathology. The study found that fewer than 10% of children with intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorder had received specialist assistance.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 15-08-2019
DOI: 10.1159/000490428
Abstract: b i Introduction: /i /b The aim of this study was to expand on this field of work by examining, within a cohort of pregnant women with diagnosed clinical anxiety, the mRNA expression of a panel of genes associated with the cortisol pathway and comparing them to controls. b i Methods: /i /b Placental s les were obtained from 24 pregnant women, 12 with a diagnosed anxiety disorder and 12 with no psychiatric history, within 30 min of delivery. Differential expression analysis of 85 genes known to be involved in glucocorticoid synthesis, metabolism or signalling was conducted for the: (1) full s le, (2) those at term without labour (5 cases, 7 controls) and (3) those at term with labour (7 cases, 5 controls). Correlation analyses between gene expression and measures of anxiety and depressive symptom severity were also conducted. b i Results: /i /b No robust difference in placental gene expression between pregnant women with and without anxiety disorder was found nor did we detect robust differences by labour status. However, correlational analyses putatively showed a decrease in i PER1 /i expression was associated with an increase in anxiety symptom severity, explaining up to 32% of the variance in anxiety symptom severity. b i Discussion: /i /b Overall, the strongest correlation was found between a decrease in placental i PER1 /i expression and increased anxiety scores. Labour status was found to have a profound effect on mRNA expression. The placental s les obtained from women following labour produced greater numbers of significant differences in mRNA species expression suggesting that in long-standing anxiety the placenta may respond differently under conditions of chronic stress.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41398-022-02084-9
Abstract: Population-centric frameworks of biomarker identification for psychiatric disorders focus primarily on comparing averages between groups and assume that diagnostic groups are (1) mutually-exclusive, and (2) homogeneous. There is a paucity of in idual-centric approaches capable of identifying in idual-specific ‘ fingerprints ’ across multiple domains. To address this, we propose a novel framework, combining a range of biopsychosocial markers, including brain structure, cognition, and clinical markers, into higher-level ‘ fingerprints ’, capable of capturing intra-illness heterogeneity and inter-illness overlap. A multivariate framework was implemented to identify in idualised patterns of brain structure, cognition and clinical markers based on affinity to other participants in the database. First, in idual-level affinity scores defined each participant’s “neighbourhood” across each measure based on variable-specific hop sizes. Next, diagnostic verification and classification algorithms were implemented based on multivariate affinity score profiles. To perform affinity-based classification, data were ided into training and test s les, and 5-fold nested cross-validation was performed on the training data. Affinity-based classification was compared to weighted K-nearest neighbours (KNN) classification. The framework was applied to the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank (ASRB) dataset, which included data from in iduals with chronic and treatment resistant schizophrenia and healthy controls. In idualised affinity scores provided a ‘ fingerprint ’ of brain structure, cognition, and clinical markers, which described the affinity of an in idual to the representative groups in the dataset. Diagnostic verification capability was moderate to high depending on the choice of multivariate affinity metric. Affinity score-based classification achieved a high degree of accuracy in the training, nested cross-validation and prediction steps, and outperformed KNN classification in the training and test datasets. Affinity scores demonstrate utility in two keys ways: (1) Early and accurate diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders, whereby an in idual can be grouped within a diagnostic category/ies that best matches their fingerprint, and (2) identification of biopsychosocial factors that most strongly characterise in iduals/disorders, and which may be most amenable to intervention.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-01-2012
DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2011.649719
Abstract: Standardised normative data for checklists of behavioural and emotional disturbance have a demonstrated usefulness for clinicians, researchers, and service providers. The Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC-A) was the instrument used in a large-scale Australian study (n = 1,538) of emotional and behavioural disturbance. To assist the field, normative data is now available on the DBC-A for adults with ID from age 18-85 years, across three levels of intellectual disability (ID). A condensed version of DBC-A normative data is presented here. A large population-based study provided an opportunity for further checklist development, and the utility of the DBC-A has been enhanced by the provision of normative data.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1996
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1996.TB00939.X
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the published clinical cut-off scores of the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) for the classification of behaviour disorders. Child Behaviour Checklists were obtained for 1342 subjects newly referred to the six major mental health centres in Melbourne. The normative community s le of 1002 7-, 12- and 15-year-olds was drawn from a school-based asthma prevalence study. The mean total problem T-score for the children referred to mental health centres was 67 and was above the clinical range for all age groups. Using referral to psychiatric services as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the CBCL using a cut-off of > or = 60, was 77.4 and 83.2%, respectively. This compares favourably with the sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 82% for the American s le. Using a cut-off score of > or = 63, the sensitivity was 70.5% and the specificity was 88.6%. The referred and community s les differed with respect to socio-economic status, family structure and mothers' level of education. Fifty-two per cent of the clinically referred children lived with both parents, compared with 89% of the community s le. While there are some limitations to this study in terms of both the clinic and community s le, support is provided for the usefulness and applicability of the recommended CBCL cut-off scores in an Australian population.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-10-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-7610.2009.02183.X
Abstract: Emotion regulation involves intrinsic and extrinsic processes responsible for managing one's emotions toward goal accomplishment. Research on emotion regulation has predominantly focused on early developmental periods and the majority of emotion regulation research examining the pre-adult years has lacked a comprehensive theoretical framework. The current study examined the use of two strategies of emotion regulation during childhood and adolescents, as conceptualised within Gross's (1998) process-oriented model. To determine the use, norms and development of the Expressive Suppression and Cognitive Reappraisal strategies, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA) was administered to 1,128 participants aged between 9 and 15 years. Three data collection phases, each one year apart, enabled investigation of developmental patterns in the use of the two strategies. As predicted, Suppression use was found to be lower for older participants compared to their younger peers, and over time participants reported less use of this strategy. Older participants also scored lower on Reappraisal but stability over time was found. Also as expected, males reported more Suppression use compared to females. By documenting the development and norms for Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression in a community s le of children and adolescents, the current study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of these two ER strategies during these developmental periods.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2001
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1665.2001.00310.X
Abstract: Objective: The development of a specialised Disruptive Behaviour Disorders clinic to assess, treat and monitor clinically referred primary school-age children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-combined type (ADHD-CT), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) who are not responding to conventional psychological and psychostimulant medication treatments is described. Conclusions: Systematic clinical research and ongoing evaluation of complex Disruptive Behaviour Disorder cases is achievable within a metropolitan Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-12-2016
DOI: 10.1038/SC.2015.221
Abstract: Prospective parallel waitlist randomised controlled trial. Evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an Internet-based psychological intervention treating comorbid mood disorder in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). Improved mood and satisfaction with life were primary outcomes. Victoria, Australia. Electronic Personal Administration of Cognitive Therapy (ePACT). Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Short Form (DASS21), Personal Well-being Index, Helplessness subscale of the Spinal Cord Lesion Emotional Well-being Scale v1 Australia, at each time point.Participant qualifying criteria:Adults (18-70 years), chronic SCI, attend SCI review clinic at Austin or Caulfield Hospital and score above normative threshold of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Short Form (DASS21). Forty-eight participants completed Time 2 post intervention (n=23) or time equivalent for waitlist control group (n=25) telephone interviews. The measures were repeated a third time (Time 3) for a small subgroup (n=12) at 6 months post intervention within the study implementation time frame. Univariate within group analyses revealed significant improvement in mood in the intervention group at Time 2: (lower depression (effect size (ES)=0.4), anxiety (ES=0.4) and stress (ES=0.3)) and higher satisfaction with life (ES=0.2). Waitlist control group improved in depression only (ES=0.3) by Time 2. Multilevel variance components analyses, although not as positive, were still encouraging. Improvement in mood symptoms was maintained in the small group reinterviewed at Time 3. Although Internet-based interventions for mental health issues in SCI not a solution for all, our results indicate that they are a potentially valuable addition to the currently available options.
Publisher: IGI Global
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.4018/IJCBPL.2016040101
Abstract: The number of smartphone- and tablet-applications, or apps, for health and wellbeing continues to grow at a rapid pace. This scoping study identified articles reporting on the use of apps by and with in iduals with autism. Professionals and parents of children with autism also completed a questionnaire as part of stakeholder consultation. Of the 40 studies identified, 28 reported on the use of apps specifically designed for autism, with clearly the most frequently being the communication support app Proloquo2Go. Other uses include assistance in the teaching and maintenance of social and life skills as well as faciliation in the delivery of behavioral interventions. Stakeholders confirmed the importance of apps to assist communication. While empirical data are available on the effectiveness of apps for augmentative and alternative communication, areas for further research include the functionality and effectiveness of apps for delivery of behavioral interventions and educational games for in iduals with autism.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-05-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-014-2140-8
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterised by a unique pattern of preserved abilities and deficits within and across cognitive domains. The Complex Information Processing Theory proposes this pattern reflects an altered capacity to respond to cognitive demands. This study compared how complexity induced by time constraints on processing affect cognitive function in in iduals with ASD and typically-developing in iduals. On a visual information-processing task, the Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test, both groups exhibited sensitivity to time-constraints. Further, 65 % of in iduals with ASD demonstrated deficits in processing efficiency, possibly attributable to the effects of age and clinical comorbidities, like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These findings suggest that for some ASD in iduals there are significant impairments in processing efficiency, which may have implications for education and interventions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1996
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1375/BECH.17.1.37
Abstract: This article describes the application of cognitive behavioural therapy to three sexually abused young people. We emphasise developmental influences and the nuances of the therapeutic approach. An exposure-based treatment approach was used with the youths. A multimodal assessment evaluation was conducted at pretreatment and posttreatment, and at a 3-month follow-up. Results on outcome measures indicated a positive therapeutic effect for the youths.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2022
Publisher: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-09-2020
DOI: 10.1002/CAPR.12352
Abstract: Using data from an outcome study of adult in idual psychoanalytic psychotherapy, conducted in a low‐cost Australian clinic, a mixed‐methods approach was employed to investigate patient discontinuation. This paper addresses the qualitative component of the discontinuation study, which explored patients’ reasons for leaving the clinic service upon assessment or in treatment proper. Of 205 patients commencing clinic contact, 41% discontinued during or shortly after the four‐week assessment period, while 40.5% of patients beginning psychotherapy withdrew before reaching the two‐year treatment limit. Across these two groups, former patients were interviewed about their therapy experience and decision to discontinue. Thematic analysis of 20 interview transcripts generated five descriptive categories of discomfort or dissatisfaction prompting discontinuation: clinic factors, therapist factors, patient factors, therapist–patient relationship factors and therapy factors. Findings suggest that experience of the clinic setting itself, together with negative patient perceptions of therapists and therapist interactional style, weres significant influences and that dissatisfaction with the psychotherapy process and outcome was more relevant than problematic patient factors in treatment withdrawal. A number of patients, mainly late discontinuers, reported positive experiences of psychotherapy and significant treatment gains. Implications of the findings, with specific emphasis on psychoanalytic treatment settings, are discussed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1999
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2788.1999.043005408.X
Abstract: In acknowledgement of the challenges posed by the diagnosis of mental disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID), the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently published a multi-axial guide to assist clinicians in applying the ICD-10 to this group of people. The WHO has invited users to review of the ICD-10 Guide for Mental Retardation. In order to review its usefulness in clinical practice, the present authors used the Guide together with the ICD-10 in the psychiatric assessment of 106 young people with ID, and emotional and behavioural problems of varying severity. Strengths and weaknesses in the utility of the Guide were noted. As a result of the clinical audit process, the present authors identified a number of inconsistencies, significant gaps and assertions unsupported by the available literature in the Guide. They also noted aspects of the ICD-10 itself which are problematic when applied to people with ID. Despite these limitations, the Guide is a valuable first attempt to establish a standardized structure for multi-axial diagnosis in this population. A number of suggestions for major changes and refinements to future editions are made, and a strategy for development of research to establish validity and reliability is proposed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S00787-006-0499-6
Abstract: This study examined whether repetitive behaviours were a differentiating feature of autism in children aged less than 51 months. The study also examined the relationship between age (chronological and developmental) and repetitive behaviours in young children with autism. Standardised developmental and diagnostic assessments were conducted on 55 children aged between 22 and 51 months, consisting of 40 developmentally delayed children with DSM-IV-TR Autistic Disorder and 15 developmentally delayed children without Autistic Disorder. Results indicated that several measures of repetitive behaviour, particularly more complex high-level ones, were significantly positively associated with the probability of receiving a diagnosis of autism. No significant relationships were found between developmental age and the presence of repetitive behaviours in children with autism, but younger chronological age was associated more with simple or low-level repetitive behaviours.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 27-06-2023
DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.25.23291456
Abstract: The authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to it needing further revision before publication, as well as errors in the author list. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-10-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-007-0473-2
Abstract: The ability to identify children who require specialist assessment for the possibility of autism at as early an age as possible has become a growing area of research. A number of measures have been developed as potential screening tools for autism. The reliability and validity of one of these measures for screening for autism in young children with developmental problems was evaluated. The parents of 207 children aged 20-51 months completed the Developmental Checklist-Early Screen (DBC-ES), prior to their child undergoing assessment. Good interrater agreement and internal consistency was found, along with significant correlations with a clinician completed measure of autism symptomatology. High sensitivity was found, with lower specificity for the originally proposed 17-item screening tool and a five-item version.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1375/BECH.17.1.28
Abstract: Child sexual abuse is a highly prevalent problem that frequently occasions the onset of posttraumatic stress disorder in the victimised youngster. Given the success of cognitive-behavioral interventions with adult trauma victims, it has been suggested that this treatment approach be applied to sexually abused children. We review the empirical support for the efficacy and acceptability of cognitive-behavioral strategies in the treatment of sexually abused children. Several clinical practice and research issues are also noted.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-09-2006
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-02-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-016-2734-4
Abstract: Changes to the DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) criteria raised concerns among parents and practitioners that the criteria may exclude some children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). Few studies have examined DSM-5 sensitivity and specificity in children less than 5 years of age. This study evaluated 185 children aged 20-55 months with DSM-IV PDD or developmental delay. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) data was assigned to DSM-5 subdomains. Children displaying the required symptomatology were classified with DSM-5 ASD. DSM-IV clinical diagnoses were compared to DSM-5 classifications. Using combined ADI-R/ADOS information, sensitivity was .84 and specificity was .54. Comorbid behaviour and emotional problems were significantly lower in children with PDD that did not meet DSM-5 criteria.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1994
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00039-2
Abstract: Cognitive-behavior therapy is frequently used in the treatment of school refusal, a challenging problem for mental health professionals and school authorities. We review the clinical and research support for the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy using recently published guidelines for determining the level of evidentiary support for psychosocial interventions. Although cognitive-behavior therapy appears to be a useful treatment for school refusal, further research is needed before it can be considered as having "well-established" empirical status. Several other important methodological and theoretical issues are emphasized.
Publisher: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Date: 07-1996
DOI: 10.1192/BJP.169.1.27
Abstract: The Bethlem Scale was designed as a validated measure of mother–infant adjustment in mother–baby units. A multi-centre trial was conducted to investigate aspects of the reliability, validity and clinical usefulness of the Bethlem Mother–infant Interaction Scale within five in-patient psychiatric mother–baby units. This revealed good inter-rater, test-retest and inter-item reliability. Correlations of the scale items with psychiatrist's ratings and changes in scoring over time suggest reasonable validity, despite some design problems with in idual items. Mother–infant interaction scales may have an important role in improving the quality of care for mothers and their babies in the psychiatric setting. The development of a more extensive scale, the Monash Mother–infant Interaction Scale, is discussed.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1996
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900004940
Abstract: In this study, we examined the prevalence and nature of nonclinical panic attacks in 649 Australian youth and explored the relations between such attacks and measures of social support, stress, anxiety, depression, and fear. Full-blown attacks (attacks involving four or more symptoms with rapid onset) were reported by 104 of the youth (16%). Attacks were reported more frequently by girls than boys however, age was unrelated to panic-attack status. Heightened levels of anxiety and fear, as well as stress in the family and lack of family support, were related to attack status. Path-analytic procedures supported a working model consisting of stress, social support, and emotional distress as related to panic status. Limitations of the self-report data on panic attacks and the other measures used in this study are acknowledged.
Publisher: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-114.5.307
Abstract: In idual change and variation in emotional/behavioral disturbance in children and adolescents with intellectual disability has received little empirical investigation. Based on 11 years of longitudinal data from the Australian Child to Adult Development Study, we report associations among in idual differences in level, rate of change, and occasion-specific variation across subscales of the Developmental Behavior Checklist (DBC) with 506 participants who had intellectual disability and were ages 5 to 19 years at study entry. Correlations among the five DBC subscales ranged from .43 to .66 for level, .43 to .88 for rate of change, and .31 to .61 for occasion-specific variation, with the highest correlations observed consistently between disruptive, self-absorbed, and communication disturbance behaviors. These interdependencies among dimensions of emotional/behavioral disturbance provide insight into the developmental dynamics of psychopathology from childhood through young adulthood.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 19-11-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.15.468749
Abstract: Population-centric frameworks of biomarker identification for psychiatric disorders focus primarily on comparing averages between groups and assume that diagnostic groups are (1) mutually-exclusive, and (2) homogeneous. There is a paucity of in idual-centric approaches capable of identifying in idual-specific ‘ fingerprints ’ across multiple domains. To address this, we propose a novel framework, combining a range of biopsychosocial markers, including brain structure, cognition, and clinical markers, into higher-level ‘ fingerprints ’, capable of capturing intra-illness heterogeneity and inter-illness overlap. A multivariate framework was implemented to identify in idualised patterns of brain structure, cognition and clinical markers based on affinity to other participants in the database. First, in idual-level affinity scores defined each participant’s “neighbourhood” across each measure based on variable-specific hop sizes. Next, diagnostic verification and classification algorithms were implemented based on multivariate affinity score profiles. To perform affinity-based classification, data were ided into training and test s les, and 5-fold nested cross-validation was performed on the training data. Affinity-based classification was compared to weighted K-nearest neighbours (KNN) classification. K-means clustering was used to create clusters based on multivariate affinity score profiles. The framework was applied to the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank (ASRB) dataset. In idualised affinity scores provided a ‘ fingerprint ’ of brain structure, cognition, and clinical markers, which described the affinity of an in idual to the representative groups in the dataset Diagnostic verification capability was moderate to high depending on the choice of multivariate affinity metric. Affinity score-based classification achieved a high degree of accuracy in the training, nested cross-validation and prediction steps, and outperformed KNN classification in the training and test datasets. Affinity scores demonstrate utility in two keys ways: (1) Early and accurate diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders, whereby an in idual can be grouped within a diagnostic category/ies that best matches their fingerprint, and (2) identification of biopsychosocial factors that most strongly characterise in iduals/disorders, and which may be most amenable to intervention.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 26-09-2014
Publisher: The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction
Date: 05-12-2020
Publisher: The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction
Date: 05-12-2020
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2006
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2005
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2000
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-03-2019
Abstract: Two principal methods for cancer drug testing are widely used, namely, in vitro 2D cell monolayers and in vivo animal models. In vitro 2D culture systems are simple and convenient but are unable to capture the complexity of biological processes. Animal models are costly, time-consuming, and often fail to replicate human activity. Here a microfluidic tumor-on-a-chip (TOC) model designed for assessing multifunctional liposome cancer targeting and efficacy is presented. The TOC device contains three sets of hemispheric wells with different sizes for tumor spheroid formation and evaluation of liposomes under a controlled flow condition. There is good agreement between time-elapsed tumor targeting of fluorescent liposomes in the TOC model and in in vivo mouse models. Evaluation of the anticancer efficacy of four PTX-loaded liposome formulations shows that compared to 2D cell monolayers and 3D tumor spheroid models, the TOC model better predicts the in vivo anticancer efficacy of targeted liposomes. Lastly, the TOC model is used to assess the effects of flow rates and tumor size on treatment outcome. This study demonstrates that the TOC model provides a convenient and powerful platform for rapid and reliable cancer drug evaluation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-11-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JAR.12689
Abstract: Behaviour and emotional problems are highly prevalent in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In typically developing children, attachment quality acts as a risk rotective factor for behavioural outcomes and adjustment, warranting investigation in children with ASD. We investigated the relationship between attachment and child behaviour and emotional problems in children with ASD and comorbid intellectual disability. Data were collected from parent-child dyads where children were diagnosed with ASD and ID (n = 28) or other developmental disabilities (n = 20). Children with ASD had higher levels of behaviour and emotional problems and more attachment difficulties than children with other developmental disabilities. Poorer attachment quality contributed uniquely to the variance in child behaviour and emotional problems. Interventions targeting behaviour and emotional problems in children with ASD may benefit from an attachment model which addresses the child's difficulty in using caregivers as a coregulatory agent of emotions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1996
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1996.TB00928.X
Abstract: This review explores advances in the behavioural assessment and treatment of childhood headaches. Behavioural assessment procedures are outlined including the behavioural interview, self-report questionnaires, self-monitoring and caregiver observations. We conclude that behavioural treatment strategies are effective in the management of childhood headaches, although most of the research support appears to be limited to relaxation training and biofeedback. Nonetheless, the behavioural assessment and treatment of childhood headaches appears to be a promising clinical and research direction.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-06-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2788.2005.00701.X
Abstract: People with intellectual disability (ID) and untreated psychiatric disorder lead unnecessarily difficult and unhappy lives. The prevalence of mental illness in children and adults with ID is greater than that found in the general population. A carer-completed checklist of psychopathology that could be used with both children and adults would help identify those in iduals with ID most likely to have a mental health problem, help ensure that they receive the limited services that are usually available and also assist the process of clinical assessment, diagnosis and management. This research aimed to develop a reliable and valid carer-completed checklist of psychopathology for adults with ID by redeveloping an existing measure for children with ID, the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC-P). The new checklist, The Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC-A) was devised by changing, deleting and adding to DBC-P items. Reliability studies were conducted with paid and family carers, and DBC-A scores were compared with the results from two other measures of psychopathology. One DBC-P item was deleted, seven items changed and 12 items added. The psychometric properties of this new checklist, the DBC for Adults with ID (DBC-A), were investigated and found to be satisfactory. Intraclass correlations for test-retest and inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.72 to 0.85, and concurrent validity with two measures of emotional and behavioural disturbance was satisfactory. The carer-completed DBC-A provides a broad and comprehensive survey of the emotional and behavioural problems of adults with ID. It has satisfactory psychometric properties and therefore can be used with confidence in clinical, research and service settings, and its development allows continuous assessment of psychopathology across the lifespan for all people with ID.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-09-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8749.2009.03270.X
Abstract: Motor dysfunction is common to both autism and Asperger syndrome, but the underlying neurophysiological impairments are unclear. Neurophysiological examinations of motor dysfunction can provide information about likely sites of functional impairment and can contribute to the debate about whether autism and Asperger syndrome are variants of the same disorder or fundamentally distinct neurodevelopmental conditions. We investigated the neurophysiology of internally determined motor activity in autism and Asperger syndrome via examination of movement-related potentials (MRPs). We used electroencephalography to investigate MRPs, via an internally cued movement paradigm, in the following three groups: (1) in iduals with high-functioning autism (14 males, one female mean age 13 y 1 mo, SD 4 y 2 mo, range 7 y 8 mo to 20 y 9 mo mean Full-scale IQ 93.40, SD 20.72) (2) in iduals with Asperger syndrome (10 males, two females mean age 13 y 7 mo, SD 3 y 9 mo, range 8 y 11 mo to 20 y 4 mo mean Full-scale IQ 103.25, SD 19.37), and (3) a healthy control group (13 males, seven females mean age 14 y 0 mo, SD 3 y 11 mo range 8 y 4 mo to 21 y 0 mo mean Full-scale IQ 114.25, SD 11.29). Abnormal MRPs can reflect disruption of motor-related neural networks involving the basal ganglia, thalamus, and supplementary motor area. There was evidence for abnormal MRPs in autism (e.g. increased post-movement cortical activity, abnormal peak time) but not in Asperger syndrome. The results support basal ganglia, thalamus, and supplementary motor area involvement as a likely source of motor dysfunction in autism, and provide further evidence for the neurobiological separateness of autism and Asperger syndrome.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 17-09-2014
Abstract: To determine the effect of parent education on adaptive behaviour, autism symptoms and cognitive/language skills of young children with autistic disorder. A randomised group comparison design involving a parent education and counselling intervention and a parent education and behaviour management intervention to control for parent skills training and a control s le. Two rural and two metropolitan regions were randomly allocated to intervention groups ( n = 70) or control ( n = 35). Parents from autism assessment services in the intervention regions were randomly allocated to parent education and behaviour management ( n = 35) or parent education and counselling ( n = 35). Parent education and behaviour management resulted in significant improvement in adaptive behaviour and autism symptoms at 6 months follow-up for children with greater delays in adaptive behaviour. Parent education and behaviour management was superior to parent education and counselling. We conclude that a 20-week parent education programme including skills training for parents of young children with autistic disorder provides significant improvements in child adaptive behaviour and symptoms of autism for low-functioning children.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900003181
Abstract: A case study is presented of a 13-year-old adolescent male with a long history of anxious symptoms related to school attendance. At the time of referral to the school refusal clinic, the adolescent had significant difficulty attending school, having attended for only 1 day in the past 3 weeks. A cognitive-behavioural treatment program was conducted over 3 weeks, consisting of seven sessions with the adolescent, seven sessions with his parents, and consultation to school personnel. Treatment focused on the implementation of behaviour management techniques by caregivers as well as teaching anxiety management skills to the adolescent. Positive treatment outcomes included the adolescent's return to full-time attendance at school as well as a decrease in emotional distress. The implications of treatment are discussed in relation to the simultaneous application of behaviour management and anxiety management strategies in the treatment of school refusal.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 04-02-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00014-7
Abstract: Some children experience persistent night-time fears that interfere with their daily functioning. Initially, we present developmental considerations necessary to an understanding of severe night-time fears. We postulate that severe night-time fears are probably due to a complex interaction of biological, environmental, and cognitive-mediational processes. Several assessment procedures are outlined: behavioral interviews, diagnostic interviews, fear survey schedules for children, home monitoring on the part of parents, and darkness toleration tests. Traditional behavioral interventions, and more recent cognitive-behavioral interventions, are evaluated in terms of their research foundations. Cognitive-behavioral strategies appear to have the more empirical support, although we draw attention to several methodological limitations.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Start Date: 2005
End Date: 2005
Funder: Apex Foundation For Research Into Intellectual Disability
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2019
End Date: 2021
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2003
End Date: 2005
Funder: Wellcome Trust
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2002
End Date: 2002
Funder: Monash University
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2011
Funder: beyondblue
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2003
End Date: 2003
Funder: Telstra Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2001
End Date: 2003
Funder: Mattel
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2004
End Date: 2008
Funder: Department of Human Services, State Government of Victoria
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 2007
Funder: National Institutes of Health
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2001
End Date: 2005
Funder: Pratt Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2003
End Date: 2003
Funder: Invergowrie Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2003
End Date: 2004
Funder: beyondblue
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2001
End Date: 2001
Funder: Australian Rotary Health
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2000
End Date: 2001
Funder: Department of Human Services, State Government of Victoria
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2000
End Date: 2002
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2000
End Date: 2000
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2000
End Date: 2004
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1999
End Date: 2000
Funder: Department of Human Services, State Government of Victoria
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1999
End Date: 2001
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1998
End Date: 1999
Funder: Department of Human Services, State Government of Victoria
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1999
End Date: 2000
Funder: Financial Markets Foundation for Children
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1999
End Date: 1999
Funder: Rebecca L. Cooper Medical Research Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1997
End Date: 1997
Funder: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1997
End Date: 1998
Funder: Department of Human Services, State Government of Victoria
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1998
End Date: 2000
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1997
End Date: 1999
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2006
End Date: 2006
Funder: Monash University
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2008
End Date: 2008
Funder: beyondblue
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2009
Funder: Apex Foundation For Research Into Intellectual Disability
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2011
Funder: Financial Markets Foundation for Children
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2010
End Date: 2013
Funder: Department of Human Services, State Government of Victoria
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2010
End Date: 2011
Funder: Australian Rotary Health
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2016
End Date: 2019
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1995
End Date: 1997
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2014
End Date: 2018
Funder: Pratt Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1994
End Date: 1996
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1995
End Date: 1995
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1995
End Date: 1995
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1992
End Date: 1993
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1994
End Date: 1994
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1993
End Date: 1994
Funder: Apex Foundation For Research Into Intellectual Disability
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2011
End Date: 2013
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2002
End Date: 2003
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2013
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 1995
End Date: 1999
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2015
End Date: 2017
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2010
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2000
End Date: 2002
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2006
End Date: 2010
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2016
End Date: 2021
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2004
End Date: 2006
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 2007
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2003
End Date: 2005
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 2008
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2010
End Date: 2012
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2007
End Date: 2009
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2012
End Date: 2017
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2008
End Date: 2010
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2000
End Date: 2008
Funder: National Institute of Mental Health
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2013
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2003
End Date: 2005
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2009
End Date: 2012
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
View Funded Activity